佛山市光源生产企业职业性汞接触状况调查

目的 了解分别使用液态金属汞与汞齐合金的2家光源生产企业职业性汞接触状况.方法 分别对2家光源生产企业接汞工作场所空气中汞浓度进行检测,对接汞工人尿汞含量进行测定,对工作场所职业病危害防护设施及个人防护用品的使用情况进行调查.结果 使用液态金属汞与汞齐合金光源生产企业工作场所空气中汞浓度合格率分别为60%和100%(P<0.01);使用液态金属汞与汞齐合金2家企业接汞工人尿汞合格率分别为82.42%和100.00%(P相似文献   

厦门市节能灯企业2004～2008年汞危害动态分析

目的了解厦门市节能灯制造企业2004～2008年汞作业环境及其对作业工人健康的影响,分析评价汞职业危害状况,提出技术改造建议。方法开展现场职业卫生学调查,收集2004～2008年厦门有代表性的两家节能灯企业工作场所中汞浓度监测数据及作业工人职业健康检查结果进行统计分析。结果汞是节能灯生产企业的主要职业危害因素之一,车间空气中汞浓度的监测结果,不合格率及作业工人尿汞阳性率有逐年下降趋势。结论以汞齐合金代替金属汞可从源头上降低汞的危害,说明采取改善工艺,加强防护等综合措施,汞的危害可得到有效控制。     

技术改造对汞作业工人健康影响

目的 比较某医用仪表公司技术改造前后对汞作业工人健康状况的影响.方法 按汞作业工人职业健康检查项目及周期规定进行职业健康检查.车间空气汞浓度按GBZ 159-2004和CBZ/T 160.14-2004规定采样和冷原子吸收光谱法测定,尿汞用酸性氯化亚锡还原-冷原子吸收光谱法测定.结果 技术改造后车间空气汞浓度为(0.031±0.008)mg/m3,与改造前(0.093±0.012)mg/m3比较,显著下降(P<0.05);技术改造后汞作业工人尿汞浓度(0.042±0.011)mg/L,与改造前(0.181±0.009)mg/L比较,显著降低(P<0.05);技术改造后汞作业工人类神经症检出率(11.1%)、口腔炎检出率(20.0%),显著低于技术改造前(47.4%、38.1%,P<0.05).结论 该公司技术改造效果较好.推广医用仪表企业技术改造对保护汞作业工人健康及提高企业经济效益具有重要的现实意义.     

固汞与液汞对荧光灯企业汞作业工人健康影响的比较

[目的]比较固汞与液汞对荧光灯企业汞作业工人健康的影响。[方法]按《职业健康检查项目及周期》规定对汞作业工人进行职业健康检查。尿汞用原子荧光光谱法测定,生产环境监测按GBZ159-2004和GBZ/T160.14-2004规定进行。[结果]固汞作业场所汞浓度为0.0082±0.005mg/m^3;液汞作业场所汞浓度为0.0260±0.008mg/m^3,液汞高于固汞;类神经征检出率液汞组（32.9%）高于固汞组（12.3%）,P〈0.01;尿汞定量固汞组为0.0035±0.003mg/L,液汞组为0.0112±0.007mg/L,液汞组高于固汞组。[结论]固汞对荧光灯企业作业场所的污染及对作业工人健康的危害比液汞小,在目前荧光灯企业汞尚无替代品情况下,推广固汞的使用具有十分重要的现实意义。     

某体温计厂汞作业工人健康状况分析

[目的]调查某体温计厂汞作业职工的健康状况。[方法]检测某体温计厂工作场所空气中汞浓度,并对147名汞作业工人进行职业健康检查。[结果]部分工作场所空气中汞浓度超过国家职业卫生标准,重汞作业岗位的封头、制坯下、涨真空岗位的采样点汞蒸气浓度超过国家职业卫生标准;48名汞作业工人具有类神经征,检出率32．65％（48／147）,28人具有口腔．牙龈炎,检出率19．05％（28／147）,122名汞作业工人尿汞超标,尿汞平均值为（129．83±82．14）肚∥g肌酐。[结论]该体温计厂汞作业环境汞蒸气超标,怍业工人慢性汞中毒症状和体征检出率较高,企业必须采取有效的职业病防治措施,保护工人的健康。     

某仪表厂职业卫生状况调查分析

目的　了解某仪表厂作业工人的健康状况、卫生习惯、职业卫生知识了解程度、职业防护情况以及车间空气中汞浓度测定、作业工人岗位防护设施等职业卫生状况。方法　询问、体检及现场监测作业场所空气中汞浓度。结果　该仪表厂71 0 %的接汞作业工人岗位未安装防护设施 ,77 8%的作业工人岗位地面、墙壁、天花板散落汞珠 ;抽查 3个车间的空气中汞浓度均超过国家卫生标准 ,就业前体检率为 5 6 4% ,定期职业性体检率为 90 6% ,有 86 8%的接汞作业工人尿汞浓度超过正常上限值 ,5 0 %以上的接汞作业工人缺乏职业卫生知识。结论　该仪表厂职业卫生问题比较严重 ,对汞危害的预防应采取综合的防治措施     

某蓄电池厂职业病危害技术改造效果分析

目的了解某蓄电池生产企业技术改造前后作业场所空气中铅浓度和铅作业工人血铅水平变化。方法石墨炉原子吸收法检测血铅水平和空气中铅浓度,用Wilcoxon秩检验统计分析血铅水平。结果技术改造后空气中铅尘浓度[(0.049±0.043)mg/m3)]与技术改造前[(0.232±0.118)mg/m3]比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.487,P0.05);技术改造后空气中铅烟浓度[(0.021±0.014)mg/m3]与技术改造前[(0.162±0.060)mg/m3]比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-5.767,P0.05);技术改造前后铅作业人员血铅值均呈右偏态分布,技术改造前后血铅中位数分别为1.314和0.725 mmol/L,技术改造后铅作业人员的血铅水平低于技术改造前,差异有统计学意义(Z=-11.66,P0.01)。结论该厂技术改造可有效降低作业场所空气中铅浓度和铅作业人员血铅水平。     

电解铝车间技改前后氟危害控制效果分析

[目的]分析电解铝车间技改后氟危害控制效果。[方法]通过调查电解铝车间技改前后的生产工艺、防护设施和作业场所的氟化氢（HF）浓度及作业工人的尿氟水平,分析技改前后氟危害的控制效果。[结果]本次技改采用密闭集气的防护措施代替原有的无组织排放,技改后车间内HF浓度较技改前降低,工人尿氟水平亦明显降低,差异均有显著性。[结论]所采用的技改有效控制了车间内空气中的HF浓度;技改项目的控制效果评价结合技改前的职业卫生状况分析有利于评价的说服力。     

54例职业汞接触者职业健康检查结果分析

为探索职业汞危害防治方法 ,对职业汞接触者临床特征进行分析。结果显示,工作场所8hTWA浓度介于0.1～0.4 mg/m~3,54例工人平均工龄为(165.0±113.3)d,平均尿汞含量为158.5μg/g肌酐,职业性慢性轻度汞中毒及观察对象检出率分别为22.2%和59.3%;主要临床表现为乏力、头晕、头痛、失眠、牙龈肿痛、牙龈出血、尿β_2-微球蛋白含量增高及心电图改变,且与尿汞含量成秩相关(r=0.39,P0.01)。提示,职业汞接触可能对肾小管重吸收功能及心脏正常功能产生不良影响;降低职业汞接触量,积极驱汞治疗,减少体内汞蓄积量对改善临床状况具有积极意义。     

汞作业对工人健康影响的初步调查

选择某体温计厂68名工人,根据接触汞作业方式分为重汞作业组和轻汞作业组,进行职业健康体检,同时检测岗位工作场所空气中汞浓度。结果显示,除轻汞作业的接泡岗位空气中汞浓度未超过国家标准外,其他岗位的汞浓度均超过国家标准;各岗位工人尿汞平均值均超过国家标准限值。重汞作业工人尿汞值比轻汞作业工人高;异常症状发生率在一定范围内与尿汞值有关,但不随着尿汞值的升高而升高;实际接触工龄与尿汞值水平无关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.