肠内营养制剂"均营素"在重型颅脑损伤术后病人的临床应用研究

目的:评价"均营素"肠内营养(EN)支持在重型颅脑损伤术后病人的应用效果.方法:将62例重型颅脑损伤病人随机分为试验组和对照组.试验组32例,经鼻胃管管饲EN制剂"均营素";对照组30例,管饲家庭自制流质饮食.比较两组病人EN前后血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、总淋巴细胞计数(...     

重型颅脑损伤后早期肠内营养相关并发症分析

目的:观察重型颅脑损伤后早期肠内营养(EN)相关并发症的发生特点、相关因素及防治措施.方法:360例接受早期肠内营养支持的重型颅脑损伤病人,入住ICU后进行GCS评分,置鼻胃(肠)管,48 h后开始EN,观察伤后第7 d EN最大输注量(mL/d)、过渡至完全肠内营养(TEN)的时间(d)、伤后第7 d实现TEN的病例数及血糖和血清清蛋白(ALB)和谷丙转氨酶变化,记录各种肠内营养并发症的发生率.结果:颅脑损伤后早期EN并发症发生特点:伤后1周内以腹胀、呕吐、反流和误吸为主,1周后以腹泻为主;腹胀和呕吐的发生与鼻饲管所在位置有关,腹泻发生与GCS评分和ALB水平呈负相关;GCS评分越低,EN耐受的最大输注量越低、过渡至TEN的时间越长、相关并发症的发生率亦增加.结论:重型颅脑损伤后早期肠内营养相关并发症与其损伤程度、血清清蛋白水平等因素呈负相关;使用鼻肠管可降低腹胀和呕吐的发生率.     

自制复合全营养膳对重症病人肠内营养支持的临床应用

目的:总结自制复合全营养膳对411例重症病人的肠内营养支持的临床应用情况. 方法:观察复合全营养膳对胸科术后和脑卒中病人的肠内营养支持效果和管饲肠内营养支持对胃肠并发症的影响,并对长期应用该制剂病人的血清三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(CH)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)进行测定. 结果: ①复合全营养膳与常规肠外营养支持和常用商品肠内营养制剂相比较,实验组与对照组间的体重、血清总蛋白(TP)、血清清蛋白(Alb)、血红蛋白(Hb)、肱三头肌皮皱厚度(TSF)、臂肌围 (AMC)均无显著差异,都维持在较好水平.实验组营养治疗费用明显低于对照组; ②18例长期管饲肠内营养支持病人血清TG、CH、TP、Alb、K 、Na 以及有关肝、肾功能生化指标测定均无明显异常改变; ③246例管饲营养支持病人中,胃肠并发症发生率与腹泻发生率分别为21.1%和6.9%. 结论:自制复合全营养膳对重症病人肠内营养支持具有胃肠道并发症发生率低、长期应用对机体物质代谢、肝肾功能无明显影响以及营养治疗费用低等特点,效果理想.     

重度脑卒中恢复期病人肠内营养支持的临床研究

目的:探讨重度脑卒中恢复期伴进食障碍病人进行肠内营养(EN)支持前后,营养状况指标、耐受性和感染并发症的对比研究. 方法:检测45例脑卒中恢复期病人治疗前、治疗后1、3和6个月血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白( ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、血红蛋白(Hb)、转铁蛋白(TF)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、IgA和IgG等指标,...     

危重症病人肠内与肠外营养支持的对比观察

目的:对比研究危重症病人EN与PN支持的效果.方法:将48例危重症病人随机分为EN组和PN组,对比观察营养支持后两组病人的Hb、PA、血清总蛋白(TP)、ALB等营养指标以及腹泻、腹胀、胃肠道出血、肝功能损害、高血糖等并发症的发生率.结果:经EN支持后,病人的Hb、TP和PA明显升高(P<0.05);而PN组与营养支持前比较,病人各指标无显著性差异.PN组并发症的发生率高于EN组.结论:EN支持可较好地改善病人的营养状况,并发症少,是危重症病人较好的营养支持方式.     

食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养的临床应用

目的:观察食管癌病人术后早期肠内营养(EEN)实施的方法和效果。方法:将186例食管癌病人按术后不同营养支持方法分为两组,EEN组94例,术后行EEN;肠外营养(PN)组92例,术后给予TPN支持。比较两组病人术后并发症的发生情况、术后恢复情况,检测病人术后第10天血清清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(UN)、肌酐(Cr)等指标。结果:EEN组病人术后并发症的发生率明显低于PN组(P<0.05),而腹泻发生率高于PN组(P<0.05);术后肠蠕动恢复时间、肛门排气排便时间和住院时间均较PN组短(P<0.05)。住院费用、胃肠减压总量和胸腔引流液量,亦较PN组明显减少(P<0.05)。EEN组病人术后ALB、PA、TP水平高于PN组(P<0.05),而UN、Cr和白细胞总数均低于PN组(P<0.05)。结论:食管癌病人术后早期给予EN安全、有效、可行,较PN有明显的优势。     

重型颅脑损伤急诊手术后的营养支持70例护理观察

目的观察重症颅脑损伤患者早期肠内营养支持的临床效果。方法将70例重症颅脑外伤昏迷患者随机分为早期肠内营养支持组（观察组）36例和传统营养组（对照组）34例,对两组治疗前后及组间各项营养指标进行比较。结果治疗2周后,观察组和对照组患者血清总蛋白（TP）、血清白蛋白（ALB）、血清前白蛋白（PALB）均较入院时增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。组间比较,治疗后的TP、ALB、PALB在观察组的改善情况均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。对照组并发症发生率高于肠内营养组（P〈0.05）。结论早期肠内营养支持治疗可改善重症颅脑损伤患者的营养状况,减少并发症,改善预后,促进恢复。     

老年人胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的临床研究

目的:研究老年人胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的安全性和合理性.方法:选择年龄60岁以上胃癌手术的26例病人,随机分为肠内营养(EN)组和肠外营养(PN)组,每组13例.检测手术前后人体测量学指标及血红蛋白(Hb)、血浆清蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TFN)和纤维连接蛋白(Fn),同时观察胃肠功能恢复情况.两组营养支持均为等热量.结果:术后两组病人的人体测量学指标和Hb、ALB差异均无显著性意义(P＞0.05);术后第8 d病人均由负氮平衡转为正氮平衡;术后第4、8 d时,两组的Fn比术前明显升高(P＜0.05、P＜0.01),而且术后第8d时EN组的上升比PN组更明显(P＜0.05);肛门排气时间EN组比PN组早(P＜0.05).结论:老年人胃癌术后给予早期肠内营养支持,可促进病人胃肠功能的恢复和改善营养代谢.     

短肽型肠内营养制剂对儿童胰腺炎营养治疗的效果观察

目的:观察胰腺炎病儿应用短肽型肠内营养(EN)制剂进行营养治疗的效果. 方法:将58例胰腺炎病儿随机分为试验组与对照组,每组各29例.试验组给予短肽型EN制剂,对照组予传统膳食.分别于治疗前和治疗后5d测定血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、前清蛋白(PA)和血红蛋白(Hb)等,并记录两组病儿的感染并发症发生率以及住院天数. 结果:治疗后试验组病儿Hb、TP、ALB、PA、GLO水平显著高于治疗前,且Hb、PA、GLO水平亦明显高于对照组.两组病儿均未发生感染性并发症,试验组病儿平均住院时间明显短于对照组. 结论:应用短肽型EN制剂有利于胰腺炎病儿营养状况和免疫功能的恢复.     

免疫肠内营养在高龄胃癌病人术后免疫调节作用的观察

目的:观察免疫肠内营养对高龄胃癌病人术后恢复、免疫功能、营养状况的影响。方法:将68例高龄胃癌病人(70岁)手术后随机分为免疫肠内+肠外营养(EN+PN)组和肠外营养(PN)组。于术前1 d、术后第1和第7天检测相关的营养和免疫血清指标,观察术后恢复情况,并比较和分析。结果:两组病人术后第1天血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、Ig G、Ig A水平以及CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8较术前1 d有显著下降。术后7天EN+PN组血清TP、ALB、PA、Ig G、Ig A以及CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8与PN组比有显著性差异(P0.01)。术后EN+PN组和PN组发生术后并发症无显著性差异。结论:早期使用肠内免疫营养制剂,可改善高龄胃癌病人手术后的免疫功能和营养状态。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.