职业性紧张因素与高血压发病关系

目的 研究职业紧张与高血压之间的关系以及引起高血压发病的主要职业紧张因素。方法 应用职业紧张因素测试表（ＯＳＩ）,对福州市区住院的８６例高血压病患和８１例对照进行病例对照研究,并进行非条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析。结果 在控制非职业紧张因素条件下,职业紧张暴露的危险度增高（ＯＲ＝２．７２,９５％ＣＩ：１．４１￣５．２７）,并随着职业紧张程度的增加患高血压的危险性增高;引起高血压发生的主要职业紧张     

职业紧张因素与冠心病关系的多因素研究

目的研究职业紧张与冠心病之间的关系以及引起冠心病发病的主要职业紧张因素。方法应用职业紧张因素测试表,对１００例冠心病患者１∶１配对病例对照进行多因素分析。结果在控制非职业紧张因素条件下,职业紧张暴露的危险度增高（ＯＲ＝１５５,９５％ＣＩ：１１５～２４６）,并随着职业紧张程度的增加患冠心病的危险性增高;引起冠心病发病的主要职业紧张因素是管理角色（ＯＲ＝１６６,９５％ＣＩ：１０９～１９５）和组织结构及气氛（ＯＲ＝１４９,９５％ＣＩ：１１１～１７８）。结论职业紧张因素与冠心病之间有较确定的关系,但与心理因素的关系需进一步研究。     

职业因素与冠心病发病关系的病例对照研究

为了研究职业因素与冠心病发病的关系,本文应用１１配对病例对照研究方法对职业因素与冠心病之间关系进行了研究。共对１５０对资料进行了单因素分析、叉生分析、条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析。结果显示：（１）劳动类型中的脑力劳动（ＯＲ＝２．９３）、职业类型中的企事业管理人员（ＯＲ＝３．１０）、接触职业性有害因素种类中的工作紧张（ＯＲ＝２．４３）、有机溶剂（ＯＲ＝９．５０）与冠心病的发病密切相关,其中脑力劳动可能是冠心病的重要危险因素;（２）脑力劳动、企事业管理人员、工作紧张与高血压、高血脂之间存在明显的协同作用     

职业紧张与高血压关系的逐步回归分析

目的 研究职业紧张与高血压发病的关系以及不同职业紧张因素对高血压发病的影响。方法 应用职业紧张测试表（OSI），对职业人群中140例高血压病人进行1：1配对病例对照研究，并进行多元逐步回归分析。结果 ⑴在控制和考虑了非职业紧张因素条件下，职业紧张与高血压关系密切，并随着职业紧张程度的增加，患高血压的危险性显著增加；⑵该职业人群引起高血压发病的主要职业紧张因素是人际关系。结论 职业紧张是职业人群高血压发病的危险因素之一，不同职业人群引起高血压发病的主要职业紧张因素不同。     

饮酒、吸烟与高血压关系的病例对照研究

本调查是在１９９２年底对上海市３个居民点３５岁以上居民高血压普查基础上进行的人群中病例对照配对研究。着重分析饮酒、吸烟及高血压家族史与高血压患病的关系。病例及对照用随机抽样方式分别选自普查得到的高血压人群和正常血压人群。配对条件为性别相同、年龄相近。共调查４９３对病例对照，用配对χ２分析各因素与高血压关系，并用条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析各因素间的混杂和交互作用。调查结果表明，在上海地区饮酒与高血压病有关，ＯＲ为１．９８（９５％ＣＩ：１．０～３．９）；高血压家族史与高血压病密切相关，在不吸烟者中ＯＲ值高达１８．８（９５％ＣＩ：１０～３５）。研究结果未提示吸烟与高血压有明显关系，ＯＲ值为１．４９（９５％ＣＩ：０．９１～２．４４）。     

四川省抽样人群中高血压危险因素研究

根据四川省１９９１年度高血压抽样调查资料，采用病例－对照的研究方法，结合条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型，分析了高血压的危险因素。结果表明，影响高血压的主要危险因素是：体重指数（ＯＲ＝１．６６１，９５％ＣＩ：１．５２９～１．８０４）、高血压家族史（ＯＲ＝１．２５８，９５％ＣＩ：１．１６４～１．３６０）、脉率（ＯＲ＝１．５３９，９５％ＣＩ：１．２４９～１．８９８）、卫生知识水平（ＯＲ＝１．０５８，９５％ＣＩ：１．０２９～１．０８８）和每日酒精摄入量（ＯＲ＝１．１９０，９５％ＣＩ：１．０４２～１．３５９）。从本次调查资料，我们未发现吸烟与高血压有关联。     

列车行车人员职业紧张与消化性溃疡关系的多因素研究

[目的]研究职业紧张与消化性溃疡之间的关系,以及引起消化性溃疡 的主要职业紧张方面。 [方法]应用职业紧张因素测试表（OSI）对583名列车行车人员进行调查,资料进行了单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。[结果]在控制和考虑非职业紧张因素条件下,职业紧张与消化性溃疡有密切的相关关系（RR＝1．339,95％CI为1．082－1．655）。引起消化性溃疡的主要职业紧张方面是职务特征（RR＝1．416,95％,CI为1．094－1．832）、管理角色（RR＝1．552,95％,CI为1．196－2．013）和人际关系（RR＝1．575,95％CI为1．209－2．049）。[结论]职业紧张与消化性溃疡之间有密切的关系。     

职业因素与冠心病发病关系的病例对照研究

应用1：1配对病例对照研究方法,对职业因素与冠心病发病关系进行了研究,共150对。进行单因素分析、叉生分析、条件Logistic回归分析,结果显示：（1）劳动类型中的脑力劳动（OR＝2．93）、职业类型中的企事业管理人员（OR＝3．10）、接触职业性有害因素种类中的工作紧张（OR＝2．43）、有机溶剂（OR＝9．50）与冠心病的发病密切相关,其中脑力劳动可能是冠心病的重要危险因素;（2）脑力劳动、企事业管理人员、工作紧张与高血压、高血脂、吸烟之间存在明显的协同作用。     

女性脑出血危险因子的流行病学研究

本文采用配比病例对照研究方法，对９８例经颅脑ＣＴ确诊的女性脑出血病例均配以对照对脑出血的危险因子进行了研究。多因素条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析结果表明：高血压、鼾症及使用口服避孕药是女性脑出血的独立危险因子，其ＯＲ分别为８．３６（９５％ＣＩ：３．２２～２１．７３）；３．８４（９５／ＣＩ：１．４７～１０．０４）；７．９６（９５％ＣＩ：１．２７～４９．８３）。单因素分析发现，相对体重偏高可增加脑出血的危险性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。本研究未发现职业、文化程度及月经、生育史与女性脑出血有关。     

职业紧张与高血压发病关系的1:2配比病例对照研究

目的研究职业紧张与高血压发病关系以及主要职业紧张因素.方法应用职业紧张因素测试表(OSI)对96例铁路乘务人员高血压病人进行12配比病例对照研究,并进行多因素条件Logistic回归分析.结果在控制和考虑非职业紧张因素条件下,职业紧张和高血压发病关系密切(OR=2.531,P＜0.01),且随职业紧张程度的增加,患高血压的危险性明显增高;以铁路乘务人员为对照,职业紧张与高血压发病关联程度(OR=1.837,P＜0.01)明显小于以同属服务行业人群为对照时的关联程度(OR=3.970,P＜0.01);引起铁路乘务人员高血压发病的主要职业紧张因素是职务特征(OR=2.608,P＜0.01).结论职业紧张是铁路乘务人员高血压发病的重要危险因素之一;引起职业紧张从而增加高血压发病危险性的主要职业紧张因素是职务特征,接触职业紧张因素不同较之个体心理反应差异对铁路乘务人员职业紧张的形成的影响可能更值得关注.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.