高血压病患者胰岛素水平及钠钾泵,钙泵活性改变

对２２例未经治疗的高血压病患者和２８例对照者进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）血糖、血胰岛素水平、红细胞膜钠钾泵、钙泵活性的测定。结果显示，糖耐量正常或异常的高血压病患者和各自对照组相比存在明显高胰岛素血症，钠钾泵或钙泵活性明显降低；多元相关分析表明去除年龄、肥胖、血糖因素下收缩压（ＳＢＰ）和餐后３０ｍｉｎ胰岛素及其面积呈正相关，舒张压（ＤＢＰ）和餐后３０ｍｉｎ、１２０ｍｉｎ胰岛素水平及其面积呈正     

高血压病合并高胰岛素血症患者血浆凝血■烷B_2及6－酮－前列腺素F_（1α）的变化

目的：研究血浆凝血烷Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２，血栓素Ｂ２）及６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１α（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α）在原发性高血压（高血压病）伴高胰岛素血症患者中的变化。方法：对４０例高血压病伴高胰岛素血症患者及３０例正常人进行口服糖耐量、胰岛素释放水平测定，在糖耐量过程中进行血压、血浆ＴＸＢ２及６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α的观察。结果：与正常组比较，高血压病组基础及糖刺激后血浆胰岛素水平显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＴＸＢ２增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）及６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α水平显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：高血压合并高胰岛素血症时，血浆ＴＸＢ２增高、ＴＸＢ２／６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１α比值升高在高血压的发生发展中起着重要作用。     

高血压和高胰岛素血症关系的初步探讨

对１０例体重指数（ＢＭＩ）正常的老年高血压患者和１１例体重指数正常、血压正常的老年对照者进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ），检测血糖、血脂、胰岛素水平、红细胞膜钠钾泵活性。结果表明，体重指数正常的高血压患者与对照组比较，存在高胰岛素血症（餐后１２０分钟胰岛素分别为：７４．３±２．３μＵ／ｍｌ及３０．０±２．μＵ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０５）、高脂血症。多元相关分析进一步表明，去除年龄、体重的影响，收缩压（ＳＢＰ）和餐后１２０分钟胰岛素仍呈正相关（ｒ＝０．５０９９，Ｐ＜０．０５），说明胰岛素是致高血压的一个因素。本实验还发现ＳＢＰ、舒张压（ＤＢＰ）和钠钾泵呈负相关，且钠钾泵和胰岛素曲线下面积（ＡｒｅｎＵｎｄｅｒＣｕｒｖｅ，ＡＵＣ）呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．４５０５，Ｐ＜０．０５）。这证实胰岛素致高血压作用可能是胰岛素抵抗影响钠钾泵活性所致。     

老年高血压患者的胰岛素抵抗

目的探讨高胰岛素血症、胰岛素抵抗、高血脂和肥胖与老年人高血压之间的关系。方法对无糖尿病和糖耐量减低史的老年原发性高血压患者５０例、老年健康对照组１７８例的空腹血糖、胰岛素、血脂、体重指数和胰岛素敏感性指数等进行对比。结果高血压组胰岛素为１８０±１９５ｍＵ／Ｌ，对照组为７７±５４ｍＵ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０００１），高血压组有明显的高胰岛素血症，其胰岛素敏感性指数亦显著降低（Ｐ＜０００１），血清甘油三酯明显增高和ａｐｏＡ１明显下降（Ｐ＜００５），肥胖者占７０％。结论老年高血压患者同时存在糖代谢和脂蛋白代谢异常，胰岛素抵抗所产生的高胰岛素血症为其基本的代谢异常。     

高血压病患者的胰岛素抵抗及与动态血压的关系

我们用葡萄糖耐量试验对３３例Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期高血压病患者和２５例正常对照者的研究发现：口服葡萄糖后３０ｍｉｎ、６０ｍｉｎ、１２０ｍｉｎ和１８０ｍｉｎ时前者的血糖浓度显著高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０２，Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．００５，Ｐ＜０．００５）。空腹、服糖后１２０ｍｉｎ、１８０ｍｉｎ时前者的血清胰岛素浓度显著高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．０２），这是典型的胰岛素抵抗。高血压病患者空腹血胰岛素浓度及胰岛素曲线下面积与动态的收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压呈线性正相关。     

老年高血压和冠心病患者的高胰岛素血症

目的探讨老年原发性高血压和冠心病患者的血胰岛素水平及胰岛素敏感性指数的变化。方法对无糖尿病病史的老年原发性高血压患者３０例、老年冠心病患者３２例、老年对照组３０例测定空腹及餐后２小时血糖、胰岛素、Ｃ肽值,计算胰岛素敏感性指数,进行对照分析。结果空腹胰岛素,高血压组为（１３．１±５．４）ｍＵ／Ｌ,冠心病组为（１１．１±０．３）ｍＵ／Ｌ,对照组为（１０．３±１．９）ｍＵ／Ｌ;餐后２小时胰岛素,３组分别为（６２．３±１６．８）、（４４．３±６．４）及（１０．８±３．１）ｍＵ／Ｌ。均为高血压组高于冠心病组,二者又高于对照组（分别为Ｐ＜０．０５及Ｐ＜０．０１）。胰岛素敏感性指数为对照组大于冠心病组,二者又大于高血压组（分别为Ｐ＜０．０１及Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论老年高血压患者及冠心病患者均伴有高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗,胰岛素敏感性指数降低是血管病变的危险因素之一。     

高胰岛素血症与高血压病

高胰岛素血症与高血压病何戎华等．中华内科杂志１９９４，３３：１７５．对２２例高血压病不伴糖尿病患者及１７例正常对照者行口服葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ），同时测定血胰岛素、胆固醇、甘油三酯水平及红细胞膜钠－钾泵活性。结果显示原发性高血压病患者有明显高脂血...     

老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律与胰岛素抵抗

目的为了探讨高血压病患者２４ｈ血压昼夜节律变化与糖、胰岛素（ＩＳ）代谢的关系。方法４６例老年高血压病患者，按昼夜血压节律不同，分为杓型组（ＤＧ）与非杓型组（ＮＤＧ），行葡萄糖耐量试验和ＩＳ释放试验。结果ＤＧ与ＮＤＧ２组各时相血糖、血糖面积及空腹ＩＳ水平无显著性差异（Ｐ＞００５）；而ＮＤＧ在糖负荷后的６０ｍｉｎ、１２０ｍｉｎＩＳ水平和ＩＳ释放指数（ＩＲＩ）以及ＩＳ面积（ＩＡＵＣ）明显高于ＤＧ（Ｐ＜００１、００５、００１、０００１、００１）；ＤＧ的ＩＳ敏感指数（ＩＳＳＩ）明显大于ＮＤＧ（Ｐ＜００１）；夜间平均血压下降率与ＩＡＵＣ、１２０ｍｉｎＩＲＩ及６０ｍｉｎＩＳ水平呈显著负相关（γ＝－０５９８、－０５１１和－０４８６，Ｐ＜００１、００１和００５），与１２０ｍｉｎＩＳＳＩ呈显著正相关（γ＝０４６２，Ｐ＜００１）。结论老年高血压节律异常者有更显著的胰岛素抵抗及高胰岛素血症。     

高血压病患者血清脂蛋白、载脂蛋白异常与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的：探讨高血压病患者血脂／载脂蛋白异常与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法：以空腹胰岛素／空腹葡萄糖比值和口服葡萄糖负荷后胰岛素曲线下面积／葡萄糖曲线下面积比值作为胰岛素抵抗指标，与空腹血脂／载脂蛋白进行直线相关分析。结果：与正常对照组（ｎ＝２１）比较，高血压病组（ｎ＝３２）血清甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）、载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）Ｂ、空腹胰岛素、空腹胰岛素／空腹葡萄糖比值以及胰岛素曲线下面积、葡萄糖曲线下面积和胰岛素曲线下面积／葡萄糖曲线下面积比值均显著增加（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．００１），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）、ＨＤＬ２－Ｃ、ＡｐｏＡＩ及ＡｐｏＡＩ／ＡｐｏＢ比值均显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．００１）。高血压病组空腹胰岛素／空腹葡萄糖比值和胰岛素曲线下面积／葡萄糖曲线下面积比值均分别与甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和ＡｐｏＢ呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），与ＨＤＬ２－Ｃ、ＡｐｏＡＩ和ＡｐｏＡＩ／ＡｐｏＢ比值呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．００１）。正常对照组上述指标间则无相关（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：高血压病患者血脂／载脂蛋白异常与胰岛素抵抗密切相关。     

老年收缩期高血压患者血脂、血糖及胰岛素水平的测定

目的探讨老年人收缩期高血压与血脂、血糖及胰岛素水平变化的关系方法对５６例无糖尿病史的老年收缩期高血压患者及４７例健康对照者进行血脂、血糖、胰岛素和Ｃ－肽测定并比较。结果高血压组胰岛素及Ｃ－肽水平〔（２１．６±６．３）Ｕ／Ｌ）及（２．７４±０．５３）μｇ／Ｌ〕显著高于对照组〔（９．４±４．７）Ｕ／Ｌ及（１．０４±０．２８）μｇ／Ｌ，均为Ｐ＜０．００１〕；血脂明显增高〔甘油三酯分别为（１．９６±０．１２）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ及（１．２３±０．１４）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１，胆固醇分别为（４．９３±０．２５）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ及（４．１６±０．３８）ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１〕；葡萄糖耐量减低（Ｐ＜０．００１）；收缩压与胰岛素值呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．３６４３，Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论老年收缩期高血压患者存在高胰岛素血症，并同时存在糖代谢及脂蛋白代谢异常。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.