Role of beta 2 integrins and ICAM-1 in lung injury following ischemia-reperfusion of rat hind limbs.

Ischemia/reperfusion involving the hind limbs of rats results in both local injury to skeletal muscle as well as injury to lungs, as measured by increased vascular permeability (125I-labeled bovine serum albumin leakage) and hemorrhage (extravasation of 51Cr-labeled rat erythrocytes). In the current study, we have focused on events in lungs occurring during reperfusion of hind limbs. Analysis of blood neutrophils obtained 4 hours after reperfusion has indicated up-regulation of CD11b and CD18 but not CD11a. Plasma from the same animals demonstrate the ability to induce similar effects in normal blood neutrophils, indicative of the presence of a neutrophil-activating agent in plasma. During reperfusion, lung injury, which develops progressively over a 4-hour period, has been shown to be neutrophil-dependent and requires CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18 as well as intercellular adhesion molecule-1. These data suggest that ischemia and reperfusion injury of rat lower extremities causes systemic changes that result in neutrophil-dependent lung injury that is beta 2 integrin- (leukocyte function antigen-1, Mac-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1-dependent.     

Role of leukocyte adhesion molecules in lung and dermal vascular injury after thermal trauma of skin.

Acute second degree thermal injury of rat skin involving 25 to 30% total body surface of anesthetized rats results at 4 hours in evidence of vascular injury both locally (in skin) and remotely (involving lung). The neutrophil dependency for both types of injury has now been established. Monoclonal antibodies to various adhesion molecules have been used to define the requirements for these molecules in the development of vascular injury. In dermal vascular injury, a requirement for Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) but not for leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18) has been established. In this model requirements have also been demonstrated for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E- and L-selectin but not for very late arising antigen-4 (VLA-4) or P-selectin. With respect to lung vascular injury, dual requirements for both leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 and Mac-1 were found as well as for ICAM-1 and E- and L-selectin but not for VLA-4 and P-selectin. In the lung, there was a close correlation between neutrophil content of the tissue (as assessed by myeloperoxidase) and the effects of protective interventions (directed against blocking of adhesion molecules). These data emphasize the roles of beta 2 integrins, selectins (L and E), and ICAM-1 in events that lead to neutrophil-mediated vascular injury of dermis and lung after thermal trauma to skin.     

Requirements for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 in limb ischemia/reperfusion injury and associated lung injury.

Ischemia in rat hind limbs followed by reperfusion results in local as well as remote organ (lung) injury characterized by increased vascular permeability (125I-labeled bovine serum albumin leakage) and hemorrhage (51Cr-labeled rat erythrocytes extravasation) in skeletal muscle and lung, together with an associated increased tissue content of myeloperoxidase, reflecting neutrophil accumulation. Within 60 minutes of reperfusion following ischemia, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6 plasma levels increased significantly, reaching maximum levels after 2 hours of reperfusion. Polyclonal antibodies to TNF-alpha and IL-1 provided significant protection against vascular injury in both muscle and lung. These results were confirmed by the use of soluble TNF-alpha receptor and IL-1 receptor antagonist. In rat lungs following ischemia and reperfusion, there was immunohistochemical evidence of E-selectin expression in the lung vasculature; this expression was blocked by treatment of animals with anti-TNF-alpha. These data indicate that both local (hind limb) and remote (lung) organ injury after ischemia/reperfusion requires participation of TNF-alpha and IL-1. The cytokines may, in part, be involved in the up-regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules.     

The role of selectins in VLA-4 and CD18-independent neutrophil migration to joints of rats with adjuvant arthritis

Neutrophil migration from blood into inflamed tissues is mediated by adhesion molecules on neutrophils and on vascular endothelium. It was previously shown that the integrins VLA-4 and CD11/CD18 in combination mediate 70-80% of neutrophil recruitment to arthritic joints of rats. To investigate if the remaining recruitment involves the selectins, the effect of adhesion-blocking monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to each of the selectins (E-, P and L-), in combination with mAb to VLA-4 and CD18, on the migration of radiolabeled neutrophils to joints of rats with adjuvant arthritis was examined. Blocking P-selectin inhibited neutrophil accumulation in hindlimb joints by 40% whereas mAb to P- and E-selectin together inhibited the accumulation in all joints by 60% relative to anti-VLA-4 plus anti-CD18 treatment alone. Overall there was 90% inhibition relative to arthritic controls. Blocking E- or L-selectin alone or together had no effect. Our results demonstrate that P-selectin in particular and in concert with E-selectin are required for the VLA-4- and CD18-independent migration of neutrophils to sites of chronic arthritis in the rat.     

Up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibits pulmonary leukocyte migration following lung ischemia-reperfusion in mice

Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is known to modulate post-ischemic inflammatory response in various organs. However, the role of nitric oxide synthase isoforms (NOS) in mediating pulmonary post-ischemic inflammatory response is poorly understood. We therefore studied post-ischemic endothelial adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte migration in endothelial NOS knockout (eNOS-KO) mice subjected to pulmonary ischemia and reperfusion in vivo. Under anesthesia and mechanical ventilation, the left pulmonary hilum in wild-type (WT) and eNOS-KO mice was clamped for 1 hour, followed by reperfusion for up to 24 hours. In WT mice, we observed a selective up-regulation of both eNOS mRNA and protein in lung tissue, while inducible NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) remained unchanged. Survival in eNOS-KO mice was reduced due to severe pulmonary edema, underlining an increased susceptibility to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Interstitial tissue infiltration by CD18- and CD11a-positive white blood cells as well as lung tissue water content peaked at 5 hours of reperfusion and were found significantly higher than in WT mice. Enhanced leukocyte-endothelial interaction was associated with pronounced up-regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) in eNOS-KO mice during post-ischemic reperfusion. We conclude that eNOS attenuates post-ischemic inflammatory injury to the lung most probably via inhibition of endothelial adhesion molecule expression.     

一氧化氮和过氧亚硝基阴离子在肢体缺血再灌注致肺损伤中的作用

目的:观察肢体缺血再灌注致肺损伤时肺组织中一氧化氮(NO)及过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO^-)的变化,以探讨二者在此种损伤中的作用。方法:采用夹闭大鼠腹主动脉下段造成双下肢缺血和再灌注后肺损伤模型,分别测定假手术组、缺血4h组、缺血4h再灌注1h组及再灌注4h组肺组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)、NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量变化;应用免疫组化方法测定上述各组肺组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)及ONOO^-体内生成标志物硝基酪氨酸(NT)的变化。结果:肢体缺血再灌注后1h和4h肺组织中MDA和NO₂^-/NO₃^-的含量显著高于对照组和单纯缺血组(P＜0.05),而SOD活性则显著低于此两组(P＜0.05),并出现大量iNOS及NT阳性信号。结论:肢体缺血再灌注致肺损伤时肺组织中有大量NO和ONOO^-产生,脂质过氧化增强,提示ONOO^-参与介导此种肺损伤。     

皮瓣缺血再灌注损伤过程髓过氧化酶及白细胞膜CD_18的变化

目的观察大鼠岛状皮瓣在缺血再灌注损伤过程中髓过氧化酶 (MPO)含量及外周血白细胞膜CD18 的变化。方法应用大鼠腹部岛状皮瓣缺血再灌注损伤模型 ,检测皮瓣髓过氧化酶 (MPO)含量 ,测定外周血白细胞膜CD18 水平的变化并作白细胞计数。结果缺血8h及缺血再灌注1h白细胞膜CD18 水平与皮瓣MPO水平较对照组明显增高 (P<0.01) ,而缺血再灌注1h较缺血8h组又明显增高 (P<0.01)。缺血再灌注1h组外周血白细胞计数较对照组明显减少 (P<0.01)。结论大鼠岛状皮瓣缺血再灌注损伤过程中外周血白细胞膜CD18 水平增高 ,白细胞计数减少 ,皮瓣MPO水平增高。CD18 介导的白细胞粘附在皮瓣缺血再灌注损伤中起重要作用     

Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in rat heart with ischemia/reperfusion and limitation of infarct size by treatment with antibodies against cell adhesion molecules.

To elucidate the mechanism(s) of myocardial reperfusion injury, we investigated the roles of cell adhesion molecules on both leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells in the reperfused myocardia. We found that within 2 hours after reperfusion leukocytes began to infiltrate into the rat myocardia subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and clarified, for the first time, that the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was enhanced on the capillary and venous endothelial cells from 8 to 96 hours after the start of reperfusion. Furthermore, pretreatment with individual monoclonal antibodies against cell adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD11bc, CD18, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) reduced not only the infiltration of leukocytes but also the area of infarction in the reperfused hearts. These observations suggest that cell adhesion molecules play a critical role in the pathogenesis of myocardial reperfusion injury.     

Role of Scutellarin in Ameliorating Lung Injury in a Rat Model of Bilateral Hind Limb Ischemia–Reperfusion

The lung is one of the most sensitive organs that are vulnerable to injuries induced by lower limb ischemia–reperfusion. Scutellarin is a flavonoid glycoside extracted from the Chinese herb Erigeron breviscapus. This study aimed to investigate the role of scutellarin in ameliorating lung injury in a rat model of bilateral hind limb ischemia–reperfusion. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups; control, scutellarin, bilateral hind limb ischemia–reperfusion, and bilateral hind limb ischemia–reperfusion followed by scutellarin (at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 14 days). Lung specimens were processed for different biochemical and histological techniques. The bilateral hind limb ischemia–reperfusion group showed a significant increase in lung malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels as well as a significant decrease in lung glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Histological examination revealed collapsed alveoli, polymorphic mononuclear cell infiltration, thickened dilated congested blood vessels, and excessive collagen fiber deposition in thickened interalveolar septa. A significant increase in iNOS and Bax immunohistochemical expression was associated with a significant decrease in Bcl2 and COX2 expression. Scutellarin administration following bilateral hind limb ischemia–reperfusion significantly ameliorated all studied parameters. It can be concluded that scutellarin could be beneficial in improving bilateral hind limb ischemia–reperfusion-induced lung damage most probably through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Anat Rec, 302:2070–2081, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy     

肢体缺血再灌注后肺损伤小鼠肺组织AT1R和Mas受体蛋白表达变化

目的:通过观察小鼠肢体缺血再灌注(LIR)后不同时点肺组织血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)和Mas受体蛋白表达与肺损伤的变化,探讨局部组织AT1R和Mas受体蛋白表达失衡在LIR急性肺损伤(ALI)中的作用。方法:42只8周龄雄性ICR小鼠随机分为7组,每组6只,其中1组作为对照组,其余6组为再灌注0.5 h、1h、2 h、4 h、6 h和12 h模型组。模型组小鼠用橡皮圈结扎双后肢根部,缺血2 h后剪断橡皮圈,分别于再灌注后不同时点眼球取血处死小鼠。取肺组织计算脏器系数和湿/干重比;肺泡灌洗液细胞计数和蛋白浓度检测;肺组织病理切片常规HE染色观察肺组织形态变化并进行病理损伤评分;Western blot检测肺组织AT1R和Mas受体蛋白的表达。结果:模型组小鼠肺脏器系数、湿/干重比、肺泡灌洗液细胞计数和蛋白浓度在LIR后显著升高。病理学结果显示,LIR后不同时点小鼠肺组织出现肺泡壁毛细血管扩张和充血、间质和肺泡水肿、血管壁和支气管壁炎症细胞浸润、肺泡间隔增厚、炎症细胞浸润及肺气肿等不同程度的损伤变化,且随着再灌注时间的延长,肺损伤评分逐渐升高。Western blot结果显示,AT1R蛋白在再灌注0.5 h时开始升高,1 h达到最高,之后随再灌注时间的延长,AT1R表达逐渐降低;Mas受体蛋白随再灌注时间延长逐渐升高。结论:LIR引起急性肺损伤,并随再灌注时间的延长损伤逐渐加重;AT1R和Mas受体蛋白表达的变化可能与小鼠LIR后急性肺损伤有关。     

Selectins and β2-integrins mediate post-ischaemic venular adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, but not capillary plugging, in isolated hearts

Leukocytes adhering to venular endothelium and emigrating into the tissue contribute to myocardial reperfusion injury. The aim of the present study was to characterize the contribution of two different families of adhesion molecules, selectins and integrins, to post-ischaemic capillary plugging and venular adhesion of leukocytes in an isolated heart model. Guinea-pig hearts were perfused using the Langendorff technique. After 20 min stabilization global ischaemia was induced for 15 min at 37 degrees C. With the onset of reperfusion 10(7) isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), prelabelled with rhodamine 6G, were infused within 1 min. Perfusion was continued for 2 min to wash out all cells not firmly adhering to the vascular endothelium. Hearts were then arrested, mounted on a microscope stage and perfused with a cardioplegic solution containing 0.01% fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (MW 150,000). In situ videofluorescence microscopy was used to quantify PMN plugging and adherent PMN. Four groups were studied: control (no treatment or ischaemia, n = 6); ischaemia (no treatment and 15 min ischaemia, n = 5); fucoidin (pretreatment of hearts and PMN with 0.3 mg/ml selectin inhibitor fucoidin and 15 min ischaemia, n = 5) and CD18 (pretreatment of PMN with 0.1 mg monoclonal antibody against CD18 and 15 min ischaemia, n = 5). Capillary plugging by PMN was 25 +/- 5 PMN/mm2 epicardial surface area and increased moderately to 55 +/- 6 PMN/mm2 in reperfused hearts. This increase was not affected by fucoidin or CD18 antibody. In contrast, post-ischaemic adhesion of PMN in small venules increased ninefold from 21 +/- 5 to 196 +/- 23 PMN/mm2 endothelial surface area. The increase in PMN adhesion to venular endothelium was blocked completely by pretreatment with fucoidin (19 +/- 5 PMN/mm-2) or CD18 antibody (7 +/- 2 PMN/mm-2). We conclude that selectin interaction alone is not sufficient to account for post-ischaemic PMN adhesion in the small venules of the coronary vasculature, because blocking the integrin subunit CD18 also inhibited PMN adhesion completely. On the other hand, neither integrins nor selectins seem to be involved in post-ischaemic capillary plugging by PMN in our perfused heart model.     

C5 is required for CD49d expression on neutrophils and VCAM expression on vascular endothelial cells following mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion

Complement activation is critical in the development of local mucosal damage and inflammation as well as of remote organ injury after mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. To further define the role of C5 activation in local and remote tissue injury, C5 deficient (C5(-/-)) and wild-type control (C5(+/+)) mice treated with an anti-C5 mAb were subjected to sham or ischemia followed by up to 4 h of reperfusion. The development of local (intestinal) and remote (lung) injury was associated with the expression of CD49d on the surface of circulating blood neutrophils and with VCAM on the endothelial cells of intestinal and lung vessels. Because CD49d heterodimerizes with integrin beta1 on the surface of neutrophils and can bind VCAM on the endothelium, we propose that complement activation causes organ damage by upregulating molecules that lead to inappropriate homing of neutrophils.     

Mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat lung.

In rats, we characterized the mediators of lung reperfusion injury after ischemia. Animals underwent left lung ischemia. After 90 minutes of ischemia, reperfusion for up to 4 hours was evaluated. Lung injury, as determined by vascular leakage of serum albumin, increased in ischemic-reperfused animals when compared with time-matched sham controls. Injury was biphasic, peaking at 30 minutes and 4 hours of reperfusion. The late but not the early phase of reperfusion injury is known to be neutrophil dependent. Bronchoalveolar lavage of ischemic-reperfused lungs at 30 minutes and 4 hours of reperfusion demonstrated increased presence of serum albumin, indicative of damage to the normal vascular/airway barrier. Lung mRNA for rat monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha peaked very early (between 0.5 and 1.0 hour) during the reperfusion process. Development of injury was associated with a decline in serum complement activity and progressive intrapulmonary sequestration of neutrophils. Administration of superoxide dismutase before reperfusion resulted in reduction of injury at 30 minutes of reperfusion. Complement depletion decreased injury at both 30 minutes and 4 hours of reperfusion. Requirements for tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 for early injury were shown whereas only tumor necrosis factor-alpha was involved at 4 hours. We propose that acute (30-minute) lung injury is determined in large part by products of activated lung macrophages whereas the delayed (4-hour) injury is mediated by products of activated and recruited neutrophils.     

Reduction of the multiple organ injury and dysfunction caused by endotoxemia in 5-lipoxygenase knockout mice and by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton

The role of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in the pathophysiology of the organ injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxin is not known. Here, we investigate the effects of treatment with 5-LOX inhibitor zileuton in rats and targeted disruption of the 5-LOX gene in mice (5-LOX(-/-)) on multiple organ injury/dysfunction caused by severe endotoxemia. We also investigate the expression of beta2-integrins CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18 on rat leukocytes by flow cytometry. Zileuton [3 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.)] or vehicle (10% dimethyl sulfoxide) was administered to rats 15 min prior to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli, 6 mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle (saline). 5-LOX(-/-) mice and wild-type littermate controls were treated with LPS (E. coli, 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or vehicle (saline). Endotoxemia for 6 h in rats or 16 h in mice resulted in liver injury/dysfunction (increase in the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin), renal dysfunction (creatinine), and pancreatic injury (lipase, amylase). Absence of functional 5-LOX (zileuton treatment or targeted disruption of the 5-LOX gene) reduced the multiple organ injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxemia. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) in the lung and ileum as well as pulmonary injury (histology) were markedly reduced in 5-LOX(-/-) mice. Zileuton also reduced the LPS-induced expression of CD11b/CD18 on rat leukocytes. We propose that endogenous 5-LOX metabolites enhance the degree of multiple organ injury/dysfunction caused by severe endotoxemia by promoting the expression of the adhesion molecule CD11b/CD18 and that inhibitors of 5-LOX may be useful in the therapy of the organ injury/dysfunction associated with endotoxic shock.     

The potential of monoclonal antibodies to reduce reperfusion injury in myocardial infarction

Reperfusion injury is mediated, in part, by the accumulation of platelets and leucocytes in the microvasculature after reflow. These components of the blood pool form aggregates that can obstruct flow in small vessels. In addition, mediators released from leucocytes and platelets further damage the reperfused myocardium. A strategy to limit reperfusion injury exploits the important role of membrane-bound adhesion molecules that attach platelets and leucocytes to themselves and to the vascular endothelium. Monoclonal antibodies against specific adhesion receptors effectively eliminate the function of the receptor. The most widely investigated receptors are P-selectin, present on platelets and the endothelium, CD11/CD18, present on leucocytes, and the fibrinogen receptor on platelets. Numerous animal studies have strongly supported the use of these monoclonal antibodies to block adhesion receptors as adjunctive reperfusion therapy. However, recent human trials have yielded disappointing results.     

Systemic upregulation of leukocyte integrins in response to lower body ischemia-reperfusion during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Ischemia and reperfusion in myocardial infarction and stroke are associated with upregulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules, which contributes to tissue injury by facilitating leukocyte adhesion and infiltration in the affected tissues. Surgical repair of the abdominal aortic aneurysm involves clamping and declamping of the aorta, which necessarily results in ischemia and reperfusion of the lower half of the body. Given the large volume of the affected tissues and unimpeded venous return during reperfusion, we hypothesized that the procedure may result in upregulation of leukocyte integrins in the systemic circulation. To test this hypothesis, we studied neutrophil and monocyte surface densities of CD11b and CD18 in patients undergoing elective infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Serial blood samples were collected from the radial artery and femoral vein during the operation and leukocyte CD11b and CD18 surface densities were quantified by flow cytometry. Following reperfusion, CD11b expression in neutrophils and monocytes increased significantly in femoral venous and arterial blood. The mean time to peak expression of CD11 b in neutrophils and monocytes during reperfusion was 34.4 and 31.4 minutes in venous and 38.5 and 36.4 minutes in arterial blood, respectively. Similar rises in CD18 expression on neutrophils and monocytes were observed in venous and arterial blood. The mean time to peak expression of CD18 in neutrophils and monocytes during reperfusion was 34.0 and 40.0 minutes in venous and 47.5 and 50.0 minutes in arterial blood, respectively.     

In vitro and in vivo selectin-blocking activities of sulfated lipids and sulfated sialyl compounds

There is accumulating evidence that sulfated lipids, sulfated oligosaccharides and other sulfated compounds are reactive with selectins in a manner that interferes with selectin interactions with their natural ligands. In the report we describe the ability of sulfated lipids (sulfatides and gangliosides) and multimeric forms of sulfated sialic acid to block binding of P- and E-selectin-Ig to neutrophils. The in vivo ability of these compounds to block lung injury in rats following i.v. infusion of purified cobra venom factor (CVF), which induces injury that is L- and P-selectin dependent, was also determined as well as effects on recruitment of neutrophils, as measured by lung myeloperoxidase. There was a significant correlation between the ability of sulfated lipids and sialyl compounds to interfere in vitro with P-selectin-Ig binding to neutrophils and to protect against P-selectin-dependent acute lung injury induced by CVF. The biological effects of these sulfated compounds were also associated with diminished accumulation of neutrophils. The protective effects of these compounds may be linked to their ability to interfere with P- selectin binding to counter-receptors on neutrophils.      

外源性一氧化碳抗大鼠肢体缺血再灌注所致肺损伤的实验研究

目的：观察外源性一氧化碳（CO）对大鼠肢体缺血再灌注（IR）所致肺损伤的作用及机制。 方法： 32只SD大鼠，随机分为4组(每组n=8)：对照组（control）、control+CO、IR和IR+CO组。复制大鼠双后肢缺血及再灌注后肺损伤模型。IR+CO和control+CO组在再灌注前1 h或相应时点置含2.5×10-8 CO的空气中，其余两组呼吸正常空气。观察大鼠肺组织学、肺组织中中性粒细胞（PMN）数目、丙二醛(MDA)含量、肺组织湿重和干重之比(W/D)以及动物生存情况等。应用一氧化碳血氧分析仪监测动脉血中碳氧血红蛋白(COHb)水平的变化；应用Western blotting检测肺组织中细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）表达的变化。 结果： IR组动物死亡率、肺组织中PMN数目、W/D、MDA含量和ICAM-1表达均显著高于control组；IR+CO组血内COHb水平显著高于IR组，而上述指标则均显著低于IR组、肺损伤减轻。 结论： 外源性CO可减轻肢体IR所致肺损伤，其机制可能与下调ICAM-1表达、抑制PMN在肺内聚集有关。     

肢体缺血再灌注后的肺损伤和细胞凋亡及NO的效应

目的：探讨肢体缺血再灌注（LIR）后肺的损伤性变化以及细胞凋亡在肺损伤发生中的作用；探讨一氧化氮（NO）对LIR后肺组织细胞凋亡的影响。 方法：采用本室常规方法复制大鼠LIR模型，给予外源性一氧化氮合酶底物（L-Arg）和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂(L-NAME)处理，采用原位末端标记法（TUNEL）检测缺血4 h再灌注4 h时各组动物肺组织细胞凋亡情况；采用放免法检测凋亡相关细胞因子TNF-α在肺组织的表达，结合计算机分析系统对结果进行定量分析；采用免疫组织化学方法检测Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3、TNF-α蛋白表达情况，结合自动图像分析系统对其结果进行定量分析；在光镜下观察肺组织的形态学改变。结果：大鼠LIR后4 h，肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞、肺血管内皮细胞呈凋亡改变,肺组织TNF-α、caspase-3、Bax明显上调,Bcl-2表达下调。L-Arg处理组，凋亡细胞数明显减少，肺组织TNF-α、caspase-3、Bax的表达情况与IR组相比明显减弱，Bcl-2表达明显增强；L-NAME处理组动物肺组织TNF-α、caspase-3、Bax的表达情况与IR组相比明显增强，Bcl-2表达明显减弱。结论：细胞凋亡参与了大鼠LIR后急性肺损伤的发生，且与TNF-α有关；NO可通过减弱细胞凋亡相关因子TNF-α的表达，减轻LIR后肺组织的细胞凋亡。     

火把花根片抑制大鼠急性肺损伤黏附分子表达

目的： 探讨火把花根片对大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）黏附分子表达的影响。方法: 经尾静脉注射油酸建立ALI模型并分为ALI组、火把花根＋ALI组和对照组。用流式细胞术和免疫组化SP法测定外周血中性粒细胞（PMN）和单核细胞黏附分子CD11a、CD11b和CD18的表达及肺组织ICAM-1活性，检测肺湿/干重比(W/D)、肺通透指数(LPI)、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞(WBC)数和活化PMN比值。结果: ALI组PMN和单核细胞表面的CD11a、CD11b、CD18和肺组织ICAM-1表达水平高于对照组(P<0.01) ，火把花根＋ALI组上述指标显著低于ALI组 (P<0.01)。肺W/D比 、LPI、BALF中WBC计数和活化PMN比值显著低于ALI组 (P<0.01)。结论: PMN和单核细胞黏附分子CD11a、CD11b、CD18和肺组织ICAM-1的表达上调，参与ALI的病理发展过程。火把花根片对ALI具有拮抗作用。