中国成人膳食生糖负荷现状调查

目的了解目前中国居民碳水化合物的消费情况与成人膳食生糖负荷的现状。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,根据食物血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食生糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)。分析中国成人膳食GL的性别、年龄和城乡分布,分析不同膳食GL/4184kJ水平居民的膳食结构,探索中国成人膳食GL/4184kJ的合理范围。结果我国成人膳食GL92%来源于粮谷类。每人每日膳食GL平均为269.5,农村287.3,城市233.0,农村高于城市。青年平均为279.0,中年272.2,老年238.8,青年最高,其次是中年,最低是老年。男性平均为292.8,女性249.0,男性高于女性。低膳食GL/44184kJ的人群膳食碳水化合物供能比低,脂肪供能比高,粮谷类消费低,脂肪消费高,超重和肥胖发生率高。结论粮谷类是我国成人膳食GL的最主要来源。我国居民低膳食GL/4184kJ的人群粮谷类消费过低,脂肪消费过高,膳食结构不合理。城市居民较农村居民更为严重。以人群粮谷类食物摄入量、碳水化合物供能比、脂肪供能比在推荐的合理范围为依据,初步认为中国成人的膳食GL/4184kJ适宜范围为80~120。     

膳食碳水化合物和生糖负荷与成人血脂异常危险关系的研究

目的探讨膳食碳水化合物和生糖负荷与中国成人血脂水平及血脂异常患病危险的关系,为膳食防治提供科学依据。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,根据食物血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食生糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)。以膳食GL作为指标,采用单相关分析和多元回归分析探讨膳食碳水化合物与中国成人血脂水平的关系;采用趋势分析和Logistic回归分析探讨膳食碳水化合物与中国成人血脂异常患病危险的关系。结果膳食GL与人群血浆总胆固醇(TC)水平和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平呈负相关,高GL可降低高TC血症和高LDL-C血症患病危险;膳食GL与人群高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平呈负相关,高GL可增加低HDL-C血症患病危险;膳食GL与血浆甘油三酯(TG)水平呈负相关,但未见高GL对高TG血症患病风险有显著影响。结论以粮谷类食物为主,碳水化合物为主要能量来源的中国传统膳食模式有利于预防血脂异常的发生。     

燕麦和荞麦加工食品血糖生成指数与血糖负荷测定

<正>食物中碳水化合物的性质和含量均会对机体血糖造成影响,而食物血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)和血糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)值则是反映该影响的生理指标。大量研究均证实低GI和低GL膳食干预对防治肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病等慢性代谢性疾病具有重要价值[1]。本研究应用国际认可的食物GI值标准化测定方法,对20种燕麦、荞麦加工食品GI和GL值进行测定,旨在填补目前食物GI和GL值数据库中燕麦、荞     

基于血糖负荷概念的食物交换份在糖尿病营养治疗中的应用

目的:建立以控制血糖负荷和总能量为特征,体现食物血糖应答差异的新型食物交换系统,探索其在糖尿病人饮食管理中的应用价值。方法:根据食物血糖指数(glycemicindex,GI)与碳水化物含量计算血糖负荷(glycemicload,GL),比较GI与GL的相关性以及对食物血糖效应的影响。融合GL和食物交换份方法的特点,提出基于GL的新型食物交换份。结果:粮谷类、豆类及制品的GI与GL%有较好的一致性,相关系数分别为0.64、0.55。而蔬菜、水果类食物的GI与GL%无明显相关性。基于GL的食物交换份既保留了传统交换方法简单易行的特点,又充分考虑了碳水化物在质和量方面的差异,有助于在控制总能量的同时,定量预测或调整混合膳食的血糖应答效应。结论:基于GL的食物交换份有较高的应用前景,值得实践和推广。     

孕期低血糖负荷膳食干预效果评价

<正>在中国,肥胖已经成为主要的公共卫生问题,迄今为止公布的国际建议引起了在临床和公共卫生领域控制孕妇体重和葡萄糖水平的关注~([1])。血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)是含碳水化合物的食物的特性,其描述了人体对餐后血糖的调节能力~([2]),已用于临床实践超过三十年,以区别不同的食物对血糖反应的影响。血糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)是平均膳食GIX消耗的     

食物血糖指数与糖尿病防治

0引言 血糖指数(glycemic index,GI)是反映食物引起血糖应答的特性,是人体生理学对糖类食物进行分类的良好指标.血糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)的概念是在GI的基础上,将摄入糖类的质量和数量结合起来,以估价膳食总的血糖效应.近几年来,关于GI、GL的概念在糖尿病控制中的作用受到广泛关注.     

孕早期膳食血糖负荷与妊娠期糖尿病关系的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨孕早期膳食血糖负荷（GL）与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的关系。方法 采用前瞻性研究,选取成都市某三甲妇幼医疗机构产前门诊1 462名孕8～14周单胎健康孕妇为研究对象。采用3天24小时膳食回顾法收集孕早期摄入的食物种类及数量。参照《中国食物成分表：标准版》及国际血糖生成指数和血糖负荷值表（2008）确定食物血糖生成指数（GI）值,根据食物GI值及其平均每日摄入量中碳水化合物含量计算膳食GL及主食GL。于孕24～28周行口服葡萄糖耐量试验,根据《妊娠合并糖尿病诊治指南（2014）》诊断GDM。按照四分位数分别将膳食GL及主食GL由低到高分为4组（Q1～Q4）,采用log-binomial回归模型分析膳食GL及主食GL与GDM的关系。结果 研究对象孕早期每日膳食GL和主食GL分别为145.70（113.23～180.85）和121.05（89.08～155.70）,米类和薯类GL分别为73.14（43.89～107.50）和3.43（0.00～9.84）。调整年龄、孕前BMI等混杂因素后,log-binomial回归分析显示,膳食GL在Q3、Q4组孕妇GDM发生风险均较Q1组增加（RR=1.47,95% CI：1.20～1.80;RR=1.31,95% CI：1.04～1.64）;主食GL在Q3、Q4组孕妇GDM发生风险均较Q1组增加（RR=1.28,95% CI：1.04～1.58;RR=1.27,95% CI：1.02～1.60）;米类GL在Q3、Q4组孕妇GDM发生风险均较Q1组增加（RR=1.30,95% CI：1.06～1.59;RR=1.28,95% CI：1.03～1.59）;薯类GL在Q4组孕妇GDM发生风险较Q1组增加（RR=1.30,95% CI：1.09～1.54）。未发现面类GL和杂粮GL对GDM发生风险有影响。结论 孕早期膳食GL与GDM发生有关,膳食GL较高尤其是米类及薯类GL较高可能增加GDM的发生风险。     

广州社区不同糖代谢状态人群血糖负荷调查分析

目的调查广州社区中老年人群膳食血糖负荷(GL)现状,分析不同糖代谢状态中老年人群GL的特点。方法选取自愿参与本次研究的40~79岁广州常住居民,应用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法,计算全天膳食GL(DGL)、单位能量GL(GL/Mcal)和各餐次GL,并分析GL的食物来源。结果纳入本次研究的广州社区中老年居民1926例,(男570、女1356,各占29.6%、70.4%)。糖耐量正常(NGT)1010例(52.4%),糖调节受损(IGR)586例(30.4%),糖尿病(DM)330例(17.1%)。每日膳食DGL为183.1±52.5,早、午、晚和加餐提供的GL比例分别为25.8%、34.4%、33.4%和6.4%;男性DGL(219.6±55.2)显著高于女性(167.8±42.8)(P0.05);IGR人群DGL(197.8±52.6)显著高于NGT人群(177.3±50.9)和DM人群(174.8±51.8,P0.05)。每日膳食GL/Mcal为96.6±15.9,男性GL/Mcal(103.4±15.7)显著高于女性(93.8±15.1,P0.05);IGR人群GL/Mcal(100.5±14.7)和DM人群GL/Mcal(96.9±17.0)显著高于NGT人群(94.3±15.7,P0.05)。87.2%膳食GL来源于中高GI的粮谷类食物。结论不同糖代谢状态人群膳食GL存在显著差异,其中IGR人群DGL和GL/Mcal高于NGT和DM人群。     

血糖负荷百分等级评价的方法

目的 建立血糖负荷的参照食物组,探讨应用血糖负荷参照食物组对食物血糖负荷进行百分等级评价的方法.方法 使用2011年中国居民营养与健康状况调查(CHNS)数据库,选取11～64岁人群膳食调查的食物摄入量,对碳水化合物的贡献率由高到低累积达到95％为目标,建立碳水化合物食物组;计算组内食物血糖负荷值并排序,建成血糖负荷参...     

不同碳水化合物食品血糖生成指数和胰岛素指数的评估

目的:测定不同来源碳水化合物食品GI值、II值。方法:10名空腹健康志愿者分别试食含碳水化合物50g的葡萄糖粉、富强粉馒头、燕麦纤维馒头和抗性淀粉馒头,测定餐后120min血浆中血糖和胰岛素水平。结果:以葡萄糖GI值、II值分别为100,三种馒头GI值分别为88.24±20.84、60.16±14.16、47.05±10.22;II值分别为83.06±10.81、68.32±17.08、60.26±30.1。食用抗性淀粉馒头后血糖峰值(45min)、胰岛素峰值(60min)及胰岛素与血糖应答曲线下面积比显著低于葡萄糖粉和富强粉馒头(P<0.05),与燕麦纤维馒头相比无统计学意义。燕麦纤维馒头血糖峰值(45min)低于葡萄糖粉(P<0.05)。结论:不同来源的碳水化合物食品有不同的血糖、胰岛素应答,抗性淀粉食品具有吸收缓慢而持久的特点,可维持餐后血糖稳态,降低餐后胰岛素分泌,提高机体对胰岛素的敏感性。     

The association between dietary glycemic index,glycemic load and diet quality indices in Iranian adults: results from Isfahan Healthy Heart Program

To assess the association between dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and dietary quality indices in Iranian adults. This cross section was conducted among 1571 Iranian adults aged ≥19 years. GI, GL and diet quality indices were estimated by 24-h recall and DDS was calculated using a validated 48-item food frequency questionnaire. Participants who were in the top tertile of GI had lower healthy eating index (HEI) (57.2?±?7.8 versus 55.6?±?8.7; p?p?2. Individuals in the lowest tertile of GL had lower HEI, MAR and NARs for Zn, vitamin B₂, B₃, B₆, B₁₂, vitamin D. Both GI and GL were positively related to dietary diversity score (DED) (p?相似文献   

Association between dietary carbohydrate,glycemic index,glycemic load,and the prevalence of obesity in Korean men and women

Intake of high–glycemic index (GI) food has been postulated to reduce satiety, resulting in an increased total energy intake and reduced access to body fat as fuel. Thus, we hypothesize that high dietary GI and glycemic load (GL) are associated with an increased prevalence of obesity in the Korean population. Dietary GI and GL were calculated for 933 Korean men and women based on dietary intake assessed by food frequency questionnaires and using a GI table developed from published GI databases in a cross-sectional design. Mean differences in dietary GL and carbohydrate intake between obese and nonobese men were statistically significant after adjusting for covariates (P = .027 and .021, respectively). High dietary GL and carbohydrate intake were negatively associated with the prevalence of obesity among men in a multivariate-adjusted logistic regression model (P for trend = .026 and .036, respectively). Statistically significant effects of dietary GI and GL on the prevalence of obesity among women were observed in a generalized linear model (P = .002 and .042, respectively) and a logistic regression model (P for trend < .001 and = .007, respectively), after adjusting for covariates. Women with higher dietary GI and GL were more likely to be obese, a result consistent with our hypothesis. However, an inverse association for dietary GL and carbohydrate and prevalence of obesity was found in men, suggesting that mechanisms contributing to the prevalence of obesity between sexes may be different.     

Higher glycemic index and glycemic load diet is associated with increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study

Several studies have indicated the association between intake of foods high in dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with an increased risk of digestive tract cancers. We hypothesized that GI and GL may be associated with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a high-risk population in Iran. In total, we interviewed 47 cases with incident of ESCC and 96 frequency-matched hospital controls, then calculated the average dietary GI and GL via a validated food frequency questionnaire. Dietary GL was calculated as a function of GI, carbohydrate content, and frequency of intake of certain foods. Dietary GI and GL levels were significantly higher among the ESCC cases compared with the controls (P < .05). After adjustment for potential confounders, those in the highest tertile of dietary GI had 2.95 times higher risk of ESCC compared with those in the lowest (95% confidence interval, 1.68-3.35; P for trend = .002). In addition, being in the highest tertile of dietary GL was positively associated with an ESCC risk (odds ratio, 3.49; 95% confidence interval, 2.98-4.41; P for trend = .001). Findings of the present study indicate that diets with high GI and GL might have potentially unfavorable effects on ESCC risk and suggest a possible role for excess circulating insulin and related insulin-like growth factor 1 in esophageal cancer development.     

Associations between Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: Findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Studies investigating the associations between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) among Chinese populations are strikingly limited. To assess the associations between dietary GI and GL values and CMRF, including dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperuricemia in Chinese adults, we extracted data of 7886 apparently healthy adults from the 2009 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary GI and GL values were calculated using data collected from three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Fasting lipid, glucose, and uric acid concentrations were measured and CMRF were defined on the basis of established criteria. There were no significant associations between dietary GI values and CMRF, and analyzing the data by age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and region did not alter these results. Dietary GL values were positively associated with prevalence of hyperuricemia in all participants (Q4 compared with Q1: odds ratio (OR) = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.87; p-trend = 0.0030) and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in participants ≥ 60 years old (Q5 compared with Q1: OR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.68; p-trend < 0.0010). Higher dietary GL but not GI values were associated with increased prevalence of hyperuricemia in apparently healthy Chinese adults and hypercholesterolemia in older Chinese adults. Further studies are required to confirm the public health implication of these findings.     

Dietary glycemic index and load in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors in Cuban American population

Objective To examine whether dietary glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) had an effect on the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and whether the effects were dependent on the diabetes status in the Cuban American population.

Design A case–control, single-time-point study.

Methods A total of 324 middle-aged Cuban American adults had completed data on fasting blood lipids, physical activity level and usual dietary intake using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Published GI values were assigned to food items and average dietary GI and GL were calculated per participant.

Results Subjects without type 2 diabetes (T2D) were 3.3 times more likely to be in the recommended, highest high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol category if they were in the second dietary GL tertile as compared with those in the first dietary GL tertile (P = 0.042, 95% confidence interval = 1.94, 10.78).

Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that in this sample of Cuban Americans a high GI or GL diet do not adversely affects blood lipids, especially among subjects without T2D.     

Correlation between dietary glycemic index and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Japanese women

OBJECTIVE: To examine the correlation between dietary glycemic index (GI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among subjects who consume white rice as a staple food. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the associations between dietary GI, dietary glycemic load (GL) and dietary intakes, and CVD risk factors. Dietary GI and GL were calculated from a 3-day (including two consecutive weekdays and one holiday) dietary records. SETTING: A weight-reduction program at a municipal health center in Tokyo, Japan. SUBJECTS: A total of 32 women aged 52.5+/-7.2 y participated in the weight-reduction program. RESULT: The GI food list made for the current study calculated for 91% of carbohydrate intakes measured. The mean dietary GI was 64+/-6, and the mean dietary GL was 150+/-37. Individuals in the highest tertile of GI consumed more carbohydrate, mostly from white rice (P<0.001), and less fat (P<0.01). Individuals in all three groups by tertile of GL showed similar tendencies. In the lowest GI tertile, the highest concentration of HDL-cholesterol and lowest concentration of triacylglycerol and immunoreactive insulin were observed (P<0.01). In the lowest GL tertile, the highest concentration of HDL-cholesterol and the lowest concentration of triacylglycerol were observed (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Calculated dietary GI and GL were positively associated with CVD risk factors among the Japanese women who consumed white rice as a staple food.     

Associations of Dietary Glycemic Index,Glycemic Load and Carbohydrate with the Risk of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Cervical Cancer: A Case-Control Study

Background: The association of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with the risk of cervical cancer has never been investigated. Thus, we aimed to find evidence of any association of GI and GL with the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. Methods: In this hospital-based case-control study, we included 1340 women (670 controls and 262, 187 and 221 patients with CIN1, CIN2/3, and cervical cancer, respectively) from the Korean human papillomavirus cohort study. Completed demographic questionnaires and semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaires were collected. The association of dietary GI and GL with CIN and cervical cancer was estimated using a logistic regression model. Results: The multivariate odds ratios (OR) of the highest compared with the lowest quintile of GL for CIN1 were 2.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33–5.88). Dietary GI and GL were not associated with CIN2/3 and cervical cancer. Stratified analyses by body mass index (BMI) indicated a positive association between GI and GL and CIN 1 risk among women with a BMI (in kg/m²) <23 (OR = 2.94; 95% CI = 1.32–6.53; p for trend = 0.031 for GI and OR = 3.15; 95% CI = 1.53–6.52; p for trend = 0.013 for GL), but not among those with a BMI of ≥23. A stratification analysis by menopausal status showed that the highest quintile of GI and GL was significantly associated with the risk of CIN1 (OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.43–5.96; p for trend = 0.005) (OR = 2.96; 95% CI = 1.53–5.69; p for trend = 0.023) among premenopausal women. Also, in HPV positive women, dietary GL showed significant CIN1 risk (OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.09–6.24; p for trend = 0.087). Conclusion: Our case-control study supports the hypothesized associations of dietary GI and GL with increased risk of CIN1. Thus, the consumption of low GI and GL foods plays a significant role in the prevention of cervical carcinogenesis.