弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的肠IEL持续性免疫应答

目的采用可溶性速殖子抗原(solubletachyzoiteantigen,STAg)和霍乱毒素(choleratoxin,CT)佐剂制备弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗,观察经滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠后诱导的肠上皮内淋巴细胞(intraepitheliallymphocytes,IEL)免疫应答及持续时间,探讨其抗弓形虫感染的作用机制。方法BALB/c小鼠96只随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组以免疫原性好的STAg(20μg/只)为抗原和CT(1μg/只)为佐剂滴鼻免疫,对照组以PBS滴鼻。滴鼻2次(间隔2周)后分别于第1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12周处死小鼠。制备肠IEL细胞悬液,计数并涂片;免疫细胞化学法(immunocytochemistry,ICC)检测CD4 T、CD8 T细胞亚群水平。结果免疫后肠IEL显著增生,第2周达高峰,第1周至第4周(P<0.01)高于对照组。其中以CD8 T细胞增生为主,CD8 T细胞水平第2周达高峰,第1周至第6周增高显著(P<0.01),CD4 T细胞也略有增生,第2、3周(P<0.05)有显著性,CD4 /CD8 比值倒置,第1、2周明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠可有效诱导肠IEL免疫应答,且可持续较长时间,在预防弓形虫感染中起重要作用。     

弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导NALT和GALT黏膜部位的免疫应答

目的观察弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的鼻相关淋巴组织（NALT）和肠相关淋巴组第（GALT）黏膜部位的免疫应答。探讨弓形虫黏膜疫苗能否在感染起始阶段有效诱导免疫应答。方法将BALB／小鼠随机分为免疫和对照组,免疫组小鼠以弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗20μl／只（20μg STAg＋1μg CT）滴鼻免疫2移（间隔2周）,对照组PBS滴鼻。于末次滴鼻后14d颈椎脱臼处死小鼠,ELISA测定粪便和鼻咽冲洗液IgA抗型水平;计数NALT、NC及PP、IEL淋巴细胞数,免疫细胞化学法检测CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞亚群水平。结果免疫匀小鼠粪便IgA和鼻咽冲洗液IgA抗体显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。NALT内淋巴细胞明显增生（P〈0．05）,其中CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞均有增生（P〈0．01）,CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值降低（P〈0．05）。NC中淋巴细胞数明显升高（P〈0．01）,以CD4^＋T细胞水平为主（P〈0．01）。GALT部位PP淋巴细胞增生显著（P〈0．01）,主要以CD4^＋T细胞为主;而IEL以CD8^＋T细胞增生为主（P〈0．01）,CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值降低（P〈0．05）。结论弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫BALB／c小鼠可有效诱导NALT和GALT黏膜部位免疫应答。     

弓形虫可溶性速殖子抗原和霍乱毒素滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的鼻通道细胞免疫应答

目的研究弓形虫可溶性速殖子抗原(solubletachyzoiteantigen,STAg)和霍乱毒素(choleratoxin,CT)佐剂滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠后鼻通道(nasalcavity,NC)的免疫效应及持续时间。方法BALB/c小鼠96只随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组以STAg(20!g/只)为抗原,CT(1!g/只)为佐剂滴鼻免疫,对照组以PBS滴鼻。滴鼻2次(间隔2周)后分别于第1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12周处死6只小鼠。分离NC的淋巴细胞,计数并涂片,用免疫细胞化学法检测其CD4 T、CD8 T细胞亚群水平。结果小鼠免疫后,NC淋巴细胞第1周至第10周持续显著增生(P<0.05);NC中CD4 T细胞水平第1周至第8周持续显著增高(P<0.05),CD8 T细胞在第1、2、3周(P<0.05)显著增高,持续至免疫后第3周,CD4 /CD8 比值无明显变化。结论STAg和CT佐剂滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠可有效诱导NC的免疫应答,并可持续较长时间。     

STAg和霍乱毒素滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的鼻相关淋巴组织细胞免疫应答

目的研究可溶性速殖子抗原(solubletachyzoiteantigen,STAg)和霍乱毒素(choleratoxin,CT)佐剂滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠后鼻相关淋巴组织(nasal-associatedlymphoidtissue,NALT)的免疫效应及持续时间。方法BALB/c小鼠96只随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组以免疫原性好的STAg(20μg/只)为抗原,CT(1μg/只)为佐剂滴鼻免疫,对照组以PBS滴鼻。滴鼻2次(间隔2周)后分别于第1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12周处死6只小鼠。分离NALT的淋巴细胞,计数并涂片,用免疫细胞化学法(immunocytochemistry,ICC)检测其CD4 、CD8 T细胞亚群水平。结果小鼠免疫后,NALT淋巴细胞第1、2、6、8、12(P<0.05)周显著增生,可持续至免疫后第12周;CD4 T细胞第1周至第6周(P<0.05)持续显著增高,CD8 T细胞在第1周至第4周持续增高(P<0.01),CD4 /CD8 比值第2、3周显著降低(P<0.05)。结论STAg和CT佐剂滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠能够有效诱导NALT的免疫效应,并可持续较长时间。     

弓形虫P30-P22 DNA疫苗免疫小鼠诱导的细胞免疫应答

目的观察弓形虫P30-P22 DNA疫苗免疫小鼠后所诱导的细胞免疫应答。方法大量制备重组真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-P30-P22,经肌内注射免疫BALB/C小鼠,初次免疫后,第2周和第4周各加强免疫1次。用MTT法测定免疫鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞转化率和NK细胞杀伤率,用免疫荧光法对CD4 、CD8 T细胞亚群进行测定。结果NK细胞杀伤率:实验组为(72.3±4.15)%,空质粒对照组和PBS对照组分别为(51.3±4.67)%和(47.4±5.10)%,实验组与两对照组之间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两对照组之间无统计学意义(P>0.05);ConA刺激淋巴细胞转化实验,实验组与对照组差异无显著性(P>0.05);对T淋巴细胞亚群进行分析,可见CD8 的数量上升,CD4 /CD8 的比率下降,实验组与对照组有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论弓形虫表面抗原P30-P22 DNA疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠可诱导一定的细胞免疫应答。     

不同佐剂的弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗鼻内免疫小鼠诱导的黏膜免疫应答

目的比较IFN-γ、蜂胶佐剂以及两种佐剂混合鼻内免疫辅助可溶性速殖子抗原(STAg)增强机体黏膜免疫应答的水平,探讨两种佐剂联合应用的免疫效果。方法将5～6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠60只随机分为4组(各15只):20μgSTAg,20μgSTAg 40μg蜂胶,20μgSTAg 1000UIFN-γ或20μgSTAg 40μg蜂胶 1000UIFN-,γ均溶于总体积为20lμ的PBS中,滴鼻免疫(10lμ/鼻孔),免疫2次,间隔14d。末次免疫后第10天用RH株弓形虫速殖子4×104个/只灌胃攻击。攻击后第43天处死全部存活小鼠,比较各组小鼠肠黏膜小肠上皮内淋巴细胞(IEL)、PP结T淋巴细胞数;检测小鼠粪便、鼻咽冲洗液、肺冲洗液、阴道冲洗液中弓形虫特异性sIgA含量。结果各佐剂组小鼠IEL、PP结T淋巴细胞数显著高于STAg组,黏膜sIgA含量显著高于STAg组;蜂胶 IFN-γ联合组小鼠黏膜免疫应答水平高于单独佐剂组,其中显著高于蜂胶组(P<0.05)。结论IFN-γ作为弓形虫黏膜疫苗佐剂的效应优于蜂胶,IFN-γ 蜂胶作为复合黏膜佐剂鼻内免疫效果优于两者单独应用。     

弓形虫 SAG1基因的表达及其诱导的细胞免疫应答

目的分析弓形虫 SAG1基因真核表达质粒的体外表达及其诱导小鼠的细胞免疫应答.方法重组表达质粒 pVAX1-SAG1瞬时转染 vero细胞, Western blot法检测在细胞中的表达.将重组真核表达质粒 pVAX1-SAG1及空质粒 pVAX1于 0、 4周分别经肌注免疫 BALB/c小鼠;第 8周杀鼠,取脾,分离淋巴细胞,分别经 ConA和抗原刺激,用 MTT法测定免疫鼠脾脏 T淋巴细胞转化率 ;使用直接免疫荧光法 ,用流式细胞仪对 CD4+、 CD8+ T细胞亚群进行测定;两组小鼠经弓形虫速殖子攻击感染,计算存活期.结果 Western blot法分析转染细胞,发现存在弓形虫感染血清识别的 26 000u的特异带,与理论值相符 ;抗原刺激小鼠脾 T淋巴细胞发生增殖反应 , 免疫组与空质粒对照组间差异有显著性 (P< 0.05),但 ConA刺激小鼠后,两组间差异无显著性 (P >0.05); T细胞亚群 CD4+、 CD8+动态分析 ,CD4+、 CD8+ T细胞数量均升高,免疫组与空质粒对照组差异均有显著性 (P1< 0.05, P2< 0.05).弓形虫攻击感染,免疫组鼠的平均存活时间较空质粒对照组延长.结论 真核表达质粒 pVAX1-SAG1在 vero细胞中获得表达 ,且能诱导 BALB/c小鼠产生细胞免疫应答.     

弓形虫ESA鼻内免疫小鼠诱导的黏膜及系统免疫应答

目的 观察弓形虫排泄-分泌抗原(excreted-secreted antigen,ESA)鼻内免疫小鼠诱导黏膜和系统免疫应答的效果.方法 将64只BALB/c小鼠随机分为8个组,每组8只.实验组小鼠分别用腹腔感染弓形虫小鼠第0,6,12,24,36,48和60小时无菌收集的腹腔液中获取的ESA 20 μg/只滴鼻免疫小鼠2次,间隔14 d,以PBS20 μl/只滴鼻为对照.逐日观察小鼠状况,于末次免疫后第14天颈椎脱位处死小鼠,检测血清特异性IgG、小肠冲洗液sIgA水平,分离肠上皮内淋巴细胞(intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes,iIEL)及肠系膜淋巴结淋巴细胞(mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes,MLNL)并计数.结果 60 h组小鼠初次免疫后第8-11天,有倦怠、饮水及采食量减少等表现,体重增长较其他组缓慢(P＜0.05),其他组小鼠健康状况良好.不同时相ESA鼻内免疫小鼠后特异性抗体水平升高,MLNL、iIEL发生增殖性应答.48 h组和60 h组各项指标均明显高于0 h组(P＜0.01)及PBS组(P＜0.05).结论 48 h和60 h弓形虫ESA均能诱导黏膜及系统免疫应答,但60h ESA可能对机体有毒副作用,不适宜直接滴鼻免疫,48 h ESA可作为弓形虫黏膜疫苗的候选抗原.     

日本血吸虫重组Bb疫苗不同途径免疫BALB/c小鼠不同时间诱导的免疫应答作用

目的: 探讨日本血吸虫重组两歧双歧杆菌(rBb)疫苗不同途径免疫BALB/c小鼠后不同时间诱导的免疫应答作用,阐明该疫苗的免疫应答机制。方法: 将88只BALB/c小鼠随机分为2组,每组44只,分别经皮下注射(皮下注射组,SC组)和鼻腔黏膜(鼻腔黏膜接种组,IN组)接种免疫小鼠,在免疫后0~20周每2周每组随机取4只小鼠,无菌取脾,制备悬浮脾细胞,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT)检测脾细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪(FACsort)检测T细胞亚群和脾细胞凋亡率,双抗体夹心ELISA法检测脾细胞上清液中干扰素γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素10(IL-10)和白细胞介素17(IL-17)的动态变化。结果: 与免疫0周时比较,SC组小鼠脾细胞增殖活性于免疫后8周达到峰值(P<0.05),IN组小鼠于免疫后4周达到峰值(P<0.05)。与免疫0周时比较,SC组和IN组小鼠CD4⁺T细胞均于免疫后8周达到峰值(P<0.05);CD8⁺T细胞分别于8周和6周达到峰值,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与免疫0周时比较,2组小鼠脾细胞上清液中IFN-γ水平均于免疫后2周达到峰值(P<0.05),SC组和IN组IL-17水平分别于免疫后14和12周达到峰值(P<0.05)。与免疫0周时比较,SC组小鼠脾细胞凋亡率于免疫后2周达到峰值(P<0.05),IN组于4周达到峰值(P<0.05)。IN组与SC组小鼠各检测指标比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论: 经皮下注射和鼻腔黏膜途径接种的日本血吸虫重组Bb疫苗早期即可诱导小鼠产生有效的免疫应答,以Th1型免疫应答为主,2种免疫途径所诱导的免疫应答无明显差异。     

体外途径制备T细胞疫苗抑制异种免疫应答的作用

目的 探讨体外途径制备T细胞疫苗抑制异种免疫应答的作用. 方法 分别用体内抗原刺激法和体外抗原刺激法制备Balb/c小鼠针对Wistar大鼠的特异性T细胞疫苗,再分别用T细胞疫苗免疫Balb/c小鼠(1×105/次,腹腔注射),于免疫前和免疫后3 d,7 d,14 d获取小鼠的脾脏,分离小鼠脾淋巴细胞作为反应细胞,以Wistar大鼠脾细胞作为刺激细胞(体外灭活后)进行单向混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR),通过混合淋巴细胞反应比较体内抗原刺激法和体外抗原刺激法制备T细胞疫苗对异种免疫应答的抑制作用. 结果 经体外途径和体内途径制备的T细胞疫苗免疫小鼠,均可以显著抑制免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞针对Wistar大鼠脾细胞的免疫应答,通过分析MLR的OD值可知,其作用效果与体内途径制备的TCV无显著差异(P＞0.05),TCV抑制效果于免疫后14 d达到最强. 结论体外方法制备的T细胞疫苗可以对异种免疫应答发挥显著抑制作用,体外方法制备的T细胞疫苗能达到体内抗原刺激途径制备的T细胞疫苗的免疫效果.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.