p53,CerbB—2和PCNA在脑胶质瘤中表达的意义及其 …

目的 研究７６例脑质瘤的ｐ５３ＣｅｒｂＢ－２和ＰＣＮＡ表达意义及其相关性。方法 应用ＳＰ微波免疫组化技术和统计学分析。结果 （１）在７６例脑胶质瘤组织中；ｐ５３，ＣｅｒｂＢ－２和ＰＣＮＡ的阳性表达率分别是４４．７４％（３４／７６），３４．２１％（２６／７６）和８０．２６％（６１／７６）。（２）ｐ５３的表达强度与胶质瘤的组织学类型和恶性程度呈显著正相关（Ｐ〈０．０１）。（３）ｐ５３ＣｅｒｂＢ－２和Ｐ     

P16基因改变与脑胶质瘤生物学特性相关性的研究

目的 研究Ｐ１６基因改变与脑胶质瘤恶性程度分级及肿瘤细胞增殖活性之间的关系。方法 检测４１例不同级别脑胶质瘤标本和７例正常脑组织Ｐ１６基因改变和ＰＣＮＡ蛋白表达情况。结果 实验组Ｐ１６基因缺失和突变２２例（５４％），ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白表达缺失分别为２３例（５６％）和２７例（６６％），三者改变非一对一关系。Ｐ１６基因改变和ＰＣＮＡ指数随脑胶质瘤恶性程度级别增高呈上升趋势（Ｐ〈０．０５）。Ｐ１６基因改变与     

增殖细胞核抗原在星形细胞瘤中表达的研究

对３３例星形细胞瘤标本进行增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）抗体免疫组化标记。结果表明：ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞数随肿瘤的恶性度增高而升高，各级星形细胞瘤的ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞数除Ⅰ级与Ⅱ级之间无显著差异外（Ｐ＞０．０５），其余各级间都有非常显著的差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），而且Ⅰ、Ⅱ级与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级间有非常显著的差异。提示星形细胞瘤ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞数与肿瘤的分级有密切的关系，ＰＣＮＡ表达水平能较客观地反映肿瘤的恶性程度，可作为临床评价星形细胞瘤生物学行为及病人预后的参考指标。     

增殖细胞核抗原在星形细胞瘤中的表达

用抗增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）／周期素的单克隆抗体ＰＣ_（１０），以ＡＢＣ免疫组织化学方法，对４５例大脑星形细胞瘤作了研究，并与组织学分级对比分析。结果发现除Ⅲ、Ⅳ级ＰＣＮＡ阳性细胞检出率无差异外（Ｐ＞０．０５），其余各级间比较均存在着显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。绝大多数复发病例呈ＰＣＮＡ高表达。结果提示此方法是在福尔马林固定、石蜡包埋的星形细胞瘤切片上检测细胞增殖分数的一个可靠手段，对肿瘤的分级乃至判断其生物学行为可能有较大意义。     

脑胶质瘤端粒酶活性特征研究

目的 研究端粒酶表达是否与胶质瘤的发生及恶性程度相关。方法 采用ＴＥＬＯＭ－ＥＲＡＳＥＰＣＲ－ＥＬＩＳＡ试剂盒（ＢＭ）对６２例胶质瘤标本端粒酶活性进行检测。评价端粒酶阳性率及活性水平。结果 １５例高恶性度胶质瘤中９例阳性，１８例中度胶质瘤中有７例阳性，２５你良性胶质瘤中有６例阳性。高恶性组胶质瘤端粒酶阳性率明显高于良性组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。大多数高端粒酶活性胶质瘤是恶性胶质瘤。另外６例髓母细胞瘤中有     

人脑胶质瘤WAF1／CIP1表达的研究

目的检测抑癌基因ＷＡＦ１／ＣＩＰ１在人脑胶质瘤中的表达。方法取４６例胶质瘤组织及１２例脑外伤组织，提取其ｍＲＮＡ，用ＷＡＦ１／ＣＩＰ１作为模板进行逆转录ＰＣＲ（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）。结果４６例胶质瘤中有１４例有ＷＡＦ１／ＣＩＰ１蛋白表达（１４／４６），表达率为３０．４％，１２例脑外伤标本全部表达（１２／１２），表达率为１００％，两组比较有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＷＡＦ１／ＣＩＰ１的缺失是脑胶质瘤发生及进展的原因之一。     

脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织P21^WAF1／CIP1mRNA的表达与p53？…

目的：探讨脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织Ｐ２１＾ＷＡＦ１／ＣＩＰ２ｍＲＮＡ的表达与ｐ５３基因突变的关系及其意义。方法：应用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ、ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ方法对３８例新鲜脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织中上述两种基因进行研究。结果：ｐ５３基因在脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织中的突变率为２８．９％（１１／３８），且在Ⅲ、Ⅳ级肿瘤突变率显著高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ级者（Ｐ〈０．０５）；Ｐ２１＾ＷＡＦ１／ＣＩＰ１ｍＲＮＡ在Ⅲ，Ⅳ级中的表达显著低于Ⅰ～     

急性脑血栓形成不同时期一氧化氮含量的变化

探讨急性脑血栓形成不同时期一氧化氮（ＮＯ）含量的变化。测定３０例急性脑血栓形成患者发病不同时期血清中ＮＯ、ＳＯＤ、ＭＤＡ的含量。另选２８例性别、年龄组成相似的健康人作为正常对照。结果表明，脑血栓形成期，ＮＯ、ＳＯＤ含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＤＡ含量显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；脑水肿期，ＮＯ含量较前显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）达正常水平（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＳＯＤ含量进一步降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＤＡ含量进一步增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；进入稳定期后，ＮＯ较前稍降低（Ｐ＞０．０５）仍在正常水平（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＳＯＤ含量增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）仍低于正常（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＭＤＡ含量较前下降（Ｐ＜０．００１）仍高于正常（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：急性脑血栓形成早期ＮＯ含量降低与脑缺血损伤有关，脑水肿期ＮＯ参与脑损伤。     

脑梗塞患者血小板活化部位的探讨

采用ＦＣＭ检测脑梗塞患者（１６例腔梗，１８例大面积梗塞）颈内静脉（Ａ）和肘静脉（Ｂ）的血小板ＧＭＰ－１４０，ＧＰ５３和ＧＰⅡｂ／Ⅲａ。结果：脑梗塞组Ａ和Ｂ血中三种ＧＰ阳性表达率均明显高于非脑血管疾病（ＣＶＤ）组和健康组Ｂ血（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００１）；脑梗塞组Ａ血明显高于同组Ｂ血（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．００５），Ａ／Ｂ比值为１．２４～２．５２，而非ＣＶＤ组Ａ与Ｂ血之间阳性率无显著差异，Ａ／Ｂ比值≤１．０６；大面积梗塞组Ａ血阳性率高于腔梗组Ａ血（Ｐ＜０．０５），但两组Ｂ血无显著差异。提示脑梗塞急性期血小板主要在脑循环中活化，测定Ａ血指标较测定Ｂ血更能敏感地反映脑梗塞时血小板的活化程度和功能状态。     

脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织P21~(WAF1/CIP1)mRNA的表达与p53基因突变的关系

目的：探讨脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织Ｐ２１~(WAF1/CIP1) ｍＢＮＡ的表达与p~(53)基因突变的关系及其意义。方法：应用 ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ、ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ方法对３８ 例新鲜脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织中上述两种基因进行研究。结果：p~(53)基因在脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织中的突变率为２８．９％（１１／３８），且在Ⅲ、Ⅳ级肿瘤突变率显著高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ级者（Ｐ＜０.０５）；Ｐ２１~(WAF1/CIP1)ｍＲＮＡ在Ⅲ，Ⅳ级中的表达显著低于Ⅰ～Ⅱ级肿瘤组织（Ｐ＜０．０１）；１１例p~(53)基因突变组中，Ｐ２１~(WAF1/CIP1)ｍＲＮＡ表达阳性率明显低于２７例p~(53)基因未突变组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：脑星形胶质细胞瘤组织中Ｐ２１~(WAF1/CIP1)ｍＲＮＡ的低表达可能与p~(53)基因突变有关。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -