胚胎嗅鞘细胞和中脑腹侧细胞移植对帕金森病SD大鼠纹状体神经元存活和分化的影响

目的观察胚胎嗅球嗅鞘细胞(OECs)和胚胎中脑腹侧细胞(VMCs)联合移植对帕金森病(PD)SD大鼠纹状体神经元存活及分化的影响。方法 12只PD模型SD大鼠随机平均分成两组:单独VMCs组(在脑立体定位仪下将VMCs植入PD大鼠模型毁损侧纹状体内)和联合移植组(在脑立体定位仪下将OECs和VMCs植入PD大鼠模型毁损侧纹状体内)。OECs来源于5～7d绿荧光鼠的嗅球嗅鞘,VMCs来源于孕13～14d绿荧光胎鼠中脑腹侧的脑组织。于移植后4、14周灌注取脑,切片后做酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组织化学染色,检测胚胎中脑腹侧细胞的存活及分化状况。结果移植4周后单独VMCs组及联合移植组纹状体区都可检测到TH免疫阳性神经元,数量无统计学差异(P0.05)。移植14周后联合移植组纹状体区TH免疫阳性神经元数量比单独VMCs组明显增多(P0.05)。结论胚胎中脑腹侧细胞联合嗅鞘细胞移植入帕金森病大鼠纹状体促使纹状体神经元分化为多巴胺能神经元。     

重组人改构体酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对帕金森病大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区酪氨酸羟化酶神经元的保护

目的:探讨重组人改构体酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(Mrh-aFGF)对帕金森病(PD)大鼠旋转行为和中脑腹侧被盖区酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫阳性神经元的影响.方法:6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)分别注入黑质和腹侧被盖区后建立PD大鼠模型,侧脑室内注射Mrh-aFGF,用阿扑吗啡诱导旋转行为,免疫组织化学显色观察TH免疫阳性神经元和纤维,并进行定量分析.结果:PD组术后旋转启动时间缩短,持续时间延长,速度加快;Mrh-aFGF处理组旋转行为有改善.各组大鼠组内健侧和损毁侧阳性神经元比较,对照组损毁侧无明显改变;PD组、NS处理组和Mrh-aFGF处理组损毁侧阳性神经元与健侧比较均减少.Mrh-aFGF处理组损毁侧中脑腹侧被盖区阳性神经元数量较PD组及对照组增加.结论:Mrh-aFGF能减少PD大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区TH免疫阳性神经元的丢失,并改善其旋转行为.     

垂体同源盒家族因子3和孤儿核受体相关因子1基因在帕金森病模型大鼠腹侧中脑表达显著下调

目的:探讨垂体同源盒家族因子3(Pitx3)和孤儿核受体相关因子1(Nurr1)基因在帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠腹侧中脑的表达变化。方法:(1)采用免疫荧光方法检测PD模型组、成年正常组和假手术组大鼠腹侧中脑TH、Pitx3/TH和Nurr1/TH阳性细胞并计数;(2)分别采用半定量RT-PCR和Western Blot方法检测Pitx3和Nurr1基因在PD模型组、成年正常组和假手术组大鼠腹侧中脑转录和翻译水平的变化。结果:(1)免疫荧光检测显示PD大鼠模型组腹侧中脑多巴胺能神经元数目显著减少;(2)半定量RT-PCR和Western Blot检测显示PD大鼠模型组腹侧中脑左侧Pitx3和Nurr1表达显著下调,其中Pitx3表达下调更明显。结论:Pitx3和Nurr1基因的持续表达与腹侧中脑多巴胺能神经元的生存维持密切相关,为探索PD的病因诊断及基因治疗提供可能的新途径。     

帕金森病模型大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区酪氨酸羟化酶免疫阳性神经元的改变

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)模型大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫阳性神经元的改变。方法将6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)分别注入实验组大鼠左侧黑质致密部和中脑被盖腹侧区以建立帕金森病模型,于术后4d、7d、14d、21d、28d腹腔注射阿扑吗啡(apomorphine,APO),观察并记录大鼠行为学变化情况,利用Nissl染色、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫细胞化学染色观察大鼠中脑腹侧被盖区神经组织及TH免疫阳性神经元的改变。结果APO诱发实验组PD大鼠均向健侧(右侧)旋转,旋转启动时间逐渐缩短,持续时间逐渐延长,旋转速度逐渐加快,至术后2周旋转行为趋于稳定;Nissl染色见实验组PD大鼠损毁侧(左侧)中脑VTA区神经元数目显著减少,尼氏体模糊,颗粒及密度均降低,伴有大量胶质细胞增生,术后2周、4周注射侧神经元数目较术后1周明显减少(P<0.05);实验组PD大鼠损毁侧(左侧)中脑VTA的TH阳性神经元明显减少,神经元胞体轮廓及突起不清晰,TH阳性纤维也明显减少,分布稀疏,术后2周、4周注射侧阳性神经元数目较术后1周明显减少(P<0.05)。结论PD大鼠损毁侧中脑VTA神经组织有明显破坏,TH阳性神经元显著减少,提示中脑腹侧被盖区TH免疫阳性神经元的改变参与了PD模型大鼠的病理学变化。     

嗅鞘细胞联合神经干细胞脑内移植改善Parkinson病大鼠行为的观察

为了观察嗅鞘细胞(OECs)联合神经干细胞(NSCs)脑内移植对Parkinson病(PD)的治疗作用,首先将6-OHDA注射至左侧黑质致密部和腹侧被盖区制备PD大鼠。将成功制备的PD大鼠随机分为5组,即0.9%生理盐水对照组、单纯移植NSCs或OECs组、OECs+NSCs共移植组和PD模型对照组。将培养并传至第3代的NSCs、OECs和OECs+NSCs分别移植到PD大鼠的纹状体内,于移植后7、14、30、60d检测PD大鼠旋转行为变化后处死,取脑做冰冻切片,行BrdU、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、p75免疫荧光和TH免疫组织化学检测。移植后21d以内,各组大鼠的旋转行为无明显变化;30d和60d时,单纯移植NSCs或OECs组和OECs+NSCs共移植组与生理盐水和模型对照组相比,旋转行为有较明显的改善(P<0.05),其中OECs+NSCs共移植组的旋转行为改善更为显著。在移植后30d和60d,单纯移植NSCs或OECs组在移植区可见少数TH阳性神经元,而OECs+NSCs共移植组的TH阳性神经元明显多于单纯移植NSCs或OECs组(P<0.05)。上述结果表明:OECs能促进胚鼠中脑来源的NSCs向TH阳性神经元分化;单纯移植NSCs或OECs和OECs+NSCs共移植,均能不同程度地改善PD大鼠的旋转行为,但联合移植优于单纯移植。     

黑质纹体系多巴胺神经元的发育与再生的关系

取不同头臀长(CRL)10～22mm(E13～18)鼠胚腹侧中脑制成悬液,分别移植至帕金森氏病模型鼠去多巴胺(DA)神经侧纹状体中。发现用CRL为10～16mm(E13～15)胚脑为供体的受移植鼠行为效应和移植区DA神经元存活情况远较以CRL为17～22mm供体为佳。用酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)免疫组化ABC法规察了不同胚龄(E_(13)～P_0)黑质纹体系DA神经元的形态和分布,发现CRL10～16mm(E13～15)时TH阳性细胞位于Sylvius导水管腹侧,此时DA细跑开始分化,至胚CRL17mm时TH阳性细胞已迁移至被益腹外侧,并大部分化出长突起,至出生时分化及迁移基本完成。本文讨论了DA神经元发育和其在受体脑内再生的关系。     

大鼠胚脑皮质和中脑神经干细胞移植治疗PD模型鼠的比较研究

为比较大鼠胚胎大脑皮质和中脑神经干细胞(NSCs)移植入Parkinson病(PD)模型鼠后动物行为的改善和植入细胞分化为酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经元的情况,本研究将大鼠胚胎大脑皮质和中脑NSCs在体外分离、扩增、BrdU标记后,添加或不加白细胞介素-1α(IL-1α)、白细胞介素-11(IL-11)、白血病抑制因子(LIF)和胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)等因子,分别移植入PD模型鼠病侧纹状体中。术后每隔2周进行动物旋转行为的检测,第12周时用免疫荧光双重标记方法检测BrdU和TH双标神经元。结果显示:中脑NSCs+因子移植组,动物的旋转行为得到明显改善;单纯中脑NSCs移植组次之;而单纯皮质NSCs移植组、皮质NSCs+因子移植组及生理盐水对照组动物的行为无明显改善。免疫荧光双重染色结果显示,中脑NSCs+因子组和单纯中脑NSCs组BrdU和TH双标神经元的数量明显多于其它组,而中脑NSCs+因子组又多于单纯中脑NSCs组。以上结果提示,大鼠胚胎中脑NSCs移植治疗PD模型的疗效明显优于胚胎皮质NSCs,IL-1α、IL-11、LIF和GDNF等因子能促进移植的中脑NSCs分化为TH阳性神经元。     

帕金森病模型大鼠中脑黑质磷酸化α-突触核蛋白表达增加

目的 观察鱼藤酮对大鼠中脑黑质磷酸化α-突触核蛋白(α-SYN)、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达的影响.方法 利用脑立体定位技术注射微量鱼藤酮,建立急性损伤帕金森病(PD)模型.采用动物行为轨迹分析软件计算各时间点30 min内运动距离和平均运动速度.免疫组织化学检测黑质(SN)部位TH、磷酸化α-SYN的表达,并统计TH和磷酸化α-SYN阳性神经元数目.结果 PD组动物各时间点30 min内运动距离、平均运动速度低于对照组(P＜0.05,0.01).同对照组相比,损伤侧SN部位TH阳性神经元数目明显减少(P＜0.01),磷酸化α-SYN阳性神经元数目明显增加(P＜0.01).结论 PD大鼠中脑黑质磷酸化α-SYN表达增加及TH的表达明显下降,并出现运动障碍.     

转录因子Pitx3和Nurr1在中脑多巴胺能神经元终末分化中的表达特点

目的:探讨转录因子垂体同源盒家族因子3(Pitx3)和孤儿核受体相关因子1(Nurr1)在多巴胺(DA)能神经元终末分化中的表达特点。方法:采用免疫荧光方法检测体外培养的中脑源性神经干细胞(mNSCs)诱导分化后和大鼠胚胎发育至出生腹侧中脑Pitx3、Nurr1和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达。结果:(1)体外培养的mNSCs诱导分化48 h的Map-2阳性细胞不表达Pitx3、Nurr1和TH;分化7 d的TH阳性细胞均表达转录因子Pitx3和Nurr1;(2)在大鼠腹侧中脑黑质(SN)、腹侧被盖区(VTA)和中缝背核(DRN)可见大量TH与Pitx3(或Nurr1)共表达的神经元;(3)Pitx3和Nurr1阳性细胞主要分布于E16.5、P0大鼠SN、VTA和DRN区,其中Pitx3阳性细胞还少量分布于腹侧中脑非DA能神经元区域,Nurr1阳性细胞在腹侧中脑分布范围较Pitx3更广泛。结论:转录因子Pitx3、Nurr1在中脑DA能神经元的终末分化和生存维持中起重要作用。     

黑质多巴胺触液神经元

将30％ HRP 8—10μl或3％碘化丙啶(PI)3μl分别注入两组动物单侧侧脑室内,48小时后将鼠处死,检查中脑切片。发现双侧黑质均司见HRP标记细胞群,但以同侧为主。标记范围以中脑中上部为多。标记细胞主要分布在黑质致密带内侧部,网状带中仅少数散在。注射PI例所见类同,但标记细胞远较HRP标记细胞为多。TH免疫组化法发现黑质DA神经元投射纤维分散布于尾壳核,并见TH阳性投射纤维在室管膜上皮细胞的深面形成密集的膨大,个别地区还见阳性终末突入侧脑室。另外,在接受胚中脑黑质移植存活良好的受体鼠纹状体中,发现少数移植存活的TH阳性黑质DA神经元胞体或其突起伸入侧脑室室管膜上皮细胞间甚或突入室腔。实验表明部分黑质多巴胺神经元系触液神经元,提示可能直接释放DA入脑脊液。当胚黑质细胞被移植入受体脑纹状体后,部分黑质DA神经元重演其发育的规律,将其突起或胞体伸入室管膜上皮细胞间或突入侧脑室,以代偿其原有的功能。     

Enhanced axonal growth from fetal human bcl-2 transgenic mouse dopamine neurons transplanted to the adult rat striatum

Embryonic neurons transplanted to the adult CNS extend axons only for a developmentally defined period. There are certain intercellular factors that control the axonal extension, one of which may be the expression of the bcl-2 protein. In this study, rats with complete striatal dopamine fiber denervation received embryonic day 14 mouse ventral mesencephalon cells overexpressing human bcl-2 or control wild-type ventral mesencephalon cells. All rats were treated with cyclosporine to prevent rejection and the surviving grafts were analyzed for cell survival and outgrowth of dopaminergic fibers. The results demonstrate that bcl-2 overexpression does not enhance neuronal graft survival. However, the bcl-2 overexpressing neurons had a higher number of dopaminergic fibers that grew longer distances.These results show that overexpression of bcl-2 can result in longer distance axonal growth of transplanted fetal dopaminergic neurons and that genetic modification of embryonic donor cells may enhance their ability to reinnervate a neuronal target territory.     

Neuroimmunophilin ligand enhances neurite outgrowth and effect of fetal dopamine transplants

Neuroimmunophilin ligands have been shown to enhance neurite outgrowth in several neuronal systems in culture, including primary dopaminergic neurons from fetal ventral mesencephalon. We investigated the ability of neuroimmunophilin ligands to enhance outgrowth of transplanted fetal dopamine neurons in vivo. Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system were transplanted with rat embryonic day 14 ventral mesencephalon into the striatum, then treated orally with a neuroimmunophilin ligand (15mg/kg) or vehicle once per day for 14 days. All transplanted animals regained dopamine function over a 10 week behavioral test period, as indicated by decrease and reversal of amphetamine-induced rotation. In addition, neuroimmunophilin ligand-treated animals showed a more pronounced motor response during the first 10min after amphetamine injection, possibly reflecting increased striatal reinnervation or increased functional capacity. At post-mortem analyses, neuroimmunophilin ligand-treated rats showed a significantly higher density of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers reinnervating the lesioned striatum, both immediately surrounding the transplant (92% of unlesioned density in neuroimmunophilin-treated rats vs 67% of unlesioned levels in vehicle-treated rats) and at some distance from the transplant/host interface. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells within the transplants was not different between groups. This study demonstrates that short-term oral administration of a neuroimmunophilin ligand can enhance neurite outgrowth from fetal dopamine neuronal transplants.     

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor improves survival of ventral mesencephalic grafts to the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned striatum

 One approach to replace lost dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease is to transplant fetal mesencephalic tissue into the striatum. In an attempt to expand the developmental window useful for grafting of mesencephalic tissue and increase the fiber outgrowth from grafted dopaminergic neurons, we have pretreated fetal mesencephalic tissue with the dopaminotrophic factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Mesencephalic tissue pieces from embryonic day 18–19 Fischer 344 rats were preincubated for 20 min with GDNF (1 μg/μl) or vehicle. Two tissue pieces were then transplanted into the striatum of rats that had been unilaterally lesioned by medial forebrain bundle injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The animals were tested for apomorphine-induced rotations prior to intracranial grafting. Host rats received intrastriatal injections of 10 μg GDNF or control solution at 10 days and 4 weeks postgrafting. The animals were tested in the rotometer twice monthly following transplantation. Despite the fact that these transplants were from a suboptimal donor stage, the rotations were significantly decreased in both transplanted groups. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the host brains revealed that the overall size of transplanted mesencephalic tissue was significantly increased in the GDNF-treated animals, and that the average size of transplanted tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons was also increased. Furthermore, we found that the innervation density of surrounding host striatal tissue was significantly increased in the GDNF-treated group, as compared with controls. Taken together, these results suggest that treatment of intrastriatal ventral mesencephalon grafts with GDNF can optimize the conditions for intracranial grafting and thus improve the chances for functional recovery following the intrastriatal grafting procedure. Received: 12 December 1996 / Accepted: 16 January 1997     

胚腹侧中脑移植入震颤麻痹症模型鼠靶区与非靶区的实验研究

用６－羟基多巴胺注入ＳＤ鼠右侧被盖腹侧区黑质内侧端，制成震颤麻痹症动物模型．毁损后３～５周，用胚龄１５ｄ的胚鼠腹侧中脑混悬液植入模型鼠靶区──纹状体与非靶区──黑质、丘脑等部位．动物存活８～１２周后处死，于尾壳核、黑质及丘脑均可见有存活的移植区．移植区内均可见ＴＨ免疫阳性细胞．本实验表明，用胚腹侧中脑移植入震颤麻痹症模型鼠靶区及非靶区，移植物均能存活、生长并发挥其功能效应．     

Fetal ventral mesencephalon of human and rat origin maintained in vitro and transplanted to 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats gives rise to grafts rich in dopaminergic neurons

Free-floating roller tube cultures of human fetal (embryonic age 6–10 weeks post-conception) and rat fetal (embryonic day 13) ventral mesencephalon were prepared. After 7–15 days in vitro, the mesencephalic tissue cultures were transplanted into the striatum of adult rats that had received unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the nigrostriatal bundle 3–5 weeks prior to transplantation. Graft survival was assessed in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunostained serial sections of the grafted brains up to post-transplantation week 4 for the human fetal xenografts and post-transplantation week 11 for the rat fetal allografts. d-amphetamine-induced rotation was monitored up to 10 weeks after transplantation in the allografted animals and compared with that of lesioned-only control animals. All transplanted animals showed large, viable grafts containing TH-immunoreactive (ir) neurons. The density of TH-ir neurons in the human fetal xenografts and in rat fetal allografts was similar. A significant amelioration of the amphetamine-induced rotation was observed in the animals that received cultured tissue allografts. These results promote the feasibility of in vitro maintenance of fetal human and rat nigral tissue prior to transplantation using the free-floating roller tube technique.     

Comparison of mesencephalic free-floating tissue culture grafts and cell suspension grafts in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat

Ventral mesencephalon (VM) of fetal rat and human origin grown as free-floating roller-tube (FFRT) cultures can survive subsequent grafting to the adult rat striatum. To further explore the functional efficacy of such grafts, embryonic day 13 ventral mesencephalic tissue was grafted either after 7 days in culture or directly as dissociated cell suspensions, and compared with regard to neuronal survival and ability to normalize rotational behavior in adult rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions. Other lesioned rats received injections of cell-free medium and served as controls. The amphetamine-induced rotational behavior of all 6-OHDA-lesioned animals was monitored at various time points from 18 days before transplantation and up to 80 days after transplantation. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining of the histologically processed brains served to assess the long-term survival of grafted dopaminergic neurons and to correlate that with the behavioral effects. Additional cultures and acutely prepared explants were also fixed and stored for histological investigation in order to estimate the loss of dopaminergic neurons in culture and after transplantation. Similar behavioral improvements in terms of significant reductions in amphetamine-induced rotations were observed in rats grafted with FFRT cultures (127%) and rats grafted with cell suspensions (122%), while control animals showed no normalization of rotational behavior. At 84 days after transplantation, there were similar numbers of TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons in grafts of cultured tissue (775 ± 98, mean ± SEM) and grafts of fresh, dissociated cell suspension (806 ± 105, mean ± SEM). Cell counts in fresh explants, 7-day-old cultures, and grafted cultures revealed a 68.2% loss of TH-ir cells 7 days after explantation, with an additional 23.1% loss after grafting, leaving 8.7% of the original number of TH-ir cells in the intracerebral grafts. This is to be compared with a survival rate of 9.1% for the TH-ir cells in the cell-suspension grafts. Immunostaining for the calcium-binding proteins calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin showed no differences in the neuronal expression of these proteins between the two graft types. In conclusion, we found comparable dopaminergic cell survival and functional effects of tissue-culture grafts and cell-suspension grafts, which currently is the type of graft most commonly used for experimental and clinical grafting. In this sense the result is promising for the development of an effective in vitro storage of fetal nigral tissue, which at the same time would allow neuroprotective and neurotrophic treatment prior to intracerebral transplantation. Received: 11 March 1997 / Accepted: 19 August 1997     

Nerve growth factor increases survival of dopaminergic graft, rescue nigral dopaminergic neurons and restores functional deficits in rat model of Parkinson's disease

In the present study, an attempt has been made to explore the neuroprotective and neurorescue effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on grafted cells and on host nigral dopaminergic neurons, respectively. NGF was co-transplanted with fetal ventral mesencephalic cells (VMC) in the striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the other groups fetal VMC and NGF were transplanted alone. Twelve weeks post-transplantation, a significant restoration was observed in D-amphetamine induced rotations (stereotypy), spontaneous locomotor activity, striatal and nigral dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC) levels in co-transplanted rats as compared to VMC alone transplanted rats. Higher number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) neurons and significantly increased fiber outgrowth from graft was evident in co-transplanted rats as compared to VMC alone transplanted rats. Further, a significant increase was also observed in substantia nigra TH-ir neurons count in co-transplanted rats, exhibiting a potential neuroprotective and neurorescue effects of NGF on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The results suggest that NGF at the time of transplantation exhibits neuroprotective effect on transplanted VMC as well as neurorescue effect on remaining host nigral dopaminergic neurons, leading to better functional restoration.     

Complex Analysis of Efficiency of Transplantation of Embryonic Nerve Tissue to Rats with Hemiparkinsonism

Effect of transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalon preparation containing dopaminergic neurons on repair of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system was studied in rats with hemiparkinsonism induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. Transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalon into denervated striatum led to a more than 50% decrease in apomorphine-induced rotation, recovery of dopamine and DOPAC levels in the brain, and to an increase in DOPAC excretion and the DOPAC-dopamine ratio in daily urine of rats with hemiparkinsonism. Dopaminergic neurons of the transplant survived, forming a network of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive processes growing beyond the transplant and reinnervating the adjacent compartments of the striatum. A positive correlation between urinary excretion of DOPAC and brain concentration of dopamine was revealed in denervated rats after transplantation of ventral mesencephalon. Intrastriatal transplantation of cell preparations of embryonic striatum containing no dopaminergic neurons and isolated local injury to the striatum did not affect regeneration of the denervated nigrostratal system.