彩色多普勒超声对活体移植肾检查的临床应用

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声监测活体移植肾(living renal transplantation,LRT)形态结构和动脉血流动力学变化的临床应用价值.方法:应用彩色多普勒血流显像(color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI),彩色多普勒能量图(color Doppler energy,CDE),二维超声图像(two - dimensional ultrasonography,2D),脉冲多普勒(pulsed wave Doppler,PW)超声技术,对78例活体肾移植术后连续动态观察:移植肾形态、内部结构及大小,观察肾内血流分布,灌注充盈情况,检测分析血流各项参数,峰值血流速度(Vmax)、舒末血流速度(Vmin)、阻力指数(RI)及搏动指数(PI),收缩期、舒张期血流速度比值等.结合临床及实验室检查,将患者分组为:移植肾正常组、急性排斥反应(acute rejection,AR)组和肾功能延迟恢复(delayed graft function,DGF)组,进行图像结构和血流参数对比分析.结果:移植肾正常组,2D图像显示基本正常,CDFI肾内各级血管树血流灌注良好,血流速度、RI均值在正常范围;AR组,2D图像移植肾横径增大,皮质增厚,锥体增大,血流明显减少,点条状血管树分布稀疏,收缩期单峰及舒末无血流信号,或可见反向血流频谱,RI值＞0.83;DGF组:2D图像与AR组大致相同,彩色多普勒超声检查血流信号丰富,充盈灌注较好,RI指数略高.结论:CDFI对亲属活体肾移植结构大小和肾内各级血管参数监测分析,对早期诊断、鉴别急性排斥反应与肾功能延迟恢复具有重要临床价值.     

彩色多普勒超声对移植肾血流动力学的临床研究

目的：应用彩色多普勒血流显像技术,观察移植肾皮质区的血流灌注,并测定其血流动力学参数,寻找诊断肾移植急性排异更敏感的指标。方法：所用仪器为Diasonics Gateway彩色多普勒超声仪,探头频率分别为凸阵／3．5MHz和线阵／10MHz,用CDE模式显示移植肾内各级血管并测定其血流动力学参数;用10MHz探头分别用CDFI及CDE模式测定皮质区血流动力学参数并与血肌酐值作对比分析。结果：移植肾急性排异时,（1）皮质区彩色血流显示减少;（2）皮质区动脉频谱收缩期峰高尖、舒张期无或少血流信号显示,呈单峰显示;（3）移植肾内各级动脉阻力指数明显增高;（4）与血肌酐值相比,皮质区血流动力学的变化诊断肾移植急性排异,具有更敏感、更可靠的价值。结论：移植肾急性异时CDFI上血流动力学的变化早于血肌酐值的变化,评价移植肾急性排异更敏感。彩色多普勒超声对移植肾急性排异的早期诊断及对预后判断有重要价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在西宁地区移植肾排斥反应中的应用

目的：总结我院30例移植肾超声特点,探讨彩色多普勒超声在西宁地区移植肾排斥反应的诊断价值。方法：应用超声对30例移植肾和30例正常人肾脏各级肾动脉血流参数进行对比研究。结果：肾功能稳定期：四级肾动脉血流参数与正常组无明显差别;急性排斥反应期：动脉血流阻力指数（RI）和动脉搏动指数（PI）早期明显增高、收缩期血流速度与舒张期血流速度比（S/D）升高（P〈0.05）。急性排斥反应期,给予有效治疗后,各级肾动脉血流参数均有改善。早期移植肾急性排斥正确诊断率达89.2%。慢性排斥反应期：RI和PI增高（P〈0.01）;叶间动脉舒张期：血流频谱很低甚至无频谱信号。结论：应用彩色多普勒超声诊断移植肾排斥反应并监测其功能恢复,具有快速、准确、无创伤、直观等优点,可提早发现病情变化,对临床治疗和监测排斥反应具有指导意义。     

彩色多普勒超声对治疗移植肾急性排斥反应的监测价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在移植肾急性排斥反应治疗过程中的监测价值。方法回顾性分析41例急性排斥的移植肾患者治疗前后不同时间点彩色多普勒超声特点及血肌酐水平,对比不同时间点移植肾叶间动脉RI及血肌酐水平的差异,分析治疗前叶间动脉RI与治疗后1个月血肌酐水平的相关性。结果移植肾急性排斥反应发生时及逆转后声像图表现及彩色多普勒超声测值存在差异,治疗后第3天开始彩色多普勒超声图像及血流参数变化与治疗前对比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,治疗后第5天开始血肌酐与治疗前对比差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）,治疗前叶间动脉RI与治疗效果具有较好的相关性。结论彩色多普勒超声可用于移植肾急性排斥反应的诊断及治疗效果评估,发生移植肾急性排斥反应时,彩色多普勒超声图像及血流参数变化早于血肌酐变化,治疗前叶间动脉RI与治疗效果具有很好的相关性。     

移植肾活检在移植肾疾病早期诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 探讨移植肾活检在移植肾急性排斥反应、慢性排斥反应、慢性环孢素肾病、肾小球肾炎等移植肾病变诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值,并探讨慢性排斥反应的早期肾活检时机.方法 对肾移植受者中出现血清肌酐水平升高超过正常水平、微量白蛋白尿或(和)蛋白尿、肾小球性血尿等临床表现,但根据临床资料并不能确诊病因的44例实施非随机移植肾活检,另对6例受者于术后1个月进行常规移植肾活检.对全部肾活检标本依照Banff 97分类标准进行病理诊断,并结合临床资料进行分析.结果 在移植后1年内、移植后2～3年、移植后3年以上分别接受肾活检的受者中慢性排斥反应发生率分别为31.3%、76.5%和88.2%,肾活检发现慢性排斥反应的移植受者中多数并无明显的慢性排斥临床表现.临床拟诊急性排斥的受者中,少数经移植肾活检排除急性排斥,多数病理检查虽证实为急性排斥,但其中部分受者同时合并慢性排斥、Wd,球肾炎和环孢素肾病;临床拟诊为慢性排斥反应者均由肾活检后病理确诊,但其中少数受者同时存在急性排斥,肾小球肾炎和慢性环孢素肾病病理表现;移植肾损害病因不明的受者移植肾活检结果 分别为急、慢性排斥、肾小球肾炎和慢性环孢素肾病.肾活检诊断为肾小球肾炎的受者中近半数并无肾小球肾炎临床证据.上述患者经肾活检明确诊断后,治疗效果良好.结论 本研究结果 提示,肾移植术后第2、3年是早期诊断慢性排斥反应的最佳时机,应该在术后第2、3年进行常规移植肾活检.移植肾活检对临床不能明确移植肾疾病诊断的肾移植受者具有重要作用,并有利于修正临床诊断.临床上常见移植肾同时存在急、慢性排斥反应,慢性环孢素肾病,肾小球肾炎等两种或两种以上疾病的情况.     

彩色多普勒超声在肾移植术后AR与ATN鉴别诊断中应用

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声对肾移植术后急性排斥反应(AR)与急性肾小管坏死(ATN)鉴别诊断的价值.方法:选取2000年1月～2007年12月的肾移植患者135例,分为功能正常组、AR组和ATN组行彩色多普勒超声检查,观察移植肾形态结构、血流灌注及血流指数变化并作比较.结果:AR组移植肾长径、实质厚度较功能正常组明显增大(P＜0.01);而ATN组移植肾长径、实质厚度较功能正常组略有增大,差别无明显统计学意义(P＜0.05).AR组和ATN组阻力指数(RI)明显高于功能正常组(P＜0.01),而AR组和ATN组之间差别无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:彩色多普勒超声测得移植肾RI和其他血流动力学变化不能用作鉴别AR和ATN的绝对依据,需要综合移植肾声像图改变来协助鉴别AR和ATN.     

超声造影定量分析对移植肾排斥反应的诊断价值

目的：通过超声造影成像技术定量分析移植肾术后急性和慢性排斥反应血流灌注参数的特征,为临床快速评估移植肾排斥反应的预后提供参考价值。资料与方法31例行同种异体肾移植患者依据临床症状及移植肾穿刺结果分为移植肾正常组6例、急性排斥组12例和慢性排斥组13例,应用超声造影成像检查移植肾的血流灌注情况。结果超声造影显示无排斥反应患者移植肾实质造影剂增强均匀,而有排斥反应患者移植肾实质增强不均匀;3组移植肾造影剂曲线下面积差异有统计学意义（F=37.102, P<0.01）,移植肾正常组达峰强度显著高于急性排斥组（P<0.01）,但与慢性排斥组无显著差异。急性排斥组和慢性排斥组叶间动脉、皮质和髓质的造影剂起始时间、叶间动脉和皮质的造影剂达峰时间均晚于移植肾正常组（P<0.05）,急性排斥组和慢性排斥组段间动脉、叶间动脉和皮质的绝对强度、叶间动脉和皮质的上升斜率均显著小于移植肾正常组（P<0.05）。结论超声造影能较好地评价移植肾的微循环状态,可以为预测肾移植术后急性和慢性排斥反应提供重要的参考价值。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的临床价值(附30例分析)

目的 :探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤 (RAL)中的应用价值。方法 :应用二维超声、彩色多普勒血流图 (CDFI) ,彩色多普勒血流图 (PDI) ,结合脉冲多普勒频谱对 30例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤进行研究。结果 :CDFI对RAL内血流显示率 36 % ,PDI对RAL血流显示率 92 %。RAL血流呈低速高阻型。阻力指数 (RI) >0 .6 (91.3% )、动脉峰速 ≤5 5cm/s(86 .96 % )。结论 :CDFI、PDI对RAL的诊断有重要价值。     

多普勒超声诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(RAL)中的应用价值.材料和方法应用二维超声、彩色多普勒血流图(CDFI)、彩色能量多普勒血流图(PDI),结合脉冲多普勒频谱对25例肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤进行研究.结果CDFI对RAL内血流显示率36%,PDI对RAL血流显示率92%.RAL血流呈低速高阻型.阻力指数(RI)＞0.6(91.3%),动脉峰速55cm/s(86.96%).结论CDFI、PDI对RAL的诊断有重要价值.     

移植肾组织中Vimentin表达水平与慢性移植肾病的关系

目的探讨肾移植患者肾组织中波形蛋白（Vimentin）的表达与慢性移植肾病间的关系。方法收集我院移植肾穿刺标本,用波形蛋白抗原免疫组化试剂盒对急性排斥反应移植肾、慢性移植肾。肾病和正常肾组织病理标本检测肾小管波形蛋白免疫组化表达水平,同时天狼星红饱和苦味酸法检测肾组织胶原纤维沉积程度。图像分析仪分析波形蛋白和胶原纤维沉积程度。比较波形蛋白表达与移植肾病理的相关性。结果正常肾组织肾小管上皮无波形蛋白表达。在5例急性排斥反应的移植肾穿刺病理切片上,。肾小管波形蛋白阳性表达率为5．1％±2．3％,间质纤维化率为0．5％±0．1％;检测20例慢性移植肾病患者穿刺活检病理标本,波形蛋白阳性表达率为46．2％±12．5％,间质纤维化率为6．5％±112％;两者差异显著。肾小管波形蛋白的表达阳性率越高,肾间质纤维化程度越严重,两者具有相关性（r=0．876）。结论肾小管波形蛋白表达阳性率与慢性移植肾病的肾间质纤维化损害程度相关。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.