一种新型机场专用救护设备的研制

目的:研制一种用于机场抢救遇险飞行员的救护设备,解决飞机座舱高、救护人员无法登机快速解救受伤飞行员离机的难题。方法:采用QG0.85拖车底盘,装载自制手控可伸缩旋转的吊臂和可伸缩的登机梯及吊板、吊带。登机梯2架用于救护人员在座舱两侧登机,吊板用于固定受伤飞行员,防止脊柱和颈椎二次受伤。结果:该设备最高牵引速度为80km/h,展开时间为3～7min,操作时间为4min,起吊高度为6000mm。结论:该设备适用于平、战机场环境,能快速抵达事故现场,迅速救出遇险受伤飞行员;适用于歼(强)击机飞行员在机场遇险后的快速离机,满足外场飞行航空卫生保障要求。     

飞行员遇险急救设备的研究

目的：针对空军战机飞行员遇险迫降后座舱沿距地面较高，卫生人员无法登机进行救护的难题，设计研制“梯机结合、梯吊结合、梯架结合、梯车结合”一梯多用的飞行员遇险急救装置．提高航空兵场站卫勤保障能力。方法：采用技术先进、工艺成熟的6082航空铝型材主体焊接、分体组合抽拉、悬臂吊挂、活动斜支撑和脱离式组合结构。结果：该设备采取2人登机．利用吊救系统把受伤飞行员快速下滑至担架后进行梯架分离．避免受伤飞行员二次搬运。应用该设备对遇险迫降飞行员可快速、平稳、安全地实施机上救护。结论：该设备可以对遇险迫降的飞行员实施机上救护，能够配置在新型外场救护车内。实现了平战结合，结枸简单、质量轻．便于携、运行。     

野战医疗方舱医院参加“5．12”抗震救灾的相关问题探讨

通过汶川抗震救灾接近实战的实践和尝试，对以医疗方舱为依托的野战医院的配置地域、人员编配、物资保障、方舱的保障能力及军地资源整合等方面的问题进行了探讨。提出了地域靠前配置；方舱编配复合型人才；提高人装结合的效能；军地资源及时整合；多渠道获得物资保障等观点。为战时提高卫生营的快速反应和应急救治能力，增强战时卫勤保障能力提供了经验。     

直升机高原应急医疗救护系统研制

目的：研制一种高原搜救直升机的应急医疗救护系统，该系统主要用于平战时搜救直升机对高原危重伤员的医疗急救。方法：根据M17B-7直升机的特点．研制了直升机高原应急医疗救护系统．系统由呼吸复苏与监护设备箱、急救背囊、保温袭和转运担架等组成。结果：研制的复苏与监护设备符合人体工效要求，高原急救背囊和保温袋的功能可满足对重症伤员综合急救复苏处置和复温、保温的要求。该系统能独立完成复合伤、多发伤的包扎、止血、固定等紧急处置，能保持呼吸道畅通以及有效的呼吸支持，可维持重症伤员生命体征检测和进行冻伤复温救治。结论：直升机高原应急医疗救护系统能独立开展对重症伤员的急救监护，具备良好的救治能力、野战生存能力．能够按勤务要求和部队建制体制编配．将为高原遇险人员的搜索和紧急救治提供方便。     

野战医疗方舱在地震灾害危重伤病员救治中的作用

自的：探讨我军第二代野战医疗方舱系统的急救方舱在地震灾害危重伤病员救治中的作用。方法：通过对地震灾害46例急危重伤病员的救治，分析抢救成功率与急救方舱设备、人力资源配置及心理干预的关系。结果：野战医疗急救方舱共收治急危重伤病员46例，抢救成功率100％。结论：现代化的急救设备，合理的人员配置和适当的心理干预，是野战医疗急救方舱伤病员抢救成功率高的重要保障。     

德军医疗方舱系统

德军从20世纪90年代开始大规模研发医疗方舱系统，经过不断改进日臻完善，已形成能够满足不同卫勤保障功能、系列化、模块化的方舱式卫生装备体系，大大提高了野战条件下卫勤综合保障能力和机动部署能力。迄今，先后研制装备了29种医疗方舱，可组成急救站、野战外科医院、野战医院等各级各类医疗系统，其中装备于科布伦茨总医院和乌尔姆军医院的野战医院系统规模最大、现代化程度最高，可同时展开200张床位。随着新研发成功的新型帐篷式医疗系统陆续装备部队，医疗方舱作为德军战时各级救治阶梯的主体装备，将与轻便性、机动性、灵活性更好…     

“水轰—五”改装海上医疗救护机的探讨

随着我国航运事业的发展和海军远海活动的增加.着手解决抢救海上遇难人员的医疗救护设备,是当前海上卫勤保障的一个重要课题。近些年来,我国及其他许多国家业已将直升机和舰船改装成海上医疗救护工具,用于部分海难人员捞救后送,并已取得一定成绩,积累了不少宝贵经验。但由于直升机如“超黄蜂”的续航能力差,飞行速度慢,一次载员少,救援     

基于救护车车载氧气瓶柜的优化安装设计

目的：设计一种全新的车载氧气瓶柜安装方式，对救护车医疗舱的空间资源进行重新整合，以增加抢救设备的安装空间，避免更换氧气瓶时的倾倒、坠落而导致的人员受伤甚至是爆炸事故的发生，提高安全性。方法：用可开关的合页将旋转式氧气瓶柜固定于救护车尾部的垂直上车扶手的下部、上车担架的对侧。结果：旋转式车载氧气瓶柜避免了先前更换氧气瓶的种种安全隐患，大大降低了医务工作者的劳动强度。结论：旋转式车载氧气瓶柜将成为未来救护车主流改装趋势。     

新型野战伤员转运车的研究与设计

目的：在突发性灾害中,新型野战伤员转运车能够将伤病员和受到伤害后不能移动的人员安全、便利地转送到救治一线进行医疗救治。方法：采用合金材料研究设计出一种野战用救护伤员转运车,其自重量小、携带方便、操作简捷、易消毒并可重复使用。结果：为伤病员和不能移动的患者得到及时治疗提供了保障,并有利于患者的二次、三次救护治疗和转运。结论：该转运车设计以电动传动为动力,通过自行设计各种支架和吊臂等,能够实现各种类型伤病员的转运,并且操作简单,使用方便,完全能够满足野战时及突发自然灾害时转送伤病员的需要。     

陕西：拒绝抢救病人将受处罚

日前《陕西省院前急救医疗工作管理办法》正式颁布实施。按照该办法，病人抢救将实行就急、就地、就近救护，拒绝抢救病人将受到处罚。管理办法规定，有下列行为之一的，由县以上卫生行政部门依据有关规定予以行政处罚；情节严重构成犯罪的，移交司法机关追究其法律责任。各急救中心、站不执行首诊负责和24小时应诊制度的；各急救站中心、站拒绝急救指挥中心的调度、指挥或拒绝抢救和收治急、危、重伤病员的；以各种理由拒绝参加或延误医疗救援行动的；动用值班救护车执行非急救任务或在规定时间内不能派出救护车的；未取得医师、护士执业资…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.