重庆市某土陶酒坛生产企业职业危害情况调查

目的识别分析重庆市某土陶酒坛生产企业存在的职业病危害因素,提出针对性的职业危害防控措施,以期为同类企业开展职业病防治工作提供参考。方法 2017年7—11月,采用职业卫生调查、职业病危害因素检测法,并结合工人职业健康检查结果进行综合分析。结果该企业不仅存在粉尘、噪声、高温等职业病危害,在低温季节燃蜂窝煤干燥坛底时,工人还接触到一氧化碳、二氧化硫、二氧化氮等有毒气体。工作场所粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量在15.1%～42.9%之间,属矽尘。总粉尘时间加权平均浓度(CTWA)超标率达94.7%,最高值5.52 mg/m~3。呼吸性粉尘CTWA超标率为1.8%,最高值0.74 mg/m~3。一氧化碳超标率为20.5%,噪声超标率为35.7%,高温超标率达100.0%;二氧化硫和二氧化氮虽有检出,但均未超标。结论该土陶酒坛生产企业职业病危害因素超标明显,应加强职业卫生管理,采取工艺革新、分区布置、工程控制和个体防护等一系列措施降低工人职业病危害因素的接触水平,预防和控制职业病的发生。     

云浮市人造石材行业职业危害调查

目的了解人造石材行业工作场所存在的职业病危害因素及其对作业人员的健康危害程度,研究预防控制措施。方法采用流行病学调查、工程分析、职业卫生检测和职业健康检查等方法对人造石材行业职业危害因素及对职业人群的健康危害进行分析。结果工作场所存在的主要职业病危害因素是粉尘、噪声和化学毒物(苯乙烯等)等;人造岗石和人造石英石生产线粉尘中游离SiO_2平均含量分别为7.90%和91.48%;粉尘岗位超标率为35.3%,原料岗位的粉尘超标率达56.5%;40 h等效声级超过80 d B(A)的岗位占96.2%,超过85 d B(A)的岗位占73.1%;苯乙烯超标率为8.9%;职业健康检查疑似尘肺病4例(检出率为1.1%)、疑似噪声聋4例(检出率为1.3%),高仟伏胸片、肺功能、纯音听阈测试、血压、心电图、血常规和尿常规检查异常率分别为20.3%、17.1%、58.3%、18.4%、29.8%、7.9%和29.0%,在不同工龄组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),工龄越长,异常率越高。纯音听阈测试、高仟伏胸片和尿常规检查异常率在不同类型企业中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论云浮市人造石材行业工作场所粉尘、噪声严重超标,对作业人员健康产生叠加影响,应进行超标场所整治、加强职业卫生监管。     

稳定剂生产过程中职业病危害因素调查

目的 了解稳定剂生产过程中职业病危害因素种类及其暴露水平。 方法 采用职业卫生现场调查和检测的方法对某稳定剂生产过程中的职业病危害因素进行识别和检测。 结果 稳定剂生产过程中职业病危害因素主要有粉尘(含滑石粉、碳酸钙、氢氧化镁、氢氧化钙、硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸钙、二氧化硅)和噪声。经检测,作业工人接触粉尘(总粉尘、呼吸性粉尘)的时间加权平均浓度均符合职业接触限值的要求。但包装操作位呼尘的最大短时间接触浓度是呼吸性粉尘时间加权平均容许浓度的2.2倍,不符合超限倍数的要求。 结论 稳定剂生产过程中涉及粉尘类化学因素的职业病危害因素种类较多,现场操作工人未按照操作规程作业,导致部分点位粉尘浓度超标,企业应加强作业场所的职业卫生管理。     

2006—2010年厦门市机械制造企业电焊工职业病危害调查

收集2006—2010年厦门市机械制造企业职业卫生现场监测资料及电焊工职业健康检查资料。对224个电焊作业点进行检测,其中电焊烟尘检测114个点,超标率10.53%;噪声检测84个点,超标率41.67%;MnO2、NO、NO2共检测24个作业点,各检测点空气中浓度均未超标。770名电焊工岗前体检,粉尘作业职业禁忌证检出率3.42%,噪声作业职业禁忌证检出率17.66%;2 886名电焊工岗中体检,主要临床表现为肺纹理增多和心电图异常;5年内检出42例疑似尘肺病例,确诊15例,检出率0.54%,尘肺发病工龄多集中在5～10年。提示电焊作业场所主要职业病危害因素是粉尘和噪声,电焊作业工人体检应按照粉尘+噪声混岗作业进行。     

某人造宝石厂噪声作业工人高频听力损失状况分析

目的了解人造宝石加工行业噪声作业工人高频听力损失状况,为采取有效的防护、整改措施及作业人员的健康监护提供依据。方法对某宝石厂磨钻、园磨及熔炉车间作业环境进行卫生学调查,测量车间环境噪声水平。选890例接触噪声人员作噪声组,并选160例非接触噪声人员作对照组。用常规方法测量每个工人的左右耳气导听阈,按GBZ49-2002标准对听阈作年龄和性别修正,并诊断是否为高频听力损失,比较两组工人听力状况。结果作业现场共测86个噪声点,其中有82个点超过国家卫生标准,超标率为95.35%;噪声强度为70.1￣98.6dB(A),平均(89.2±2.8)dB(A);噪声组人员高频听力损失罹患率为34.3%,明显高于对照组(12.5%)(P<0.01),且噪声组随接噪工龄增长有增高趋势,工龄5年以上的高频听力损失明显增高。结论提示人造宝石加工行业高强度噪声引起作业人员高频听力损失。     

某水泥粉磨站职业病危害调查

目的 调查某水泥粉磨站职业病危害因素的种类、强度、浓度、职业病危害防护设施,为企业职业病危害防治提供科学依据。方法 采用现场职业卫生学调查和职业病危害检测检验方法。结果 水泥粉磨站职业病危害因素主要是粉尘(石灰石尘、矽尘、水泥尘、其它粉尘)和噪声。水泥生产现场作业所有工种接触粉尘的时间加权平均浓度超过职业接触限值。作业点短时间接触浓度超标点主要分布在水泥生产石膏入料口、石膏库底、矿渣库底、熟料库底、辊压机、球磨机、选粉机等作业点。作业岗位的个体噪声强度为58.9~93.4 d B(A),超标率为27.8%。结论 粉尘是水泥粉磨站的主要职业病危害因素,需采取有效的防尘设施和管理措施,以保护工人的身体健康。     

某企业炼铁车间职业病危害因素现状调查

目的了解某企业炼铁车间职业病危害因素状况。方法依据国家职业卫生标准和规范,采用现场职业卫生学调查和检测方法进行分析。结果该企业炼铁车间存在的粉尘和噪声强度超标严重,测定点超标率分别为38.5%和97.8%。结论该炼铁车间粉尘和噪声危害严重,应加强治理。     

广州市玻璃制品及宝石加工行业粉尘、噪声监督抽检结果

目的为了解和掌握广州市玻璃制品、宝石加工行业职业病危害的基本情况,加强职业卫生监督执法工作,为职业卫生监督管理工作提供科学依据。方法抽取广州市6个区玻璃制品宝石加工企业28家,检测其工作环境中粉尘、噪声等职业危害因素,并对企业进行职业病防治管理工作调查。结果防尘口罩和耳塞佩戴率：玻璃制品行业分别为12.03%和34.44%,宝石加工企业分别为37.50%和44.55%。企业工作场所总尘浓度超标以玻璃行业为主,TWA平均超标率24.62%,STEL平均超标率26.83%,均以SiO2浓度在10%～50%为主;噪声超标率：玻璃及宝石行业分别为59.6%和58.3%。结论应加强玻璃制品及宝石加工行业的职业卫生培训工作和工作环境职业危害因素的日常监测,同时督促企业尽快组织职业健康检查,建立健康监护档案。     

某木业有限公司作业场所职业病危害现状评价

通过收集相关资料、现场职业卫生学调查和职业危害因素检测,采用定量分析法对某木业有限公司作业场所职业病危害进行综合评价。结果显示,集成材车间砂光和修补岗位的工人接触木粉尘的时间加权平均浓度超标,刨光、成条、切割、指接、边胶、刨光、修补和砂光岗位工人接触噪声的8 h等效连续A计权声压级超标;家具车间下料、磨光岗位工人接触木粉尘的时间加权平均浓度超标,下料岗位工人接触木粉尘的超限倍数超标,喷漆岗位工人接触二甲苯的时间加权平均浓度与短时接触浓度均超标,下料、磨光、机加、检修、检包和喷漆岗位工人接触噪声的8 h等效连续A计权声压级超标,磨光岗位工人接触振动强度超标;其他各检测点的职业病危害因素浓度或强度均未超过国家规定的卫生限值。但职业病危害防护设施和个人使用的职业病防护用品等方面仍有待改善。 更多还原     

临沂市水泥行业职业危害调查分析

目的 了解临沂市水泥行业的职业危害状况，并提出防治对策。方法 对18个水泥厂的粉尘和噪声作业进行了测定，并对有危害作业工人进行了健康检查。结果 粉尘监测110个点，最高浓度609.87mg/m^3，超标101.6倍，粉尘平均浓度77.23mg/m^3，平均超标倍数7.8倍。噪声作业点测试108个，噪声最大强度110dB(A)。超标点88个，超标率81.48%。接尘工人查体1486人，查出尘肺病22人，尘肺检出率1.45%。观察对象97人，检出率6.38%；接噪工人查体559人，检出神衰综合征99人，检出率17.71%，检出职业性噪声耳聋274人，检出率49.02%，检出高频听力损伤293人，检出率52.06%。结论 听力损失和神衰综合征与噪声强度极，专用工龄有密切关系。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.