产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌医院感染的危险因素

目的 研究影响产超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌医院感染的危险因素，预防医院感染暴发。方法 对1999年5月－2000年5月5所医院发生的由产ESBLs细菌导致的147例医院感染病例、42例对照病例，用单因素分析和非条件logistic回归作多因素分析。结果 多因素分析结果显示再次住院、三代头孢菌素应用＞3d、联合应用抗生素、喹喏酮类抗生素使用＞3d及给氧有显著意义；ICU、外三病区、新生儿病区、呼吸病区产ESBLs细菌的感染率显著高于其他病区；各种标本的检出率无明显差异。结论 产ESBLs菌株广泛存在于临床各科，应积极开展对该菌株的监测。特别是重点感染科室应严格进行环境消毒，控制三代头孢菌素和喹喏酮类药物的使用。     

大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶危险因素病例对照研究

目的 探讨大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的危险因素。方法 以2005年7月2006年8月某院微生物实验室分离出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的病例111例为病例组，同期分离出非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的病例102例为对照组，分别采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析危险因素。结果医院感染、住院时间≥7d、联合使用抗菌药物及第三代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物和β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复合抗生素的使用是大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的危险因素，其中住院时间≥7d、使用第三代头孢菌素和联合使用抗菌药物是独立危险因素。除亚胺培南、阿米卡星和头孢西丁外，产ESBLs菌株对其他13种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于非产ESBLs菌株（P〈0．005～0．025）。结论 产ESBLs菌株耐药率高；遏制细菌产ESBLs及其传播，须合理选用抗菌药物，尽量缩短住院时间，并采取综合措施监控医院感染。     

超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌下呼吸道感染的监测及危险因素分析

目的：了解下呼吸道标本中产超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBL）菌检出情况及下呼吸道产ESBL菌感染的危险因素。方法：收集下呼吸道标本中分离出的肺炎克雷伯菌及大肠埃希菌，微量稀释法检测细菌药敏情况，双纸片试验检测产ESBL菌，等电聚焦电泳测定β－内酰胺酶的等电点；用Logistic多因素回归分析研究产ESBL菌感染的危险因素。结果：1998年3－10月共分离出肺炎克雷伯菌126株、大肠埃希菌29株，39株产ESBL菌均为肺炎克雷伯菌（31％），其中33株产1种β－内酰胺酶，6株产2种酶，以pI7.6的β－内酰胺酶为主，其次是pI8.2的酶；药敏结果显示产ESBL菌对11种抗生素的耐药率均显著高于非产ESBL菌；Logistic多因素分析表明先期使用第三代头孢菌素、入住ICU的相对危险度分别为3．62和6．09。结论：上海中山医院下呼吸道标本肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBL菌的检出率较高，以SHV型ESBL为主；先期使用第三代头孢菌素、入住ICU是下呼吸道产ESBL菌感染的危险因素。     

革兰阴性杆菌产ESBLs与第三代头孢菌素用药频度分析

目的 了解引起医院感染细菌中革兰阴性杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）及与第三代头孢菌素（TGC）用药频度（DDDs）的相关性。方法分别对2000-2002年5所医院第三代头孢菌素消耗量和革兰阴性杆菌产ESBLs率进行统计分析。结果3年第三代头孢菌素总DDDs为130．64万个治疗日，2000、2001、2002年第三代头孢菌素的DDDs分别为33．35万、43．12万、54．17万个治疗日；3年革兰阴性杆菌产ESBLs的平均产酶率为33．67％，2000、2001、2002年产酶率分别为29．64％、32．58％、38．45％。结论阴性杆菌产超广谱伊内酰胺酶和第三代头孢菌素用药频度均呈逐年上升趋势，DDDs增长过高过快，导致产ESBLs细菌的增多。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌医院感染的临床调查

目的：探讨产超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs)细菌临床感染发布特点及其相关因素，更好的指导临床预防和治疗疾病。方法：回顾性调查我院1999年5月－2001年10月产ESBLs菌在各病区的分布。结果：重症监护病房（ICU）占29．4％，神经内科占21．3％，呼吸内科占17．2％，神经外科占12．3％，其他病区相对较少，主要感染部位为呼吸道和泌尿道，产ESBLs菌感染的患者，抗生素使用率为100％，结论：抗生素不合理使用，患者的免疫功能低下，侵入性操作，住院日长、老年患者为产ESBLs株感染的直接诱因，必须加强预防措施和医院感染管理；目前产ESBLs株的治疗仍以亚胺培南为首选药物。     

神经外科产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株感染

目的：研究神经外科产超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs)菌株感染的特点，为临床抗生素的合理选用提供依据。方法：对我院神经外科临床分离的106株细菌，采用纸片扩散法ELBLs确诊试验（NCCLS 1999年标准）行ELBLs检测，并对病例资料进行分析及讨论。结果：分离产ESBLs菌12株占11．3％；其中呼吸道感染9例，尿路感染3例；感染前头孢他啶的平均使用时间为13．3d，平均住院时间40．3d。结论：三代头孢菌素在神经外科的长期大量使用是细菌产生ESBLs的重要选择因素；合理选用抗生素、促进脑功能恢复、加强全身支持治疗及提高免疫力是控制神经外科感染的根本途径。     

内科医院感染状况及危险因素研究

目的：了解内科医院感染的发生与分布，分析其危险因素。方法：对1787例内科住院病人的病历资料进行流行病学调查，并对查出的医院感染患者进行1：1配比病例对照研究。结果：总的医院感染率为4．09％；其构成比为呼吸道45．52％，伤口15．86％，消化道12．41％；送检病原菌检出率为24．66％。多因素分析结果显示内科发生医院感染的主要危险因素为泌尿道插管、基础疾病严重程度。结论：内科是医院感染的重要科室。医院感染病例漏报率高，送检率低是医院感染管理的薄弱环节。     

超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染监测与控制

目的 了解产超广谱β—内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌感染的发病情况，加强监控，防止感染的暴发。方法 分析了我院2000～2001年间由产ESBLs细菌引起院内感染因素。结果 2000～2001年间由产ESBLs细菌引起医院感染共35株，多见于肺炎克雷伯菌17株占48．57％，大肠埃希菌9株占25．71％，阴沟肠杆菌8株占22．86％，粘质沙雷菌1株，占2．86％，研究发现，入住ICU病房先期使用三代头孢菌素及长期住院与此菌感染密切相关。结论 产ESBLs细菌发生的院内感染日益增多，多见于长期住院、入住ICU病房，先期使用三代头孢菌素，免疫功能低下患者中，广泛开展超广谱β—内酰胺酶的测定，隔离ESBLs感染思者，严格执行消毒隔离措施，严格控制广谱抗生素的应用，是预防和控制ESBLs细菌感染的重要措施。     

内科医院感染状况及危险因素研究

目的 了解内科医院感染的发生与分布，并分析其危险因素。方法 对1787例内科住院病人的病历资料进行流行病学调查，并对查出的医院感染患者进行1：1配对病例对照研究。结果 医院感染率为4．09％；感染部位构成为呼吸道45．52％，伤口15．86％，消化道12．41％；病原菌送检率为24．66％。多因素分析结果显示内科发生医院感染的主要危险因素为泌尿道插管、基础疾病严重程度。结论 内科是医院感染的重要科室，应针对本科室的主要危险因素加强医院感染的控制。另外医院感染病例漏报率高，送检率低是医院感染管理的薄弱环节。     

重症监护病房医院感染流行病学调查及预防

目的：探讨重症监护病房（ICU）医院感染流行病学的特征和相关因素，为预防控制医院感染提供依据，方法：对2002年1月～2004年12月收治的319例ICU患者进行医院感染回顾性调查。结果：ICU医院感染发生率17，24％，常见感染部位前5位的是下呼吸道感染50．9l％、上呼吸道感染20．00％、泌尿道感染9．09r‰、胃肠遭感染7．27％、血液感染5，45％；分离出病原菌29株，革兰阴性菌占62．07％；居前3位的是假单胞菌31．03％、金黄色葡萄球菌20．69％、不动杆菌17，24％；医院感染的危险因素是使用呼吸机、泌尿道插管、动静脉插管、留ICU时间长。结论：ICU医院感染发生率高；病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主；应针对相关危险因索和常见医院感染进行预防。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.