Vanillin吸嗅对抑郁模型SD大鼠血清Mg~(2+)的影响

目的探讨嗅质香兰素(Vanillin)吸嗅对SD大鼠抑郁样行为的调节作用及可能的作用机制。方法雄性SD大鼠70只,采用CUMS+孤养或嗅球毁损,制备抑郁样模型,符合模型大鼠随机分为Vanillin吸嗅组、氟西汀组、模型组、嗅球毁损+Vanillin吸嗅组及假手术组。评价大鼠干预后各时间点的神经行为学变化及血清Mg2+含量。结果 (Vanillin吸嗅组干预2w后强迫游泳实验时间明显缩短(P<0.05);24h糖水消耗量实验明显增加(P<0.05);5w后旷野实验自主活动次数增加(P<0.05);血清Mg2+含量明显提高(P<0.05)。结论 Vanillin吸嗅可以缓解抑郁模型大鼠的抑郁样行为,其机制可能是提高血清Mg2+含量,通过Mg2+调控HPA轴,影响海马、杏仁核情绪中枢活动,从而达到防治抑郁症的作用。     

不同强度脑电场刺激对抑郁大鼠额叶单胺类递质含量的影响

目的:探讨不同强度脑电场刺激对抑郁大鼠额叶单胺类递质含量的影响。方法:建立Wistar大鼠抑郁症模型;分别在模型大鼠双侧颅骨大脑额叶区放置刺激电极(国家发明专利号ZL01103273.1)并固定,应用脑电场刺激仪给予不同强度脑电场刺激,刺激频率30Hz,刺激波形为正弦波,刺激持续时间1h。应用荧光分光光度法分别测定大鼠额叶脑组织内5羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)和多巴胺(DA)含量。结果:与正常对照组比,模型对照组大鼠5-HT及NE明显下降(分别P<0.001),治疗对照组单胺类递质无明显变化(分别P>0.05)。低强度治疗组治疗1h后,DA、5-HT及NE含量均无明显改变(分别P>0.05),中等强度治疗组及高强度模型治疗组大鼠额叶脑组织内5-HT及NE含量出现显著增高(分别P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:一定强度的脑电场刺激可显著提高额叶内单胺类递质的含量,对抑郁症可能提示具有治疗作用。     

姜黄素对肠易激综合征模型大鼠5-羟色胺和脑源性神经营养因子的影响

目的 从脑肠轴角度明确肠易激综合征(IBS)发病机制,观察姜黄素对IBS的疗效.方法 48只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为6组:正常组,IBS模型组,姜低组、姜中组、姜高组(造模前分别灌胃给予姜黄素10、20、40 mg/kg),丙咪嗪组(造模前腹腔注射丙咪嗪10 mg/kg),每组各8只.采用大鼠慢急性联合应激模型模拟IBS.糖水消耗试验和内脏敏感性实验检测各组大鼠抑郁样行为和肠道敏感性,高效液相法及Western blotting分别测定大鼠大脑皮层和回肠5-羟色胺(5-HT)及脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)的表达. 结果 IBS模型组大鼠糖水消耗量明显减少,肠道内脏敏感性明显升高,大脑额叶皮层5-HT、BDNF表达水平降低,回肠黏膜5-HT、BDNF表达水平明显升高,与正常组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).给予不同剂量姜黄素后能逆转上述行为学改变及大脑皮层、回肠的5-HT 、BDNF水平变化,其中姜高组与IBS模型组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).丙咪嗪组效果与姜高组类似. 结论 IBS大鼠脑肠内5-HT、BDNF表达异常说明IBS的发生存在脑肠改变的物质基础.姜黄素可能是通过调节5-HT、BDNF表达来改善IBS模型大鼠的行为学变化.     

蒙医针刺对卒中后抑郁模型大鼠的影响

目的观察蒙医针刺对卒中后抑郁(PSD)模型大鼠的影响。方法把24只SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、针刺组、西药组,自由饲养。应用栓线法形成局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后实施慢性温和性应激刺激结合孤养14d,建立PSD模型。模型成立后治疗14d。酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测大鼠海马组织的5-HT、NE、DA含量和血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α表达。结果治疗后,与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠海马组织的5-HT、NE、DA含量显著降低(P0.01,P0.05);血清IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α表达水平显著增高(P0.01)。与模型组大鼠比较,针刺组和西药组大鼠海马组织5-HT、NE、DA含量显著增加(P0.01,P0.05);血清IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α表达水平显著降低(P0.01,P0.05)。针刺组与西药组无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论蒙医针刺可明显增加脑组织的单胺递质含量,调节血清细胞因子水平,说明蒙医针刺治疗卒中后抑郁症有一定的抗抑郁作用。     

小柴胡汤改善抑郁症状及相关神经递质与神经营养因子分析

目的探索小柴胡汤对抑郁症状患者的疗效及脑内神经递质、神经营养因子变化关系。方法选取2013年4月~2015年4月于我院治疗的抑郁症状患者共计96例进行研究。按照入院顺序分为观察组和对照组,观察组患者应用小柴胡汤进行治疗,对照组患者应用西药进行治疗。观察两组患者治疗后的临床疗效及脑内神经递质、神经营养因子的变化。结果在接受治疗后,观察组患者的临床疗效显著,其总有效率达87.5%,明显高于对照组治疗后的总有效率41.67%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者在接受治疗后均出现不同情况的副作用,但是观察组的不良反应发生率(4.17%)明显少于对照组的不良反应发生率(58.33%),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);患者在应用小柴胡汤治疗后,两组患者的Ach、5-HT、NE及DA值在治疗前后差异具统计学意义(P0.05),且在5-HT、NE及DA值方面,观察组较对照组变化更显著,在Ach上,两组患者治疗效果无显著统计学差异(P0.05);两组患者治疗前后神经营养因子变化情况差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组患者的神经营养因子的变化较对照组更大。结论小柴胡汤治疗抑郁症状的临床疗效显著,有抗抑郁作用,并对脑内神经递质、神经营养因子有一定的影响。     

艾司西酞普兰对抑郁模型大鼠行为学及脑脊液、血清脑源性神经营养因子水平的影响

目的:探讨艾司西酞普兰对慢性应激致抑郁模型大鼠行为学及脑脊液、血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平的影响。方法:将Sprague Dawley(SD)雄性大鼠随机分为应激组和非应激组,应激组给予慢性不可预知温和应激(CUMS)刺激8周;刺激4周后根据行为学评估[包括强迫游泳实验(FST)、蔗糖水偏爱实验(SPT)、旷场实验(OFT)]及体质量将抑郁行为大鼠随机分为抑郁模型组和抑郁给药组,非应激组随机分为正常对照组和正常给药组,各组6只。第5周起给予两给药组艾司西酞普兰(10 mg/kg·d)腹腔注射4周。刺激及给药结束后对各组大鼠再次行为学评估并检测脑脊液、血清BDNF水平。结果:CUMS 4周后,与非应激组相比,应激组FST中不动时间显著延长,SPT显著降低,OFT中路程及站立次数显著减少,体质量显著降低(P均0.01);药物干预4周后,与抑郁模型组相比,抑郁给药组FST中不动时间显著缩短,SPT及OFT中总路程显著增加(P均0.05);脑脊液、血清BDNF水平抑郁模型组显著低于正常对照组,抑郁给药显著高于抑郁模型组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论:艾司西酞普兰可改善抑郁大鼠的抑郁行为,提高脑脊液及血清BDNF水平。     

柴胡对肝郁证大鼠脑内单胺类神经递质的影响

目的探索柴胡对肝郁证大鼠中枢神经递质的作用。方法利用中医证候模型,研究柴胡对单胺类神经递质的作用。结果肝郁证模型组大鼠脑内去甲肾上腺素(NE)与多巴胺(DA)水平与对照组比较下降明显(P<0.05),肝郁证模型加逍遥散组大鼠脑内NE与DA水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),肝郁证模型加柴胡组大鼠脑内NE与DA水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肝郁证大鼠脑内NE与DA水平明显降低,柴胡舒肝解郁,有增加肝郁证大鼠脑内NE、DA神经递质的作用。     

草酸艾司西酞普兰联合黛力新对脑卒中后抑郁障碍患者的疗效及对血清指标的影响

目的探讨草酸艾司西酞普兰联合黛力新对脑卒中后抑郁障碍(PSD)的疗效及对一些血清指标的影响。方法将92例PSD患者随机分为两组:观察组(n=46)应用草酸艾司西酞普兰联合黛力新治疗,对照组(n=46)应用黛力新治疗。治疗前后评估美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、日常生活活动能力Barthel指数(BI)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)评分,测定血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、神经生长因子(NGF)和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平。结果治疗前两组患者的上述指标结果,组间无明显差异(P0.05);治疗后观察组的NIHSS、HAMD评分显著低于对照组,BI、MMSE评分显著高于对照组(P0.05);治疗后观察组血清5-HT、NGF和BDNF水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05),两组血清NE、DA无明显差异(P0.05)。结论草酸艾司西酞普兰联合黛力新治疗PSD能够促进保护性神经递质与神经细胞因子的合成与释放,有效减轻抑郁状态,促进神经功能和认知功能的改善。     

神经厌食症大鼠NAc-PFC-VTA环路中5-HT表达的变化

目的研究神经厌食症大鼠模型伏隔核-前额叶皮质-中脑腹侧被盖区(NAc-PFC-VTA)神经环路中各核团5-HT表达的变化。方法 12只大鼠随机分为正常喂养组和运动诱发的神经厌食症大鼠模型组,模型组采用24小时不限制接触转轮运动及严格限制喂食(1h/日),当体重低于正常喂养组25%时提示造模成功,确认造模成功后灌注取脑,利用免疫荧光染色观察NAc,PFC和VTA核团中5-HT表达的情况。结果模型组大鼠不限制接触转轮6～8天体重低于正常喂养组25%。免疫荧光染色显示神经厌食症大鼠NAc,PFC和VTA核团内的5-HT表达较正常喂养组显著降低(P0.05)。结论神经厌食症大鼠NAc,PFC和VTA核团中5-HT的表达均降低。     

重复经颅磁刺激治疗早期帕金森病患者抑郁及睡眠障碍的临床研究

目的探讨重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)治疗早期帕金森病(PD)抑郁及睡眠障碍的临床疗效。方法选取Hoehn-Yahr分级1~2级的PD患者64例,按照随机数字表法随机分为治疗组(31例)和假刺激组(33例)。治疗组用r TMS 5 Hz高频刺激患者双侧前额叶背外侧(DLPFC)区共10 d,假刺激组接受假刺激治疗共10 d。观察治疗前后两组患者的汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、PD睡眠量表(PDSS)、PD统一评定量表第Ⅲ部分(UPDRSⅢ)、外周血IL-6水平、脑内神经递质5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)含量的变化。结果与治疗前相比,治疗组患者治疗后及治疗后1个月时HAMD评分、UPDRSⅢ评分均明显降低;PDSS评分均明显升高(均P0.05)。与假刺激组同时间点相比,治疗组患者治疗后及治疗后1个月时HAMD评分、UPDRSⅢ评分均明显降低;PDSS评分均明显升高(均P0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗组患者治疗后外周血IL-6水平及脑内5-HT、NE、DA水平均显著升高(均P0.05)。与假刺激组同时间点相比,治疗组患者治疗后外周血IL-6水平及脑内5-HT、NE、DA水平均显著升高(均P0.05)。结论高频r TMS刺激DLPFC区可短期改善早期PD患者的抑郁及睡眠障碍。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.