Novel technique for intraoperative tumor localization during totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy: endoscopic autologous blood tattooing

Background

Knowledge of the intraoperative location of lesions is a prerequisite for deciding the proper extent of gastric resection or the choice of anastomosis technique during totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) for early gastric cancer (EGC). In this study we introduce a novel tumor localization method for TLDG: endoscopic blood tattooing.

Methods

Twenty-three consecutive patients scheduled for TLDG for EGC were enrolled in this prospective study. The day before surgery, 2–3?ml of autologous blood was injected into the gastric muscle layer at 3–4?cm proximal to the lesion during endoscopy.

Results

The study subjects consisted of 15 males and 8 females with a mean age of 61?±?10.4?years. During surgery, the endoscopic blood tattooed sites were successfully identified in all 23 patients. No complications associated with the procedure occurred, and no patient had microscopic residual tumor cells at the proximal resection margin, with a mean proximal margin length of 3.3?±?2.7?cm. Eighteen patients underwent TLDG with Billroth II anastomosis, four patients with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, and one patient with laparoscopic total gastrectomy. At final pathologic examinations, 20 patients were of stage IA and 3 were of stage IB according to the UICC TNM classification (6th ed.).

Conclusions

Endoscopic blood tattooing provides a simple and useful means of localizing lesions during TLDG for EGC. Although the superiority of this technique over other localization methods needs to be evaluated further, the authors recommend endoscopic blood tattooing as an alternative to other intraoperative localization methods for laparoscopic surgery for EGC.     

Advantages of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy over laparoscopically assisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Background

Laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer has become common due to improvement of the surgical techniques and devices for laparoscopic surgery. Although laparoscopically assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) has several advantages over open distal gastrectomy, little has been reported about the safety and feasibility of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG).

Methods

Between October 2005 and June 2007, 80 laparoscopic distal gastrectomies with regional lymphadenectomies were performed for patients with gastric cancer. After 24 patients underwent LADG and 56 patients underwent TLDG, the clinical data were compared between the two groups.

Results

The groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), tumor location, tumor size, macroscopic type, depth of invasion, histologic type, lymph node metastasis, and length of proximal margin. However, when only the patients with gastric cancer in the middle third of the stomach were compared between the two groups, the length of the proximal margin was significantly longer in the TLDG group (p < 0.05). The mean blood loss was significantly less in the TLDG group (p < 0.05). The patients in the TLDG group recovered earlier and thus had a significantly shorter postoperative hospital stay. Furthermore, the C-reactive protein level on postoperative day 7 was lower in the TLDG group than in the LADG group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the postoperative complications between the two groups.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that TLDG has several advantages over LADG including smaller wounds, less invasiveness, and better feasibility of a secure ablation. The TLDG procedure yields safe anastomosis independently of the patient’s constitution or the location of the cancer. Therefore, TLDG is considered to be a useful technique for patients with gastric cancer.     

Efficacy of intraoperative gastroscopy for tumor localization in totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for cancer in the middle third of the stomach

Background

Determining resection margins for gastric cancer, which generally is not exposed to the serosal surface of the stomach, is the most important priority during totally laparoscopic gastrectomy (TLG). This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of intraoperative gastroscopy for direct marking of tumors during TLG for gastric cancer in the middle third of the stomach.

Methods

From May 2011 through July 2012, 20 patients with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in the middle third of the stomach were enrolled in this case series. Preoperative gastroscopy for tumor localization was not performed for these patients. After the first portion of the duodenum was mobilized from the pancreas and clamped with a laparoscopic intestinal clamp, 2–3 ml of indigo carmine was administered through an endoscopic injector into the gastric muscle layer at the proximal margin of the tumor.

Results

Based on intraoperative gastroscopic findings, distal subtotal gastrectomy was performed for 18 patients, with the authors deciding to perform total gastrectomy for two patients. A specimen was extracted after distal gastrectomy to confirm sufficient distance from the resection margin to the tumor before reconstruction. All the patients had tumor-free margins and required no additional resection. No morbidity related to gastroscopic procedure occurred, and the time required has been gradually decreased to about 5 min.

Conclusions

Intraoperative gastroscopy for tumor localization is an accurate and comfortable method for gastric cancer patients undergoing totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy.     

完全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术的应用现状

腹腔镜手术在远端胃癌的临床治疗中已得到了广泛的认可.腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术可分为完全腹腔镜和腹腔镜辅助,完全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术除了切口比腹腔镜辅助更小,是否有其他优势支持这种手术方式的应用和发展是至今仍在研究的问题.本文通过搜集大量国内外完全腹腔镜与腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的相关文献,对原始论文中的数据、资料以及主要观点进行归纳整理,从手术时间、术后疼痛、术中和术后并发症等多个方面比较完全腹腔镜与腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术各自的优势和不足,反映历史进程,研究现状和今后发展的趋势.     

胃十二指肠三角吻合术应用于胃癌全腹腔镜远端胃切除术的可行性分析

目的:探讨胃十二指肠三角吻合术应用于胃癌全腹腔镜远端胃切除术的可行性分析。方法:选择2014年1月至2014年12月收治的30例接受全腹腔镜远端胃切除术(totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy,TLDG)并D2淋巴结清除术的胃癌患者作为全腹镜组(TLDG组),34例行腹腔镜辅助胃切除术(laparoscopic assisted distal gastrectomy,LADG)并D2淋巴结清除术的患者作为腹腔镜辅助组(LADG组),观察两组患者手术时间、消化道重建时间、术中出血量、肿瘤大小、淋巴结清扫数量、边缘距离、术后首次肛门排气时间、术后恢复饮水时间、进食半流质时间、住院时间及随访6个月并发症情况。结果:TLDG组患者手术时间、消化道重建时间长于LADG组,术中出血量少于LADG组,远端切缘距离长于LADG组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组肿瘤大小、近端切缘距离、淋巴结清扫数量、术后首次肛门排气时间、恢复饮水时间、进食半流质时间、术后住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。TLDG组术后并发症发生率为13.3%,LADG组为8.8%,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:完全腹腔镜胃十二指肠三角吻合术安全、可行,是胃癌患者较理想的消化道重建手术方法。     

全腹腔镜胃癌根治胃十二指肠三角吻合术近期疗效分析

目的探讨全腹腔镜胃癌根治胃十二指肠三角吻合术在远端胃癌根治中的应用价值及安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年5月至2014年8月行全腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治胃十二指肠三角吻合术患者50例(三角吻合组),和同期剖腹远端胃癌根治BillrothⅠ吻合术患者52例(开腹组),所有患者均接受同一组医师手术,对比两组患者手术的近期疗效,采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计学分析。两组手术时间、术中出血量、肿瘤大小、肛门排气时间、住院费用、术后住院时间等用均数±标准差(x珋±s)表示,采用t检验;病理特征和并发症发生率计数资料比较采用χ~2检验,以P0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果三角吻合组患者均顺利完成手术。三角吻合组手术平均手术时间为(211±17.5)min,长于开腹组(160±12.5)min,差异有统计学意义(t=13.027,P0.05);平均术中出血量(113.1±23.6)ml,少于开腹组(151.4±24.1)ml,差异有统计学意义(t=-6.304,P0.05);两组清扫淋巴结范围差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后并发症比较,开腹组术后总并发症发生率为26.9%(14/52),明显高于胃三角吻合组8.0%(4/50)(χ~2=5.046,P=0.0250.05);两组患者病理特征包括肿瘤大小、组织学分级、Lauren分型、淋巴结转移、T分期、N分期、TNM分期无统计学意义。术后近期情况对比中,三角吻合组平均肛门排气时间(2.9±0.9)d,短于开腹组(t=-10.783,P0.05),术后平均住院(9.9±0.9)d,较开腹组短(t=-12.092,P0.05),但住院费用上三角吻合组较开腹组多(t=17.046,P0.05),以上差异有统计学意义。结论腹腔镜胃癌根治胃十二指肠三角吻合术在远端胃癌根治中安全可行,具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点,其手术近期效果并不劣于开腹手术,远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

胃十二指肠三角吻合术应用于胃癌全腹腔镜下远端胃切除术的可行性研究

目的：探讨胃十二指肠三角吻合术应用于胃癌全腹腔镜下远端胃切除术的可行性。方法2013年7-11月间,上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院普通外科对22例胃癌患者应用直线形吻合器进行胃十二指肠三角吻合,完成全腹腔镜下远端胃切除术并D2淋巴结清扫,其中12例应用改良三角吻合术（闭合共同开口时将原十二指肠吻合线一并移去的术式）,回顾性总结分析其临床资料。结果22例胃癌患者均于全腹腔镜下完成远端胃切除及胃十二指肠三角吻合,总手术时间（194．6±38．4） min,胃十二指肠三角吻合时间（19．1±14．1） min。术中应用直线形吻合器钉匣（5．8±0．8）个／例。术中出血量（49．5±24．0） ml,淋巴结清扫数目（32．8±12．4）枚／例,上、下切缘病理检查均未见癌残留。术后患者首次肛门排气时间（2．9±0．7） d,恢复饮水时间（4．8±1．1） d,进食半流质时间（6．6±1．2） d,术后住院时间（10．1±2．3） d。全组术后并发症发生率为9．1％（2／22）,但均未出现吻合口瘘、梗阻和出血等吻合口相关并发症。结论胃十二指肠三角吻合术简易、安全、可行,是胃癌全腹腔镜下远端胃切除术消化道重建较为理想的术式。     

Endoscopy-assisted gastric resection: a safe and reliable procedure for tumor clearance during laparoscopic high distal or proximal gastrectomy

Background  Preoperative endoscopic tattooing or clipping is generally used to delineate the tumor-free margin in surgery for early gastric cancer. However, it is sometimes difficult to identify the line of resection during laparoscopic gastrectomy. Methods  Between June 2003 and February 2008, we performed a total of 12 endoscopy-assisted gastric resections during laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer, including four cases of high distal gastrectomy and eight cases of proximal gastrectomy. In the laparoscopic high distal gastrectomy cases, a surgeon performed transduodenal endoscopy to identify the clips before gastric resection. For totally laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy, an endoscopist performed transoral endoscopy to identify the clips placed in the distal margin of the lesion and to facilitate intracorporeal anastomosis. Results  In all cases, we were able to observe clips as well as the primary lesion. Gastric resection was successfully performed with no positive margin. In the high distal gastrectomy group (n = 4), proximal and distal margins were 19.5 ± 2.1 (range, 10–35) mm and 1,185 ± 190.9 (range, 850–1,320) mm, respectively. In the proximal gastrectomy group (n = 8), proximal and distal margins were 21.3 ± 7.1 (range, 5–38) mm and 47.5 ± 3.5 (range, 15–75) mm, respectively. The intracorporeal side-to-side anastomosis during proximal gastrectomy was successfully performed using an endolinear stapler. Conclusions  Endoscopy-assisted gastric resection is a safe and reliable procedure for tumor clearance during laparoscopic high distal or proximal gastrectomy.     

Delta吻合在完全腹腔镜远端胃大部切除术中的应用

目的回顾分析完全腹腔镜远端胃大部切除术Delta吻合的安全性和有效性。方法2011年4月-2014年5月,15例患者因胃癌行完全腹腔镜根治性远端胃大部切除术并采用Delta吻合完成胃十二指肠吻合。统计手术时间、吻合口瘘、吻合口出血、狭窄等并发症;淋巴结清扫数目,病灶和近、远端切缘间距离,随访生存情况。结果15例手术没有中转开腹病例,平均手术时间（274．9±55．5）min,Delta吻合平均耗时（32．6±4．9）min。没有吻合El瘘,1例患者在术后第10天、辅助化疗第2天上消化道出血,经保守治疗治愈。1例患者术后3个月吻合口狭窄,经保守治疗缓解。平均每例清扫（23．0±7．8）枚淋巴结,无阳性切缘,肿瘤距近、远侧切缘平均距离分别为（5．8±2．6）cm和（3．8±2．1）cm。1、3年累积生存率分别为92％、83％。结论Delta吻合操作简便、安全可靠,是胃窦部和胃体下部胃癌完全腹腔镜手术可供选择的消化道重建方法。     

完全腹腔镜下全胃切除术治疗胃上部癌的安全可行性及近期疗效

目的:探讨完全腹腔镜下行全胃切除术的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2013年5月—2014年9月收治的66例行腹腔镜全胃切除术的胃上部癌患者临床资料,16例行全腔镜下根治性全胃切除术(全腹腔镜组),50例行腹腔镜辅助下根治性全胃切除术(腹腔镜辅助组),比较两组患者术前资料、术中指标、术后情况。结果:两组患者术前资料具有可比性。与腹腔镜辅助组比较,全腹腔镜组手术时间延长、住院费用增高(均P0.05),但在手术切口长度、术后疼痛、术后恢复时间、住院时间、术后并发症发生率方面明显优于前者(均P0.05);两组在术中出血、两端切缘距离、淋巴结清扫数目等无统计学差异(均P0.05)。结论:全腹腔镜下行全胃切除术安全可行,可作为胃癌外科治疗的一种术式及未来微创理念发展的方向。     

Meta-analysis of laparoscopic and open distal gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma

Objectives  The aim was to conduct a meta-analysis of the randomized evidence to determine the relative merits of laparoscopic assisted (LADG) and open (ODG) distal gastrectomy for proven gastric cancer. Data sources and review methods  A search of the Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index, Current Contents, and PubMed databases identified all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that compared LADG and OGD and were published in the English language between January 1990 and the end of June 2007. The meta-analysis was prepared in accordance with the Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses (QUOROM) statement. The eight outcome variables analysed were operating time, blood loss, retrieval of lymph nodes, oral intake, hospital stay, postoperative complications, tumor recurrence, and mortality. Random effects meta-analyses were performed using odds ratios (OR) and weighted mean differences (WMD). Results  Four trials were considered suitable for meta-analysis. A total of 82 patients underwent LADG and 80 had ODG. For only one of the eight outcomes, the summary point estimates favoured LADG over ODG; there was a significant reduction of 104.26 ml in intraoperative blood loss for LADG (WMD, −104.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) −189.01 to −19.51; p = 0.0159). There was however a 83.08 min longer duration of operating time for the LADG group compared with the ODG group (WMD 83.08, 95% CI 40.53 to 125.64; p = 0.0001) and significant reduction in lymph nodes harvesting of 4.34 lymph nodes in the LADG group (WMD −4.3, 95% CI −6.66 to −2.02; p = 0.0002). Other outcome variables such as time to commencement of oral intake (WMD −0.97, 95% CI −2.47 to 0.54; p = 0.2068), duration of hospital stay (WMD −3.32, 95% CI −7.69 to 1.05; p = 0.1365), rate of complications (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.60; p = 0.3530), mortality rates (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.21 to 4.19; p = 0.9363), and tumor recurrence (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.42 to 2.79; p = 0.8806) were not found to be statistically significant for either group. However, for commencement of oral intake, duration of hospital stay, and complication rate, the trend was in favor of LADG. Conclusion  LADG was associated with a significantly reduced rate of intraoperative blood loss, at the expense of significantly longer operating time and significantly reduced lymph node retrieval compared to its open counterpart. Mortality and tumor recurrence rates were similar between the two groups. Furthermore, time to commencement of oral intake, postprocedural discharge from hospital, and perioperative complication rate, although not significantly different between the two groups, did suggest a positive trend toward LADG. Based on this meta-analysis, the authors cannot recommend the routine use of LADG over ODG for the treatment of distal gastric cancer. However, significant limitations exist in the interpretation of this data due to the limited number of published randomised control trials, the small sample sizes to date, and the limited duration of follow up. Further large multicentre randomized controlled trials are required to delineate significantly quantifiable differences between the two groups.     

Intraoperative portable abdominal radiograph for tumor localization: a simple and accurate method for laparoscopic gastrectomy

Background  

During laparoscopic gastrectomy, it is impossible to identify early gastric cancer (EGC) lesions; therefore, a precise localization technique is required. In this study, we evaluated a novel method of intraoperative portable abdominal radiograph for localization of EGC lesions after preoperative endoscopic clipping.     

腹腔镜辅助与开腹远端胃癌根治术的临床对比研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术的可行性.方法:对39例行腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌粮治术(腹腔镜组)及40例开腹远端胃癌根治术(开腹组)患者的术后情况进行对比分析.结果:腹腔镜组与开腹组平均手术时间分别为(204.6±38.4)min和(166.1±36.8)min(P<0.05);但腹腔镜组术中出血量、术后恢复情况、术后外周血T淋巴细胞及NK细胞活性显著优于开腹组(P<0.05).腹腔镜组肿瘤根治程度、术后生存率、肿瘤复发情况与开腹组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌根治术是安全可行的,其微创优势明显,能够达到与开腹手术相当的根治效果.     

A totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy (TLDG) for improvement of the early surgical outcomes in high BMI patients

Objective  

To evaluate the effectiveness of totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy (TLDG), we compared its early surgical outcomes with those of laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy (LADG).