重组水蛭素对EAE小鼠脑组织MMP-9表达和NO含量影响的研究

目的探讨重组水蛭素(Recombinant hirudin)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达和一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响。方法 48只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机平均分为3组,EAE组运用MOG35-55构建EAE小鼠模型,CFA组由生理盐水代替MOG35-55构建模型,水蛭素组在EAE基础上给予重组水蛭素腹腔注射,CFA组、EAE组给予生理盐水腹腔注射。HE染色和LBF染色观察炎症及脱髓鞘情况,免疫组化检测MMP-9表达,ELLISA检测小鼠脑组织中NO含量,RT-PCR检测MMP-9和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)mRNA表达。结果水蛭素组小鼠临床症状、炎症及脱髓鞘程度减轻,与EAE组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。水蛭素组小鼠脑组织MMP-9蛋白表达和NO含量与EAE组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),重组水蛭素组小鼠脑组织iNOS mRNA和MMP-9 mRNA表达与EAE组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重组水蛭素缓解EAE临床症状机制之一可能与抑制EAE小鼠脑组织中MMP-9和iNOS mRNA表达,从而减少MMP-9和NO含量有关。     

2-BFI对EAE小鼠iNOS和COX-2 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨咪唑啉2受体(I2R)高选择性高亲和力配体2-BFI对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)mRNA表达的影响。方法使用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG35-55)抗原诱导EAE小鼠模型。采用临床症状评分、病理学检查和反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)观察完全福氏佐剂(CFA)对照组、EAE组和2-BFI干预组小鼠行为学、中枢炎性细胞浸润及iNOS和COX-2mRNA表达变化。结果 2-BFI干预组较EAE组临床症状明显减轻(P<0.01),中枢炎性细胞浸润显著减少(P<0.01),iNOS和COX-2的mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 I2R高选择性配体2-BFI对EAE小鼠具有一定保护作用,其作用机制可能与降低iNOS和COX-2 mRNA表达有关。     

PLP不同肽段诱导EAE模型的对比研究

目的建立不仅与多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis，MS)临床表现、病理特征接近而且病程相似的较为理想的复发一缓解型实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis，EAE)模型。方法应用髓鞘蛋白脂质蛋白(proteolipid potein，PLP)多肽的两种免疫优势表位肽段PLP139-151和PLP178-191免疫雌性SJL／J小鼠，制作复发缓解型EAE(relapse remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis，RR—EAE)模型，观察其体重及神经功能评分的变化，应用HE、Luxol fas tblue髓鞘染色等方法观察模型的组织形态学改变。结果两种PLP肽段免疫的小鼠发病均具有缓解一复发的特点，出现明显的神经系统体征；小鼠发病时脑和脊髓组织显示明显的血管鞘形成、卫星现象和炎性细胞浸润以及脱髓鞘改变。结论PLP两种肽段均可诱发RR-EAE模型，这与临床MS的缓解一复发病程更相似，更能表现MS的临床特点，是研究MS的较为理想的动物模型。     

一氧化氮供体对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的作用

目的探讨一氧化氮供体3-吗啉-斯德酮亚胺(3-morpholinosydnonimine,SIN-1)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)大鼠的作用。方法应用豚鼠髓鞘碱性蛋白68-86(myelin basic protein 68-86,MBP68-86)主动免疫制作EAE实验动物模型。将大鼠随机分为SIN-1组和对照组,SIN-1组大鼠于致敏后第0~7天给予SIN-1药物干预,动态观察两组大鼠的临床症状及体质量变化,致敏后第14天采用ELISA方法检测各组大鼠单个核细胞(mononuclear cells,MNC)培养上清中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-4(IL-4)水平,并观察大鼠脑组织病理变化。结果与对照组比较,SIN-1组大鼠发病时间延迟,恢复时间提前,体质量明显增加,临床症状明显减轻;疾病症状最高评分明显降低。SIN-1组大鼠MNC培养上清中IFN-γ水平为(90.29±9.07)pg/mL,较对照组的(121.57±10.44)pg/mL明显降低(P<0.05);IL-4水平为(18.14±3.98)pg/mL,较对照组的(8.14±1.95)pg/mL明显增加(P<0.05)。SIN-1组大鼠组织病理损伤较对照组明显减轻。结论一氧化氮供体SIN-1可抑制EAE大鼠病情发展,对EAE具有保护作用。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型的建立和长期观察研究

目的 建立实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠模型(EAE)并长期观察研究.方法 C57BL/6小鼠30只,随机分为EAE模型组、PBS对照组和正常对照组.应用神经功能评分进行临床评估,通过HE和髓鞘染色观察组织病理变化.结果 小鼠在诱导后的12±3d急性起病,16±2d内达到高峰,严重度评分为3.2±0.6分.半年观察期内复发1次,复发率为25%.光镜下可见EAE组以脊髓组织病变为主,表现为大量炎性细胞浸润和白质脱髓鞘.结论 采用MOG_(35-55)诱导C57BL/6小鼠建立的模型既往被认为是一种慢性迁延EAE模型,本研究通过长期观察发现其存在缓解复发现象.

Abstract：

Objective To establish a mice model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and perform a long term study. Methods C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 300μg MOG_(35-55) in complete Freund' s adjuvant (CFA) to establish EAE model in EAE group (n = 10). Mice in adjuvant group( n = 10)were treated with CFA without MOG_(35-55) and control group( n = 10)were treated with normal saline. The pathologic changes of the central nervous system were studied by HE staining and myelin staining. Results The clinic symptoms of EAE were present in the 12±3th day post-immunization,and went to the peek in the 16±2 th day post-immunization. The severity score was 3.2±0.6. One relapse was observed in the term of 6 months, and the rate was 25%. Light microscopy showed there were abundant inflammatory cells infiltrated especially in spinal cord tissues in EAE mice,with evident demyelination in white matter. Conclusion The relapse of this EAE model was observed in the study, though it was believed to be a chronic persistent model without relapse.     

载脂蛋白E拟肽对EAE小鼠的髓鞘和轴突损伤的影响

目的探讨载脂蛋白E(ApoE)拟肽对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠中枢神经系统髓鞘脱失和轴突损伤的影响。方法以髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白多肽(MOG35-55)为抗原建立EAE模型。将40只雌性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为4组,即正常组、EAE组、正常治疗组和EAE治疗组,两个治疗组皮下注射ApoE拟肽。免疫组化法检测髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)和神经丝轻链(NF-L)的表达。结果 EAE治疗组中脑和脊髓的MBP和NF-L的表达均高于EAE组(P<0.05)。结论 ApoE拟肽可能对EAE的髓鞘和轴突的损伤有保护作用。     

小檗碱对EAE小鼠星形胶质细胞S1PR1、3受体表达影响的研究

目的探讨小檗碱对EAE小鼠星形胶质细胞(astrocyte,AST) S1PR1、3受体表达的影响。方法构建EAE小鼠模型,用不同剂量小檗碱(berberine,BBR)干预EAE小鼠,并设置正常对照组,观察其对小鼠中枢神经系统炎细胞浸润、脱髓鞘和AST上S1PR1、3受体表达情况。结果 BBR干预EAE小鼠后,症状缓解,中枢神经系统炎性浸润、脱髓鞘和胶质增生好转,AST表面S1PR1、S1PR3表达受抑制。结论小檗碱可能通过抑制AST上S1PR1、3受体表达,抑制AST活化,从而减轻炎性反应、脱髓鞘和胶质增生,缓解EAE小鼠临床症状。     

iNOS和OPN在EAE中动态表达及依达拉奉保护作用研究

目的研究诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和骨桥蛋白(OPN)在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)中的动态表达以及依达拉奉治疗和保护作用机制的探讨。方法将EAE大鼠随机分为实验组和依达拉奉治疗组,根据发病时间又分为发病前组、高峰期组和缓解期组。光镜下观察脊髓HE染色炎性细胞浸润情况,观察免疫组化染色iNOS和OPN阳性细胞数目。结果依达拉奉治疗组与实验组比较,发病时间延迟、发病率降低及神经功能评分减低(P<0.05)。依达拉奉治疗组脊髓炎症细胞浸润较实验组减少。免疫组化染色iNOS和OPN阳性细胞在EAE发病前期上升,高峰期达到峰值,缓解期随疾病好转而下降,依达拉奉组均较同时期实验组阳性细胞表达数目减少(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉可以减轻EAE大鼠临床发病程度和病理炎症损害,并降低不同发病时期iNOS和OPN表达程度。推测依达拉奉通过抗氧化和抗炎的双重机制发挥神经保护作用。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎大鼠模型脑组织硫化氢的变化

目的 观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)模型大鼠脑组织中硫化氢(H2S)动态变化,探讨H2S与多发性硬化(MS)的关系. 方法 按随机区组设计方法将SD大鼠分成对照组及模型组,每组78只.模型组制备EAE模型,对照组用生理盐水代替诱导乳剂,余措施相同.采用HE染色、尼氏染色观察2组大鼠脑组织病理变化;比较不同时间点(建模后5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60 d和65 d)2组大鼠平均临床评分;采用比色法检测各时间点H2S和丙二醛(MDA)水平. 结果 (1)HE和尼氏染色显示模型组中可见明显的炎性细胞浸润现象及血管袖套形成,对照组未发现明显改变.(2)模型组于建模后第20天及第50天出现2次发病高峰,临床评分分别为(4.0±0.55)分和(3.5±0.25)分;对照组的评分为0分.(3)模型组大鼠各时间点脑组织中H2S表达量随着发病呈逐渐下降趋势,从第10天开始低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).相反,模型组大鼠各时间点脑组织中MDA呈逐渐增加趋势,从第10天开始高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组大鼠H2S和MDA水平无明显变化.(4)模型组大鼠脑组织中H2S水平的变化与临床评分、MDA水平呈负相关(r=0.960,P=0.000;r=-0.920,P=0.000);临床症状评分和MDA水平呈正相关(r=0.910,P=0.000). 结论 H2S在EAE模型中表达明显降低,在MS中的作用机制有待进一步研究.     

雷公藤多甙对EAE大鼠脊髓β-APP和IL-17表达的影响

目的观察雷公藤多甙对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)大鼠脊髓中β-APP和IL-17表达的影响。方法将30只大鼠随机分为空白对照组(CON组)、模型组(EAE组)、治疗组(TWP组),建模后分别行神经功能评分,大鼠脊髓组织行HE染色,免疫组化检测脊髓中β-APP和IL-17表达水平。结果与EAE组比较,TWP组大鼠发病率下降,平均神经功能评分降低,炎性细胞浸润减少,在神经功能评分和病理学改变方面差异明显(P<0.05);免疫组化示TWP组较EAE组β-APP和IL-17表达水平降低(P<0.05)。结论雷公藤多甙对EAE大鼠有一定保护作用,可能与抑制β-APP、IL-17表达有关。     

FTY720通过抑制脑组织IL-23表达减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注(I/R)模型脑组织白细胞介素-23(IL-23)水平变化,观察1-磷酸鞘氨醇(S1P)受体激动剂芬戈莫德(fingolimod,FTY720)对IL-23表达及脑I/R损伤的影响,探讨IL-23和FTY720在脑I/R损伤中的作用。方法将雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成假手术组和I/R组,后者再分为I/R 3 h、6 h1、2 h2、4 h、24 h+安慰剂和24 h+FTY720六个亚组。应用"线栓法"制作大鼠右侧大脑中动脉闭塞模型,2h后拔出线栓进行再灌注,并分别于再灌注3、6、122、4 h处死大鼠。I/R 24 h+安慰剂组和I/R 24 h+FTY720组大鼠分别于再灌注前10 min经尾静脉按体质量1 mg/kg注入安慰剂和FTY720。利用免疫组化方法观察大鼠脑组织IL-23表达水平变化,以2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色法测定大鼠相对脑梗死体积和TUNEL阳性细胞计数,并比较I/R 24 h+安慰剂组和I/R 24 h+FTY720组大鼠神经功能评分。结果假手术组大鼠脑组织无IL-23表达,I/R 3 h、6 h1、2 h和24 h组大鼠梗死灶周围区皮质IL-23阳性细胞数依次为5.16±0.68、5.54±1.06、23.72±3.11和97.20±10.26,I/R各时间组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。I/R 24 h+安慰剂组大鼠神经功能评分、相对梗死体积、凋亡细胞数、IL-23阳性细胞数分别为2.37±0.27(、14.7±3.40)%、19.00±2.10、101.75±12.04,I/R 24 h+FTY720组分别为1.31±0.21、(5.50±2.62)%、9.05±1.25、54.96±7.82,二组间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 IL-23在脑I/R过程中表达水平上调,加重I/R损伤。FTY720可能通过抑制IL-23的表达发挥脑保护作用。     

Fingolimod(FTY720) improves postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice subjected to D-galactose-induced aging

Neurocognitive dysfunction is a common postoperative complication,especially in older adult patients.Fingolimod(FTY720)is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator that has been found to be neuroprotective in several animal models of central nervous system disease.However,few reports have examined whether FTY720 could mitigate postoperative cognitive dysfunction.In this study,we investigated whether FTY720 could prevent postoperative neurocognitive impairment in mice subjected to D-galactose-induced aging.We induced an accelerated model of aging by administering an intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose.Subsequently,we performed a partial hepatolobectomy under sevoflurane anesthesia.FTY720(1 mg/kg)was administered intraperitoneally 3 hours before and 24 hours after anesthesia and surgery.Our results indicated that anesthesia and surgery significantly impaired spatial memory in the Y-maze test 6 hours after surgery.We also found that problem solving ability and long-term memory in the puzzle box test on postoperative days 2–4 were significantly improved by FTY720 treatment.Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assay demonstrated that FTY720 significantly inhibited microglial activation in the hippocampal CA1 region of mice 6 hours and 3 days after anesthesia,and down-regulated the expression of synaptic-related proteins postsynaptic density protein 95 and GluR2 in the hippocampus.These results indicate that FTY720 improved postoperative neurocognitive dysfunction in mice subjected to D-galactose-induced aging.This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University of China(approval No.LLSC(LA)2016-025)on September 27,2016.     

The effect of FTY720 in the Theiler's virus model of multiple sclerosis

FTY720 (fingolimod) has demonstrated efficacy in multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated the effects of FTY720 on progressive disability, viral load, and antibody responses in mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyocarditis virus (TMEV). FTY720 and phosphorylated FTY720 (FTY720-P) were detected in the brain after intraperitoneal injection of the drug. Bioactivity of FTY720 was confirmed by reduced numbers of mononuclear cells in the spleen and blood after treatment. No significant differences were found in disability progression, viral load, and serum antibody responses between the FTY720-treated versus the PBS-treated mice. There was less production of IgG within the CNS in the FTY-treated group on some measures.     

Effects of cytokine deficiency on chemokine expression in CNS of mice with EAE

Although both cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of clinical and histological EAE, their interactions in vivo have not yet been clearly established. To address this issue, we evaluated expression of chemokines and receptors in the CNS of wild-type control and cytokine deficient mice at the peak of EAE induced with MOG-35-55 peptide in CFA. Our results demonstrate that: 1) expression of most chemokines/receptors was drastically inhibited in TNF-alpha deficient mice, and was reflective of delayed onset and reduced severity of EAE; 2) distinct patterns of chemokine expression occurred in various other cytokine knockout mice that did not significantly affect expression of clinical EAE; 3) there was a strong association between expression of MIP-1alpha, MIP-2 and MCP-1 in CNS and overall severity of EAE in wild-type and cytokine knockout mice; and 4) among CNS infiltrating cells at the peak of EAE, macrophages and CD8+ T cells were the primary cellular source of most of the chemokines. Of note, we present evidence that TNF-alpha may be involved in regulating RANTES and MIP-1alpha, and that IL-4 may be involved in regulating MCP-1. Our results not only identify the cellular source of chemokines in CNS, but also implicate MIP-1alpha, MIP-2, and MCP-1 in controlling CNS inflammation and severity of EAE.     

干扰素β-1b对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎脊髓中趋化因子MCP-1表达的影响

目的研究干扰素（IFN）β-1b对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）小鼠中枢神经系统（CNS）中单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）表达的影响，从趋化因子角度探讨IFNβ治疗多发性硬化（MS）的机制。方法用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35～55多肽加福氏完全佐剂皮下注射免疫C57BL／6小鼠建立EAE模型，干预组（n=12）在免疫当天至免疫后第16天隔日一次皮下注射10000单位IFNβ-1b，对照组（n=12）则同时予1mL PBS皮下注射。比较两组EAE小鼠的临床表现，并用免疫组织化学及原位杂交技术比较两组EAE脊髓中MCP-1表达及MCP-1mRNA水平的差异。结果与对照组相比，IFNβ-1b干预组小鼠发病明显延迟，症状明显减轻，同时脊髓中MCP-1的表达及MCP-1mRNA的水平显著下调。结论IFNβ-1b可抑制EAE小鼠CNS中趋化因子MCP-1的表达，这可能是其治疗MS的机制之一。     

Neuroprotective effects of the immunodepressant FTY720 on caspase-3 expression and neural apoptosis in a rat model of acute spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND:Studies on the immunodepressant FTY720 have primarily focused on organ transplantation and autoimmune disease therapy.However,the effects on caspase-3 expression and neural apoptosis following acute spinal cord injury remain uncertain.OBJECTIVE:To elucidate the underlying mechanism of the immunodepressant FTY720 to alleviate spinal cord injury by inhibiting expression of caspase-3 and neural apoptosis.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:A randomized,controlled,animal experiment was performed at Central Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from April to July 2009.MATERIALS:FTY720 was provided by Wuhan Yuancheng Technology Developing,China.METHODS:A total of 120 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham-surgery,model,and FTY720 groups.Spinal cord injury at the T9-10 segment was induced in model groups using the free-fall method.Following establishment of spinal cord injury at the T9-10 segment in the FTY720 group,rats were treated with an intragastric injection of 0.3 mL saline-diluted FTY720 (3 mg/kg).MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:At 6,12,24,48,and 72 hours following spinal cord injury,caspase-3 expression was detected using streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry,and neural apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL method.RESULTS:Positive caspase-3 expression and neural apoptosis was not observed in the sham-surgery group at the various time points.The number of apoptotic cells increased with time after acute spinal cord injury,peaked at 24 hours following injury,and then gradually reduced.However,neural apoptosis remained at a high level.Caspase-3 expression positively correlated with neural apoptosis (r= 0.864,P< 0.05).Caspase-3 expression and neural apoptosis significantly decreased following FTY720 therapy (P< 0.05).CONCLUSION:FTY720 significantly reduced caspase-3 expression and neural apoptosis in a rat model of acute spinal cord injury.     

新型免疫抑制剂FTY720在器官移植及眼科中的应用

FTY720是冬虫夏草提取物ISP-I经过修饰合成的新型免疫抑制剂，不同于环孢素A、FK506等其他免疫抑制剂，具有独特的作用机制和很强的免疫抑制活性。文章从FTY720的免疫抑制机制入手，以FTY720诱导淋巴细胞凋亡和调节外周成熟淋巴细胞游走的免疫抑制机制为基础，并探讨FTY720的药理作用，证实了FTY720在器官移植动物模型中、免疫性疾病模型中、肿瘤疾病模型中、缺血再灌疾病模型中起着重要的作用，但FTY720在眼科的应用还处于基础阶段。