短期坑道内半密闭环境人体效应观察

目的：观察坑道内半密闭环境对人体的影响，为进驻坑道提供防护依据，以减少环境对人体的负面效应。方法：用血液分析仪、全自动生化仪及特殊蛋白分析仪对12名受试者按试验前、中、后3次进行血液指标监测及两次重点复检。并对自觉症状作问卷调查。结果：39项血液指标3次监测均为正常或基本正常的有33项，占84．6％。乳酸脱氢酶有7例在试验期间高于正常值。受试者有半数以上人员有轻度头昏、头痛、胸闷、乏力等自觉症状，其中关节痛较为明显。结论：血液指标监测结果及出现的自觉症状大多数较轻，且出坑道后1～4d消失，认为坑道内半密闭环境在短期内对人体基本无明显不良影响。对乳酸脱氢酶结果偏高及关节痛症状需要进一步探讨。     

半密闭坑道环境对人体健康的影响

目的 通过对半密闭坑道环境质量及人体健康影响因素的调查,为进驻部队提供防护依据。方法 用N 962风速温湿度计监测微小气候及大气采样器监测空气颗粒物,用撞击法监测空气微生物,应用血液分析仪及全自动生化仪对12名受试者检测29项血液指标,并对生理反应作问卷调查。结果 半密闭坑道房间平均气温15.2℃,相对湿度75.5％,风速0.06 m·s-1,可吸入颗粒物0.5526 Hlg·m-3,空气细菌总数1 157 cfu·m-3,真菌数902 cfu·m-3。受试者29项血液指标3次检测结果正常或基本正常的占79.32％;乳酸脱氢酶有7例在坑道内试验期间高于正常值;受试者有半数以上出现不同程度的头昏、头痛、关节酸痛等自觉症状。结论 可吸入颗粒物超标2.8倍,多数自觉症状在出坑道后1-4 d消失,除低温高湿环境引起关节痛应引起重视及乳酸脱氢酶结果增高需要进一步探讨外,半密闭坑道在短期内对人体健康基本无明显的不良影响。     

进驻坑道内半密闭环境人体自觉症状调查

为观察坑道内半密闭环境对人体的影响，为特殊情况下大量人员进驻提供依据，对进驻坑道半密闭房间内的12名受试者的基本生活规律及自觉症状进行调查。     

军事坑道对人体淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的探讨半密闭军事坑道环境对人体淋巴细胞亚群的影响。方法在半密闭军事坑道中随机选取2个房间作为实验用房间,每个房间进驻6名战士,观察进驻坑道前后与坑道实验时人体T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)、NK细胞(CD16+)、B细胞(CD19+)水平以及血常规18项指标的变化。结果进驻坑道第5天,进驻人员血红蛋白含量为(157.30±8.43)g.L-1,与进驻前的(157.17±8.46)g.L-1和出坑道后的(153.40±9.36)g.L-1相比较,其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与进驻前和出坑道后相比较,进驻第5天T淋巴细胞亚群中CD3+、CD8+百分数显著降低(P<0.05),CD4+百分数差异无显著性(P>0.05),NK细胞百分数显著升高(P<0.05),B细胞百分数显著降低(P<0.05),血常规中的红血球、白血球、血小板等各项指标均无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论短期半密闭坑道环境对人体的血红蛋白、红细胞及白细胞等血液生化指标没有影响,有可能引起机体免疫系统发生变化,但总体处于代偿状态,离开坑道后均能恢复正常。     

SARS感染医务人员出院后免疫功能的变化

目的 探讨SARS患者出院2个月后细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的变化。方法 分别采用流式细胞仪和散射免疫比浊仪检测31例SARS出院2个月患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和免疫球蛋白水平，并与正常对照组比较。结果与对照组相比，SARS组CD3^-、CD8^ 细胞百分数升高，CD4^-细胞百分数无明显改变，CD4^-／CD8^ 比值和NK细胞百分数下降；IgA水平明显降低，IgG、IgM、C3、C4水平差异无显著性。结论 SARS患者出院2个月后仍存在细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的低下。     

密闭空调环境对机体免疫功能的影响

目的：通过作业场所职业卫生调查,研究密闭工作环境对人体健康的影响。方法：对90名空调环境暴露工人和54名非空调环境对照工人进行一般情况调查,检测血清IgG,IgM,IgA,补体C3、C4和溶菌酶等免疫指标,同时对比两组车间空气质量状况。结果：观察组空调环境中,甲醛、CO2浓度及噪声强度均显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）,负离子显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）。观察组血清IgG、IgM、IgA,补体C3、C4均低于对照组（P＜0．01）,溶菌酶差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。结论：空调环境中负离子浓度低,空气质量恶化,可能对作业人群的免疫功能造成一定影响,使其有降低的趋势。     

马拉硫磷对人体免疫功能的影响

用ＥＬＩＳＡ抗体夹心法、ＡＰＡＡＰ法检测了马拉硫磷暴露工人血清可溶性白细胞介素－２受体（ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ）、Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群（ＣＤ３＾＋、ＣＤ４＾＋、ＣＤ８＾＋）,血清免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ含量用贝克曼Ｈ－Ｓ免疫化学分析仪直接测定。结果显示,工人血清ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ含量存在着显著性或非常显著性差异,ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ含量各组之间无明显差异。提示马拉硫磷对工人免疫功能具有一定的毒性作用。     

密闭空调环境对人体体液免疫和细胞免疫水平的影响

目的：探讨在密闭空调环境下工作的人群体液免疫和细胞免疫水平的变化。方法：用免疫球蛋白测定试剂盒测定人体血清中IgG,IgA,IgM，用酶免定量测试试剂盒测定人体血清中IgE，应用APAAP法测定外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。结果：在密闭空调下工作的人群血清中IgG,IgA,IgM水平以及外周血T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^ ,CD4^ ,CD4^ /CD8^ 呈下降趋势，而CD8^ 则升高，与对照组比较，IgM,CD4^ ,CD8^ ,CD4^ /CD8^ 两的差异具有非常显性意义（P＜0．01）。结论：长期在密闭空调环境下工作可引起人体免疫功能下降，使人体更容易受到细菌病毒感染。     

燃煤砷污染对人体免疫功能影响

目的进一步了解燃煤砷污染对人体免疫功能的远期影响,为燃煤型砷中毒的预防和干预提供科学依据。方法采用碱性磷酸酶抗碱性磷酸酶桥联酶标法（APAAP）测定燃煤型砷中毒患者外周T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋细胞的变异情况,并比较1998年与2005年各项指标的变化。免疫比浊法测定患者血清中免疫球蛋白IgGI、gMI、gM及补体C3、C4的含量。结果燃煤型砷中毒患者T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^＋、CD4^＋细胞和CD4^＋/CD8^＋比值显著低对照组（P〈0.01）,1998年与2005年比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;患者血清中IgG和C4分别显著高于和低于对照组（P〈0.01）,其余指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论燃煤砷污染所致人体免疫球蛋白及补体改变以及T淋巴细胞亚群免疫功能的持久性损害,不仅可能是砷中毒的促发原因之一,还可能是该病病情持续发展的原因之一,采取针对性提高免疫功能的防治策略有助于砷中毒的预防和干预。     

高温环境对大鼠细胞免疫功能影响

持续较长高温对人体伤害的早期研究多为流行病学观察,致病机理研究较少。目前,高温对机体血液动力学、内分泌影响、尤其免疫功能影响越来越引起国内外学者的关注^〔1-2〕。     

Effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function

In Japan, a forest bathing trip, called “Shinrinyoku” in Japanese, is a short, leisurely visit to a forest; it is regarded as being similar to natural aromatherapy. This review focuses on the effects of forest bathing trips on human immune function. Beginning in 2005, adult Japanese individuals, both male and female, participated in a series of studies aimed at investigating the effect of forest bathing trips on human immune function. The subjects experienced a 3-day/2-night trip to forest areas, and blood and urine were sampled on days 2 (the first sampling during each trip) and 3 (the second sampling during each trip), and on days 7 and 30 after the trips. Natural killer (NK) activity, the numbers of NK, granulysin-, perforin-, and granzymes A/B-expressing lymphocytes in the blood, and the concentration of urinary adrenaline were measured. The same measurements were made before the trips on a normal working day as a control. The mean values of NK activity and the numbers of NK, granulysin-, perforin-, and granzymes A/B-expressing cells on forest bathing days were significantly higher than those on the control days, whereas the mean values of the concentration of urinary adrenaline on forest bathing days were significantly lower than that on the control days in both male and female subjects. The increased NK activity lasted for more than 30 days after the trip, suggesting that a forest bathing trip once a month would enable individuals to maintain a higher level of NK activity. In contrast, a visit to the city as a tourist did not increase NK activity, the numbers of NK cells, or the level of intracellular granulysin, perforin, and granzymes A/B. These findings indicate that forest bathing trips resulted in an increase in NK activity, which was mediated by increases in the number of NK cells and the levels of intracellular granulysin, perforin, and granzymes A/B.     

短期二氧化硫吸入对小鼠免疫器官的损伤作用

目的　探讨短期二氧化硫较大剂量染毒对小鼠免疫器官的影响。方法　用 5 6,112 ,168mg/m3二氧化硫分别对小鼠连续染毒 7d ,用HE染色法观察二氧化硫对小鼠脾脏组织结构的影响 ,用DNA凝胶电泳法和流式细胞技术观察二氧化硫吸入对小鼠脾脏细胞凋亡的影响。结果　 (1)用HE染色法各剂量组均未观察到脾脏结构有明显改变 ;(2 )DNA凝胶电泳分析在 168mg/m3组可见明显DNAladder;(3)流式细胞分析显示高剂量染毒组的小鼠脾细胞凋亡率与对照组相比差异有显著性 ,P <0 0 5。结论　短期二氧化硫吸入对小鼠脾脏的组织学结构影响不明显 ,但在剂量达到一定水平时可能引起脾细胞凋亡加速 ,对免疫器官造成一定损伤     

空调环境对人体热感觉和神经行为功能的影响

目的　研究空调环境对人体热感觉和神经行为功能的影响。方法　对热适应和未热适应人群分别实施热暴露实验。结果　分析发现空调环境对于热适应与未热适应人群的神经行为功能有一定的影响。结论　在心算、系列加减、记忆扫描和立体视觉等抽象思维方面 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5) ,其余方面没有统计学上意义。     

Effects of carotenoids on human immune function

Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between diets rich in carotenoids and a reduced incidence of many forms of cancer, and it has been suggested that the antioxidant properties of these compounds are a causative factor. Attention has focused on the potential role of one specific carotenoid, beta-carotene, in preventing cancer, and numerous publications have described in vitro experiments and animal studies which suggest that not only can this carotenoid protect against the development of cancer, but also several other chronic diseases. Since the immune system plays a major role in cancer prevention, it has been suggested that beta-carotene may enhance immune cell function. Several human trials, using dietary beta-carotene supplementation with a wide range of intakes, have been undertaken to address this hypothesis. The general conclusion of these studies is that this compound can enhance cell-mediated immune responses, particularly in the elderly. The present article will review some of these human studies and, hopefully, complement the reviews of other authors associated with the present symposium, some of whom will also describe work in this area. Potential mechanisms for the effects of carotenoids on immune function will also be reviewed. Finally, possible reasons for the failure of three major prospective studies to demonstrate a beneficial effect of beta-carotene supplementation on lung cancer risk will be discussed.     

Effect of occupational exposure to elemental mercury on short term memory

Previous studies have indicated that exposure to elemental mercury is associated with increased short term memory scanning time. In an effort to provide converging evidence that short term memory is one locus of the neurotoxic effect of mercury, two measures of short term memory capacity were used in this study. The first measure, the Wechsler digit span forward, was too imprecise and unreliable to detect any adverse effects. The second measure, an estimate of the worker's 50% threshold for correct serial recall, was more satisfactory and provided evidence of a statistically significant decrease in short term memory capacity associated with increasing exposure to elemental mercury (based on a group of 26 workers, urinary mercury average 0.20 mg/l, range 0.0-0.51 mg/l). A replication study of another group of 60 workers was performed to confirm this apparent mercury related effect. Despite lower urinary mercury concentrations in this second group (0.11 mg/l average), a statistical association was again observed relating urine mercury to reduced short term memory capacity.     

Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on growth and immune function in term infants: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of nucleotide (NT)-supplemented cow's milk-based formula on growth and biochemical indices of immune function in healthy infants. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of formula-fed term infants allocated to control formula with an innate level of NT at 10 mg/l (n = 102), or formula fortified with NT at 33.5 mg/l (n = 98). A parallel group of 125 breastfed infants followed the same protocol as a reference. OUTCOME MEASURES: Growth was assessed at enrolment, 7 weeks, 4 months and 7 months of age. Natural killer cell activity, cytokine production and lymphocyte subpopulations were assessed at 7 weeks of age. Antibody responses to diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) immunizations were measured at 7 months of age. RESULTS: NT supplementation did not influence the growth of formula fed infants or any markers of immunity measured at 7 weeks of age. Antibody responses to tetanus toxoid were higher in the NT-supplemented group (n = 68) compared with the control group (n = 70) at 7 months of age (median (5th, 95% percentile): 1.57(0.42, 3.43) vs 1.01(0.41, 4.66) IU/ml, P < 0.03). A difference between treatments was seen in response to diphtheria toxoid but this effect disappeared when adjusted for hepatitis B immunization at birth. There was no effect of treatment on antibody responses to Hib immunization. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of formulas with NT at 33.5 mg/l resulted in a modest improvement in antibody response consistent with RCTs that used higher levels of NT supplementation. Whether this translates to clinical benefits in well-nourished infants requires further study. SPONSORSHIP: Supported by a grant from Wyeth Nutrition. Dr Makrides was supported by an RD Wright Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and Dr Gibson was partially supported by the MS McLeod Research Trust and a Senior Research Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.     

Effect of occupational exposure to elemental mercury on short term memory.

Previous studies have indicated that exposure to elemental mercury is associated with increased short term memory scanning time. In an effort to provide converging evidence that short term memory is one locus of the neurotoxic effect of mercury, two measures of short term memory capacity were used in this study. The first measure, the Wechsler digit span forward, was too imprecise and unreliable to detect any adverse effects. The second measure, an estimate of the worker's 50% threshold for correct serial recall, was more satisfactory and provided evidence of a statistically significant decrease in short term memory capacity associated with increasing exposure to elemental mercury (based on a group of 26 workers, urinary mercury average 0.20 mg/l, range 0.0-0.51 mg/l). A replication study of another group of 60 workers was performed to confirm this apparent mercury related effect. Despite lower urinary mercury concentrations in this second group (0.11 mg/l average), a statistical association was again observed relating urine mercury to reduced short term memory capacity.     

妇科腹腔镜手术对机体免疫功能的影响

目的:研究妇科腹腔镜手术对机体免疫功能的影响,为腹腔镜手术微创性提供更多的理论依据。方法:选择83例子宫肌瘤、卵巢良性畸胎瘤、卵巢上皮性肿瘤及卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿患者,其中腹腔镜组(LS组)43例,开腹手术组(OS组)40例,比较两组围手术期一般状况、手术前后白细胞(WBC)数、中性粒细胞(NEU)数、白细胞介素2、4(IL-2,IL-4)及免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM的水平。结果:①两组术后第1天血WBC数和NEU数较术前均明显升高(P<0.05),且开腹组较腹腔镜组升高幅度大(P<0.05),术后第4天均恢复到术前水平(P<0.05)。②两组术后第1天IL-2均明显降低,开腹组下降幅度大(P<0.05),术后第4天腹腔镜手术组逐渐恢复,而开腹手术组仍明显低于术前,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后第1天IL-4均明显升高(P<0.05),且开腹组较腹腔镜组升高幅度程度大(P<0.05),术后第4天腹腔镜已恢复到术前水平,开腹组仍明显高于术前,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。③免疫球蛋白IgA、IgM在术前、术后两组均无明显变化(P>0.05),两组免疫球蛋白IgG术后均明显下降(P<0.05),且两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。④与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术时间短、术中出血量少、术后排气时间短、术后病率低。结论:对于妇科良性疾病,在掌握好手术适应证的前提下,腹腔镜手术与开腹手术相比,对机体免疫功能抑制作用小,有利于术后患者的恢复。     

甲苯对作业工人体液免疫功能影响

目的 探讨甲苯对作业工人体液免疫功能的影响.方法 对某玩具厂进行劳动卫生学调查,分别采取接触甲苯的72名工人(暴露组)和不接触甲苯的55名包装厂工人(对照组)血清,测定血清中IgG、IgA、IgM、补体C3及C4含量.结果 暴露组工人血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量分别为(12.41±4.63),(1.90±0.72)和(2.26±1.97)g/L,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);暴露组工人血清补体C3、C4含量分别为(1.25±0.90),(0.54±0.29)g/L,显著高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 接触甲苯对作业工作的体液免疫功能可产生一定影响.