沈阳市大气悬浮颗粒物及PAHs、NPAHs分析

目的 调查了解沈阳市大气中悬浮颗粒物及其多环芳烃(PAHs)、硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的浓度、分布及季节变化情况。分析其健康效应。方法 选择沈阳市内机动车交通量有差别的3所小学校，于夏季非采暖期和冬季采暖期各监测1周，每天连续24h样。分别测定样品中PAHs、NPAHs种类与含量。结果 测定的10种PAHs主要以4个苯环的多环芳烃为主，即：Chr(Qu)、13aA(苯并a蒽)、Pyr(芘)、Flu(荧蒽)；测定11种NPAHs主要以2NP(夏季)、2-NF(冬季)为主，其中粒径在2．1μm以下的分别占71％，67％。夏季非采暖期以粒径0．7μm和5μm的粒子为主，冬季采暖期在机动车流量较低地区PAHs、NPAHs浓度大幅度升高，并以粒径2.1～7.0μm的颗粒物为主。结论 沈阳市大气中悬浮颗粒物及PAHs、NPAHs主要来源于冬季燃煤等污染，应进一步加以治理。     

淮南市秋季大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征研究

目的研究淮南市秋季大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中多环芳烃的污染特征。方法于2007年11月采集淮南市交通区、化工区、商业区、文教区和居民区5个功能区大气中的PM10,并利用GC-MS对样品中PAHs进行分析,研究不同功能区PM10中PAHs的种类及其空间污染特征。结果淮南市秋季PM10中含有萘、苊、二氢苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽、苯并[ghi]苝15种优控多环芳烃化合物。交通区、化工区、商业区、文教区和居民区大气PM10中PAHs的浓度分别为38.28、33.34、45.23、33.78、19.79ng/m3;含量分别为174.68、136.37、164.28、196.92、167.81μg/g。不同环数PAHs所占比例分布较一致,4、5环PAHs含量占优势,在不同功能区均约占多环芳烃总浓度的60%以上。结论不同功能区PM10中PAHs浓度依次为:商业区>交通区>文教区>化工区>居民区;各功能区采样点的PM10中4～5环PAHs占优势,说明淮南市秋季大气中PM10其来源具有一定的相似性。     

河北省大气PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征及苯并(a)芘等效毒性评价

目的 了解河北省大气PM10中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征和污染水平并进行苯并(a)芘等效毒性(BEQ)评价.方法 于2005-2006年利用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对河北省内40个采样点四季大气PM10中16种多环芳烃进行分析,对比不同PAHs在不同季节的污染特征,并通过计算苯并(a)芘等效毒性并与其他城市比较对其污染水平和风险进行评价.结果 PAHs中浓度最高的为苯并(a)芘(春季),苯并(b)荧蒽(夏、秋季)和荧蒽(冬季).其中荧蒽浓度最高,单个点位平均值为85.53 ng/m3.冬季PAHs总浓度与苯并(a)芘浓度高于其他季节.河北大气PM10中苯并(a)芘的几何均值为9.63 ng/m3,PAHs的苯并(a)芘有效毒性为16.4.结论 不同种类PAHs在不同季节的大气PM10中的污染特征有着较大差异,其污染水平和毒性风险与国内部分城市相比处于中等水平.     

太原市大气多环芳烃水平及孕妇体内多环芳烃负荷关系研究

目的 了解太原市大气多环芳烃污染水平及孕妇体内多环芳烃(PAHs)负荷水平,并对两者之间的关系进行探讨.方法于2007年8月至2008年2月,在太原市某社区进行环境空气颗粒物定点采样,测定PM2.5水平及其吸附的9种PAHs水平.同时,随机调查了155名孕妇,收集基本信息,采集产前尿样,测定尿1-羟基芘水平.结果 采暖期间PM2.5浓度(0.299 mg/m3,2007年11至12月)高于非采暖期(0.142 mg/m3,2007年9至10月).大气颗粒物中含有一定量PAHs,其中B(a)P水平为0.030 3 μg/m3,是国家居民区大气中B(a)P的浓度标准(0.01 μg/m3)的3倍.采暖期分娩的孕妇尿中1-OHPvy(0.97 μmol/mol Cr)高于非采暖期分娩的孕妇(0.71 μmol/mol Cr).尿1-OHPy 水平与同期空气中PM2.5的变化趋势一致.结论 太原市大气颗粒物污染严重,并含有较高水平的PAHs;孕期妇女体内具有一定水平的PAHs负荷,并同大气污染具有一定的相关性,提示进行污染控制及行为干预的必要性.     

东北3城市大气悬浮颗粒物浓度的季节变动与粒径分布

目的了解东北3个不同类型城市的大气悬浮颗粒污染物的浓度、分布及季节变化情况。方法选择沈阳市、抚顺市、铁岭市不同区域各3所小学及附近10户居民（距校址500 m以内）为监测点,分别于2002、2003、2004年每季监测2 w,每次48 h连续采样,重量法测定大气悬浮颗粒物浓度、粒径分布和季节变化情况。结果3城市监测点的大气悬浮颗粒物污染情况相近。大气悬浮颗粒物浓度3城市3年内的冬、春两季都超过国家环境空气质量二级标准1.28～1.54倍;PM10浓度3城市3年内各季节每次日采样测量均超过国家环境空气质量二级标准1.07～2.22倍;PM2.5浓度超过美国EPA细颗粒物空气质量标准3.84～7.76倍。结论采暖期大气悬浮颗粒物污染加重,非采暖期大气悬浮颗粒物增加与沙尘暴过境有关。其中抚顺市大气悬浮颗粒物污染加重与工矿企业污染有关。     

佳木斯郊区夏季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征

为了解佳木斯市夏季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征,于2013年7月连续2周采集了佳木斯郊区大气PM2.5样品,采用GC/MS测定16种多环芳烃的含量。结果显示,PM2.5浓度范围为39.19~59.60μg/m3,均值为47.63μg/m3;PAHs浓度范围为6.13~12.27 ng/m3,均值为9.13 ng/m3,多环芳烃中苯并(ghi)苝和苯并(b)荧蒽相对含量较高,占多环芳烃总量24.56%,源解析显示,机动车排放是佳木斯市郊区夏季大气颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃的主要来源。     

采暖期与非采暖期大学生PM2.5中多环芳烃暴露及尿中羟基代谢物比较

比较采暖期和非采暖期环境颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃(PAHs)和人体尿中4种羟基多环芳烃代谢物(OH-PAHs)的水平差异,为进一步开展环境中PAHs低剂量长期暴露对健康影响的机制研究奠定基础.方法 于采暖期和非采暖期分别采集大气颗粒物样本并检测PM2.5中PAHs浓度,同时选取华北理工大学46名在校大学生进行尿样采集并检测尿中2-羟基芴、3-羟基菲、1-羟基菲和1-羟基芘的含量.结果 采暖期颗粒物PM2.5中总多环芳烃、芴、菲、芘的质量体积分数(中位数)分别为91.08,2.26,2.14,7.28 ng/m3,非采暖期分别为32.06,1.56,0.20,1.04 ng/m3,采暖期均高于非采暖期,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).大学生尿液中4种OH-PAHs的含量(中位数)采暖期分别为0.63,0.73,0.40,0.42 μmol/mol Cr,非采暖期分别为0.25,0.04,0.03,0.08 μmol/mol Cr,采暖期含量高于非采暖期,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).1-羟基芘(1-OHPyr)与总多环芳烃相关性较弱,而3-羟基菲、1-羟基菲与总多环芳烃、菲的相关性均较强.结论 健康大学生体内OH-PAHs内暴露水平采暖期高于非采暖期.多种羟基代谢物联合评价可以更全面阐述多环芳烃对人类健康的影响.     

徐州市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃人群健康风险评估

目的 调查徐州市大气颗粒物中的细颗粒物(PM2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平并对人群进行健康风险评估。方法 采用大气中流量采样器在徐州市泉山区采集PM2.5样品,用液相色谱法定量分析2016年徐州市PM2.5中16种PAHs的质量浓度,并对人群健康风险进行评估。结果 2016年徐州市大气PM2.5中PAHs月平均总质量浓度(∑16PAHs)范围为0.85～94.8 ng/m3,16种致癌性PAHs的等效致癌浓度(BEQ)范围为0.00011～6.81 ng/m3;儿童、成年男性、成年女性PAHs的致癌超额危险度年平均值分别为1.10×10-6、1.67×10-6、1.59×10-6。结论 徐州市区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染较为严重,但致癌风险处于可接受水平。     

北京市某城区冬季细颗粒物中多环芳烃的人群健康风险评估

目的 对北京市某城区冬季不同污染天气过程中细颗粒物(fine particulate matter,PM2.5)中多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)进行人群健康风险评估.方法 2016年冬季采集并分析大气PM2.5样本中10种PAHs浓度.通过毒性等效因子(toxic...     

北京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃及碳元素分析

目的 了解大气颗粒物PM2.5与PM10中多环芳烃及有机碳、元素碳的污染特征.方法 2006年6月16～18日和6月20～22日于北京市城区设置采样点,采集大气颗粒物PM2.5与PM10,并对其中的17种多环芳烃及有机碳、元素碳进行了分析.结果 PM2.5与PM10中多环芳烃的平均质量浓度分别为0.011～2.846和0.013～4.415 ng/m3;PM2.5与PM10中有机碳和元素碳的平均质量浓度分别为28.56,8.75μg/m3和41.14,15.43 μg/m3.结论 采样时间内,4环和5环多环芳烃是PM2.5与PM10中17种多环芳烃的主要成分;含碳组分在PM2.5与PM10中所占比例相当,碳仍然是2种粒子中的主要成分之一.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.