重组水蛭素对EAE小鼠脑组织MMP-9表达和NO含量影响的研究

目的探讨重组水蛭素(Recombinant hirudin)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达和一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响。方法 48只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机平均分为3组,EAE组运用MOG35-55构建EAE小鼠模型,CFA组由生理盐水代替MOG35-55构建模型,水蛭素组在EAE基础上给予重组水蛭素腹腔注射,CFA组、EAE组给予生理盐水腹腔注射。HE染色和LBF染色观察炎症及脱髓鞘情况,免疫组化检测MMP-9表达,ELLISA检测小鼠脑组织中NO含量,RT-PCR检测MMP-9和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(i NOS)mRNA表达。结果水蛭素组小鼠临床症状、炎症及脱髓鞘程度减轻,与EAE组间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。水蛭素组小鼠脑组织MMP-9蛋白表达和NO含量与EAE组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),重组水蛭素组小鼠脑组织iNOS mRNA和MMP-9 mRNA表达与EAE组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重组水蛭素缓解EAE临床症状机制之一可能与抑制EAE小鼠脑组织中MMP-9和iNOS mRNA表达,从而减少MMP-9和NO含量有关。     

芬戈莫德对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9表达影响的研究

目的探讨芬戈莫德对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。方法 48只雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)组、EAE组、芬戈莫德组。运用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55构建EAE小鼠模型,小鼠神经功能缺损评分达到1分或免疫第14天,芬戈莫德组腹腔注射芬戈莫德10 mg·kg-1,相应的CFA组、EAE组给予生理盐水。观察小鼠行为学变化,中枢炎症和脱髓鞘情况,脑组织中的MMP-9 mRNA及蛋白表达。结果芬戈莫德组小鼠临床症状减轻,体重下降减少,潜伏期延长,发病率降低,炎性病灶数减少,脱髓鞘程度减轻。芬戈莫德组MMP-9 m RNA和蛋白表达水平较EAE组降低。结论芬戈莫德能抑制EAE小鼠脑组织中MMP-9 mRNA及蛋白表达水平。     

2-BFI对EAE小鼠iNOS和COX-2 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨咪唑啉2受体(I2R)高选择性高亲和力配体2-BFI对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和环氧化酶-2(COX-2)mRNA表达的影响。方法使用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG35-55)抗原诱导EAE小鼠模型。采用临床症状评分、病理学检查和反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)观察完全福氏佐剂(CFA)对照组、EAE组和2-BFI干预组小鼠行为学、中枢炎性细胞浸润及iNOS和COX-2mRNA表达变化。结果 2-BFI干预组较EAE组临床症状明显减轻(P<0.01),中枢炎性细胞浸润显著减少(P<0.01),iNOS和COX-2的mRNA表达水平降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 I2R高选择性配体2-BFI对EAE小鼠具有一定保护作用,其作用机制可能与降低iNOS和COX-2 mRNA表达有关。     

新型Rho激酶抑制剂FSD-C11化合物抑制EAE的作用研究

目的探索新型Rho激酶抑制剂FSD-C11化合物治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的有效性及可能的作用机制,为今后可能的临床治疗提供实验依据。方法采用小鼠髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG35-55)多肽诱导雌性C57BL/6小鼠建立EAE模型,于免疫后第3天起FSD-C11组按体质量40mg/(kg·d)腹腔注射FSD-C11化合物,EAE组注射等量生理盐水,实验期间每天定时记录两组小鼠临床症状评分及体质量变化。免疫后第28天取小鼠脊髓进行HE和髓鞘染色,流式细胞术检测脾细胞M1和M2型巨噬细胞表型,Western blot检测脑组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和磷酸化核蛋白因子κB(p-NF-κB)的表达。结果FSD-C11化合物可延迟小鼠的起病时间,降低发病率,减轻临床症状,减少体质量丢失;与EAE组小鼠相比,FSD-C11可减少脊髓炎性细胞浸润和髓鞘脱失(P0.05);抑制致炎性的M1型巨噬细胞,增加抗炎性和保护性的M2型巨噬细胞;抑制脑组织中iNOS和p-NF-κB蛋白的表达。结论新型Rho激酶抑制剂FSD-C11化合物在治疗EAE中显现出很好的潜力,其作用机制可能与调节巨噬细胞极性、抑制炎性反应有关。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠神经损害与脑组织中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶表达的关系

目的观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)模型小鼠脑组织中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)表达变化及其与神经损害的关系。方法 C57BL/6小鼠随机分为:EAE组(n=12),采用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55多肽(MOG35-55)制备成抗原乳剂免疫小鼠;对照组(n=10),用生理盐水处理小鼠。每日观察两组小鼠的行为学变化,并进行神经功能障碍评分。于高峰期处死小鼠,冰冻处理脑与脊髓,行苏木精-伊红染色观察脊髓组织的炎症细胞浸润,LFB染色观察脊髓组织的髓鞘脱失,蛋白印迹法检测小鼠脑组织中MAPKs表达。分析EAE小鼠神经功能障碍改变与中枢神经组织MAPKs表达量的相关性。结果 EAE组与对照组比较:日均神经行为学评分增加(P0.01);脊髓炎症细胞浸润增多(P0.001),髓鞘脱失增多(P0.001)。P-ERK(42)、P-ERK(44)、P-JNK(54)表达量均增多(P0.01、P0.05、P0.05)。神经功能障碍与P-ERK(42)、P-ERK(44)、P-JNK(54)表达呈正相关。结论 EAE高峰期神经损伤程度与中枢神经组织中的P-ERK(42)、P-ERK(44)、P-JNK(54)表达增加相平行,提示MOG35-55诱导的EAE中枢神经损伤可能与MAPKs所激活的信号通路有关。     

二甲双胍通过调节Treg细胞反应治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎

目的给予实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠应用二甲双胍(MET)干预性治疗。观察MET对EAE小鼠发病情况及体内Treg细胞反应的作用。方法将雌性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组、EAE模型组和MET治疗组,采用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白MOG35-55免疫小鼠建立EAE模型。自身免疫后第1天开始,按100mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)给予MET治疗组腹腔注射。正常对照组及EAE模型组小鼠给予等量的生理盐水每日腹腔注射作为对照。应用Knoz评分观察小鼠的神经功能评分,流式细胞学检测方法检测小鼠脾细胞中Treg细胞比例,ELISA方法检测脾细胞培养上清及血清中IL-10、TGF-β含量。qPCR方法检测小鼠脾及脊髓中Treg细胞转录因子Foxp3 mRNA表达水平。结果与EAE模型组相比,MET治疗组发病程度减轻(P0.01);脾细胞中Treg细胞比例增高(P0.01),脾细胞培养上清及血清中IL-10、TGF-β含量增加(P0.01);脾组织中Foxp3mRNA表达水平升高(P0.01);脊髓组织中Foxp3mRNA表达水平升高(P0.01)。结论 MET通过提高外周免疫器官及中枢神经系统的Treg细胞数量,增加抑制炎症因子的表达而达到对EAE模型小鼠的保护作用。     

雷帕霉素对小鼠实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎大脑小胶质细胞活化的影响

目的探讨雷帕霉素对小鼠实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)模型大脑小胶质细胞形态及功能的调节作用。方法小鼠进行EAE造模后分为两组:①生理盐水组(潜伏期腹腔注射生理盐水);②雷帕霉素组(潜伏期腹腔注射雷帕霉素1次/日)。于发病高峰期时处死小鼠取大脑,采用Iba1免疫荧光染色分析大脑皮质小胶质细胞数量及形态;real-time PCR法检测各组小鼠大脑皮质的肿瘤坏死因子α表达量。结果雷帕霉素治疗组与生理盐水组比较,小胶质细胞数明显下降(P 0. 01),形态向M2表型转换。雷帕霉素治疗组与生理盐水组比较,M1表型标记物诱导型一氧化氮合酶及分泌的肿瘤坏死因子α表达量显著下降(P 0. 01)。结论雷帕霉素能抑制小鼠EAE模型大脑小胶质细胞活化,且抑制M1表型小胶质细胞的促炎功能。     

地塞米松对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠IL-17表达的影响

目的研究地塞米松对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脑及脊髓组织中IL-17表达水平及脾组织中Th17细胞比例的影响。方法将33只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、EAE组和地塞米松组。EAE组及地塞米松组小鼠以MOG35-55进行免疫造模。地塞米松组小鼠自免疫当天至处死,隔日给予地塞米松磷酸钠注射液0.07mg·kg~(-1)腹腔注射。对照组及EAE组给予等量生理盐水。观察小鼠的发病情况及神经功能评分。应用苏木精-伊红染色、免疫组织化学染色、实时定量PCR、流式细胞学方法分别检测小鼠中枢神经系统炎症细胞浸润、IL-17阳性细胞表达、IL-17m RNA水平及脾组织Th17细胞比例。结果地塞米松组与EAE组比较,小鼠发病率及神经功能评分明显降低(P0.05)。与对照组比较,EAE组小鼠脑及脊髓组织中炎性病灶数明显增多(P0.05),IL-17阳性细胞数明显增多(P0.05),脊髓组织中IL-17m RNA水平明显升高(P0.05),脾组织Th17细胞比例明显升高(P0.05);与EAE组相比较,地塞米松组小鼠脑、脊髓及脾组织中上述指标明显降低(P0.05)。结论地塞米松可以降低EAE小鼠发病率,减轻发病时神经功能损伤程度以及脑和脊髓内炎性细胞浸润程度,并使IL-17mRNA、蛋白表达水平及Th17细胞比例下降。其神经保护作用可能是通过抑制IL-17/IL-23轴等免疫调节机制而实现。     

MOG35-55诱发实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠模型

目的建立髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG35-55)多肽诱发的实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠模型。方法应用MOG35-55多肽加福氏完全佐剂皮下注射免疫C57BL/6小鼠,观察其临床症状及病理改变。结果EAE组发病率100%,发病时间为免疫后(16.1±3.9)d,呈慢性单相病程;HE染色见EAE组大脑、小脑、脑干及脊髓组织中大量单个核细胞浸润,血管周围形成炎细胞袖套,白质区明显;Luxolfastblue染色见EAE组脊髓白质脱髓鞘改变;雌、雄小鼠在发病率、发病时间、发病程度及病理改变上均无明显差别。结论本研究以MOG35-55多肽为抗原成功诱发EAE模型,该模型发病率高,病理接近多发性硬化(MS),是研究MS的极为理想的动物模型。     

2-(2-苯并呋喃基)-2-咪唑啉对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠小胶质细胞活化及氧化应激的影响

目的观察2-(2-苯并呋喃基)-2-咪唑啉(2-BFI)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠CNS小胶质细胞活化及氧化应激的影响。方法将27只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组、EAE组和2-BFI干预组,每组9只。采用MOG_(35-55)免疫法制作经典EAE模型。2-BFI干预组小鼠于EAE造模后当日起腹腔注射2-BFI 20 mg/kg,2次/d,连续14 d。正常对照组和EAE组以等量生理盐水代替。每日观察并记录动物的行为学变化、进行神经功能缺损评分。免疫后第20 d处死各组小鼠,采用HE染色和LFB染色观察组织学变化;免疫组化法测定诱导型小鼠CNS中一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)蛋白和离子钙接头分子(Iba-1)的表达,比色法检测丙二醛(MDA)的含量;并对活化的小胶质细胞数量和iNOS蛋白表达水平进行线性相关分析。结果正常对照组小鼠未见神经系统受损的表现。与EAE组相比,2-BFI干预组日均神经功能缺损评分明显降低,CNS脊髓炎性细胞浸润明显减少,髓鞘脱失严重程度明显减轻,活化的小胶质细胞数量减少,iNOS蛋白表达明显减少,MDA含量降低(P0.05~0.01)。相关分析结果显示,iNOS表达水平与活化的小胶质细胞数量呈正相关(r=0.596,P0.01)。结论 2-BFI能减轻EAE小鼠临床症状和组织学改变,2-BFI对EAE小鼠的神经保护作用于小胶质细胞激活和减轻氧化应激相关。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.