Awareness,practices, training,and confidence of Paediatric Diabetes Care Teams in relation to periodontitis

Diabetes and periodontal disease are non‐communicable chronic diseases that have a bi‐directional relationship. The European Federation of Periodontology and International Diabetes Federation recommend patients with diabetes should be screened for periodontal disease and referred to a dental professional where appropriate. This study investigated the awareness among Paediatric Diabetes Care Teams across England and Wales of diabetes as a risk factor for periodontal disease. The study enquired to the practices, training, and confidence of health care professionals in relation to periodontal disease. A semi‐structured online questionnaire was sent to all health care professionals working within Paediatric Diabetes Care Teams across England and Wales. Findings showed that 76.2% of participants were aware that periodontitis is a possible complication of diabetes. Only 5.2% screened for periodontal issues, while 27% of respondents stated that oral advice is not typically given to patients at their clinics and 92.3% said that there is no access to a periodontal service within their clinics. There were 76.4% participants who stated that patients are rarely or never referred to an external dental service for their periodontal health. Only 4.8% of respondents said they have received training for recognizing patients who require dental care for their periodontal health, while 23.2% feel confident identifying children who require referral and 85.4% of participants feel they would benefit from further training in periodontal health. In conclusion, patients are not routinely being informed of the risk of periodontitis or being screened or referred for it. Further training would be perceived as beneficial.     

移动ICU远距离院际转运危重症患儿的应用价值

目的 探讨移动ICU远距离院际转运在危重症患儿救治中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月我院重症医学科移动ICU模式远距离院际转运收治的467例危重症患儿的临床资料.结果 467例危重症患儿转运自南宁周边县市共27家医疗单位,其中男295例,女172例;年龄29d~11岁(中位数10个月);体重2.5~40.0kg(中位数8.3kg);转运距离68~436km(中位数157km);转运时间1.5~13.0h(中位数5.3h);小儿危重病例评分平均为(83±10)分;转运前急救107例(22.9%,107/467),其中气管插管63例(58.9%),抗休克治疗26例(24.3%);转运途中所有467例患儿均给予持续心电、血压、血氧饱和度监测及静脉补液维持内环境稳定等对症支持治疗,其中镇静/镇痛341例(73.0%),机械通气185例(39.6%),大剂量血管活性药物维持15例(3.2%);467例患儿均成功到达我院,通过绿色通道收住重症医学科,监测生命体征与转运前比较明显好转[心率:(143±19)次/min比(165±24)次/min;平均动脉压:(76±5)mmHg比(71±4)mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa;经皮氧饱和度:(95±2)%比(92±2)%;pH:7.37±0.04比7.34±0.03;乳酸:(2.5±0.2)mmol/L比(2.8±0.3)mmol/L],差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01).结论 移动ICU模式远距离院际转运有利于积极有效救治危重症患儿,提高转运过程的安全系数,值得推广.     

High-frequency oscillatory ventilation combined with intermittent mandatory ventilation in critically ill neonates: 3 years of experience

A heterogeneous group of 45 neonates with severe pulmonary disease and inadequate gas exchange on conventional intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) was treated with a high-frequency oscillator combined with an IMV (HFO-IMV) system (Emerson Airway Vibrator connected to a BABYBird 1 ventilator). The mean gestational age was 33 weeks (25.5–43) and mean birth weight 2.02 kg (0.66–4.24). Primary diagnoses included respiratory distress syndrome (RDS; 23), pneumonia (12), persistent fetal circulation (PFC; 6), diaphragmatic hernia/hypoplastic lungs (4). The IMV rate was reduced from 78 to 29 BPM (P0.0005), while maintaining lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) (P<0.005) and higher partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) (P0.0025). Active air leaks were present in 20 infants and these infants responded most favourably to HFO-IMV. HFO-IMV failed to improve ventilation in neonates with diaphragmatic hernia/hypoplastic lungs. Complications during HFO-IMV were increased pulmonary secretions (11), worsening or recurrence of pre-existing air leaks (11), or occurrence of new air leaks (10). In 4 patients death was related to major air leak complications. Twenty-four infants died, 18 of them of a respiratory cause. Twenty-one infants finally survived. We assembled a well-tolerated system to provide HFO-IMV and to successfully ventilate neonates with severe respiratory disease, who failed to respond to conventional IMV. Initiation of HFO-IMV earlier in the course of the disease in this type of infant may improve survival.Abbreviations BPM breaths per minute - FiO₂ fraction of inspired oxygen - HFI high-frequency flow interrupter - HFJ(V) high-frequency jet (ventilation) - HFO high-frequency oscillation - HFO-IMV high-frequency oscillation combined with intermittent mandatory ventilation - HFPP(V) high-frequency positive pressure (ventilation) - IMV intermittent mandatory ventilation - P(a)CO₂ partial pressure of (arterial) carbon dioxide - P(a)O₂ partial pressure of (arterial) oxygen - Paw mean airway pressure - PFC persistent fetal circulation - PIE pulmonary interstitial emphysema - PIP peak inspiratory pressure - RDS (infant) respiratory distress syndrome     

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目的 比较新生儿危重病例评分(NCIS)与美国新生儿急性生理学评分围产期补充Ⅱ(SNAPPE-Ⅱ)在危重新生儿死亡风险预测方面的优越性,探索适合我国新生儿疾病危重度判断的评分系统。方法 对2008年1-12月入住东南大学附属中大医院新生儿重症监护室(NICU)的525例患儿同时采用NCIS和SNAPPE-Ⅱ两种评分系统进行评分,根据评分将入组病例分为极危重、危重、非危重3组,分别对各组病死率进行比较,并描绘受试者工作特征曲线(ROC),比较ROC曲线下面积(AUC),以观察两种评分系统在预测危重新生儿死亡风险的特异度及灵敏度。结果 非危重组、极危重组中,NCIS评分及SNAPPE-Ⅱ的病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);危重组中,两种评分病死率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);AUC分别为NCIS评分0.934,SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分0.926,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 NCIS评分对危重新生儿的筛出能力较强,但对临床决策无早期指导作用。SNAPPE-Ⅱ评分能早期、较准确预测患儿死亡风险,临床应用较简便,宜推广使用。     

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目的 探讨危重新生儿早期喂养方式对胃肠功能的影响及与胃肠损害发生的关系.方法 2001年6月至2004年6月对中山大学附属第一医院黄埔院区收治的56例危重新生儿开展前瞻性研究并对其临床资料进行分析.随机将早产儿和足月儿分为按需喂养组和微量喂养组,其中24例早产儿中,按需喂养组和微量喂养组各12例;32例足月儿中,按需喂养组和微量喂养组各16例.所有新生儿在生后6h内开奶,按微量喂养[0.1～4.0 mL/(kg·d)]和按需喂养[开始10～20 mL/(kg·d),以后每天每次增加10～15 mL]分成两组,观察比较两种不同喂养方式新生儿发生胃肠损害的情况.结果 (1)无论早产或足月儿,微量喂养儿胃肠损害发生率明显低于按需喂养儿(P＜0.05).(2)早产儿胃肠损害发生率明显高于足月儿(P＜0.05).(3)生后24h内胃肠损害发生率明显高于24～48 h胃肠损害发生率(P＜0.05).(4)出生48h内极危重患儿胃肠损害发生率显著高于危重组患儿(P＜0.05).结论 危重新生儿出生后不宜过早全奶按需喂养,生后24h内尤应慎重;提倡出生后6h从1∶1稀释奶开始,微量喂养,缓慢加奶,至生后48h才逐渐过渡至全奶,以减少胃肠损害的发生.     

Neonatal resuscitation training program in Malaysia: results of the first 2 years

OBJECTIVES: To determine the number of providers and instructors trained by the initial 37 core instructors during the first 2 years following the launch of the Malaysian Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). To identify remediable problems which interfered with the propagation of the NRP in Malaysia. METHODOLOGY: A prospective observational study carried out over a 2-year period between 2 September 1996 to 2 September 1998. For every training course conducted, the instructors completed a NRP course report form (Form A) that documented the instructors involved in the course. For every participant who attended the course and successfully completed it, the instructors submitted a record form (Form B) that contained the name, hospital address, department, profession, place of work, language used for training and the marks obtained by the individual participant. After each course, completed forms A and B were returned to the NRP secretariat for compilation. RESULTS: Of the 37 core instructors, 35 (94.6%) carried out training courses in their respective home states. A further 513 new instructors and 2256 providers were trained subsequently. A total of 2806 health personnel from all 13 states of Malaysia were NRP-certified during the first 2 years. However, 61.2% (n = 335) of the 550 instructors were inactive trainers, having trained less than four personnel per instructor a year. Most of the NRP-certified personnel were either doctors (32.0%) or nursing staff (64.4%). More than 60% of these worked either in the labour rooms, neonatal intensive care units or special care nurseries. At least one person from all three university hospitals and all general hospitals, 89.3% (92/103) of the district hospitals, 3.5% (73/2090) of the maternal and child health services, and 21% (46/219) of the private hospitals and maternity homes, were trained in the NRP. CONCLUSION: Dissemination of the NRP in Malaysia during the first 2 years was very encouraging. Further efforts should be made to spread the program to private hospitals and the maternal and child health services. In view of the large number of inactive instructors, the criteria for future selection of instructors should be more stringent.     

Essential newborn care training activities: 8 years of experience in Eastern European, Caucasian and Central Asian countries

There is still an alarming gap in neonatal healthcare and outcome between Western and Eastern European countries and the former USSR countries in particular. Most of the causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity can be prevented or managed by simple cost-effective interventions aimed at improving quality of healthcare, health system organisation and family and community participation. Training of health professionals and health policy-makers in the field of essential neonatal care and breastfeeding promotion is one of the cornerstones of the World Health Organization (WHO) initiatives Making Pregnancy Safer (MPS) and Promoting Effective Perinatal Care (PEPC) - the latter specifically tailored to the European Region - aimed at ensuring safe pregnancy and childbirth through ensuring the availability, access and use of quality skilled care. After 8 years of experience of training in essential neonatal care, positive changes in planning for and delivering neonatal care are taking place, even in challenging contexts, and this model of intervention should be further implemented in the region.     

Management of 35 critically ill hyperammonemic neonates: Role of early administration of metabolite scavengers and continuous hemodialysis

Neurological involvement is frequent in inherited metabolic disease of the intoxication type. Hyperammonemic coma related to these diseases may cause severe neurological sequelae. Early optimal treatment is mandatory combining metabolite scavengers (MS) and sometimes continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD). We aimed to describe the therapeutic management of hyperammonemia in neonates upon diagnosis of their metabolic disease and to compare neonates managed with MS alone or with both MS and CVVHD. We conducted a retrospective study including all neonates admitted for initial hyperammonemia to the pediatric intensive care unit of a Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, between 2001 and 2012. The study included 35 neonates. Before admission, MS were initiated for 11 neonates. At admission, the median ammonia levels were 391 μmol/L and were significantly lower in neonates who received MS before admission. At admission, ammonia levels were 644 μmol/L in dialyzed and 283 μmol/L in non-dialyzed neonates. The median time to reach a 50% decrease of the initial ammonia levels was significantly shorter in dialyzed neonates; however, the normalization of ammonia levels was similar between dialyzed and non-dialyzed neonates. Hemodynamic disorders were more frequent in dialyzed neonates.ConclusionMS represent an effective treatment for hyperammonemia and should be available in all pediatric units to avoid the need for CVVHD. Although CVVHD enhances the kinetics of toxic metabolite decrease, it is associated with adverse hemodynamic effects.     

The relationship between personal breastfeeding experience and the breastfeeding attitudes, knowledge, confidence and effectiveness of Australian GP registrars

In conjunction with other health professionals, doctors believe they play an important role in promoting breastfeeding to women. Although many have positive breastfeeding attitudes, significant knowledge deficits often limit their capacity to effectively encourage, support and assist breastfeeding women and their infants. Personal breastfeeding experience (of self or partner) may be the main source of breastfeeding knowledge and skill development and is related to improved knowledge, more positive attitudes and greater confidence. This paper describes the relationship between the cumulative length of personal breastfeeding experience and the breastfeeding knowledge and attitudes of a cohort of Australian general practice (GP) registrars, as well as their confidence and perceived effectiveness assisting breastfeeding women. The Australian Breastfeeding Knowledge and Attitude Questionnaire containing demographic items, a 20-item attitude scale and a 40-item knowledge scale was distributed between February and May 2007 to Australian GP registrars in their final year of training. Participants with more than 52-week cumulative personal (self or partner) breastfeeding experience had the highest mean knowledge score, had more positive attitudes, and were more confident and effective than all other participants. Parents with limited personal experience (相似文献   

肠道病毒71型感染导致危重手足口病患儿的救治体会

目的 探讨肠道病毒71型(EV71)感染导致危重手足口病患儿的救治体会.方法 选取手足口病定点PICU收治的30例均合并神经、呼吸或循环系统损害的危重手足口病患儿,观察其预后,并评价治疗效果.结果 30例患儿均给予呼吸机治疗,存活19例,死亡11例.其中6例病情进展迅速,抢救无效死亡;2例因脑死亡放弃治疗;3例不能恢复...     

New developments: training in the facilitation of work discussion groups*

Invitations to provide training in the work discussion model and its facilitation led the authors to question how we learn to facilitate work discussion groups. The authors describe their experience of developing a pilot five day foundation course in Work Discussion Group facilitation with participants who were unfamiliar with the Work Discussion Group model. The paper describes the thinking behind the training, its central elements and the emphasis on learning from experience as student participants became familiar with being Work Discussion Group members, presenters and, later, to trying out the role of facilitator.

The authors draw on their experience of running these training programmes, and of leading work discussion seminars themselves to illustrate how opportunities to take up the facilitation task, with support and consultation from the two course leaders, enabled participants to consolidate their understanding of work discussion itself as well as of the task of the facilitator. This task is particularly important in terms of containing the group and keeping it on task, while taking note of unconscious processes and powerful projections of anxiety and inadequacy which dominate in early presentations of oneself in a work interaction. Despite the authors’ reservations about what would be possible in such a course, especially given its brief nature and the limited experience of many participants, the outcomes indicate that the course had a powerful and transformational impact on many; some went on to introduce work discussion into their own work settings, and to research it.     

尿胱抑素C和白细胞介素-18对危重新生儿急性肾损伤的预测价值

目的 探讨尿胱抑素C(Cys C)和尿白细胞介素-18 (IL-18)对危重新生儿急性肾损伤(AKI)的早期预测价值.方法 选择2010年9月至2011年2月生后6h内入住本院新生儿重症监护病房的新生儿为研究对象进行前瞻性研究,根据入院1周内是否发生AKI,分为AKI组和非AKI组(对照组).检测患儿入院当日尿Cys C、IL-18、微量白蛋白(MA)、α1微球蛋白(α1-MG)水平,并于入院24 h内进行新生儿急性生理学评分(SNAP).以多因素Logistic回归分析评估在校正混杂因素后尿Cys C、IL-18与AKI的关系,用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线及曲线下面积(AUC)评价尿Cys C、IL-18对新生儿AKI的预测价值.结果 研究期间共纳入57例新生儿,11例(19.3％)在入院1周内发生AKI.AKI组出生体重、胎龄、Apagr评分均低于对照组,尿Cys C、IL-18、α1-MG、MA水平及SNAP评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,在校正胎龄、出生体重、尿MA、α1-MG水平及SNAP评分等因素后,尿Cys C、IL-18浓度与AKI显著相关.尿Cys C和IL-18预测新生儿AKI的AUC值分别为0.91 (95％ CI0.82 ～0.99,P＜0.001)和0.74(95％ CI0.53～0.95,P=0.015).结论 尿Cys C、IL-18是新生儿AKI的独立预测指标,尿Cys C具有更好的早期预测价值.     

Fusidic acid and heparin lock solution for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections in critically ill neonates: a retrospective study and a prospective, randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are one of the main morbidities in critically ill neonates. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a fusidic acid-heparin lock in the prevention of CRBSIs. DESIGN: A preliminary retrospective study showed that staphylococcal infections were largely prevalent. We planned a prospective, randomized trial to ascertain whether fusidic acid and heparin lock of central venous catheters would reduce the incidence of CRBSIs. SETTING: Level III neonatal intensive care unit. PATIENTS: One hundred three neonates were enrolled and randomly assigned to a treatment group (n = 50) or control group (n = 53). INTERVENTIONS: Fusidic acid (4 mg/mL) and heparin (10 IU/mL) lock in the treatment group. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The treatment group showed significantly lower incidence of CRBSIs (6.6 vs. 24.9 per 1000 catheter days; p < .01; relative risk 0.28; 95% confidence interval 0.13-0.60). No staphylococcal infections occurred in the treatment group, while in the control group Staphylococcus remained the main agent of CRBSI. Cost analysis comparing the present study and for the treatment of CRBSIs proved that antibiotic lock is financially favorable. CONCLUSIONS: Fusidic acid-heparin lock solution reduced the incidence of CRBSIs in our neonatal intensive care unit. However, we recommend basing antibiotic lock on local CRBSI epidemiology. With regard to fusidic acid, further and broader studies could be useful to confirm our results.