肝、胰头、十二指肠联合切除并肝移植治疗肝门部胆管癌1例

背景：由于肝门部解剖学的特殊性和复杂性,肝门部胆管癌长期以来都是外科治疗中的难点。目的：评价肝、胰头、十二指肠联合切除并肝移植治疗晚期肝门部胆管癌的安全性和可行性。方法：对1例Bismuth分型为Ⅳ型且合并肝门部及胰头后淋巴结转移的肝门部胆管癌患者实施肝、胰头、十二指肠联合切除并原位肝移植。肝移植后初期采用激素、他克莫司及吗替麦考酚酯三联免疫抑制治疗,激素用量较常规小并迅速撤除。对早期肝功能及胰腺功能进行连续观察,并对肿瘤标志物CA19-9进行监测。结果与结论：病理报告为中、低分化性肝门部胆管癌侵犯左、右肝管并肝方叶、肝门部及胰头后淋巴结有转移,胰头、十二指肠及切除部分胃未见癌侵犯。肝移植后患者肝功能恢复顺利,胰腺内、外分泌功能保持良好,CA19-9降至正常。术后1个月患者痊愈出院,随访1年,患者仍生存。说明肝、胰头、十二指肠联合切除并肝移植治疗肝门部胆管癌是安全可行的。     

肝、胰头、十二指肠联合切除并肝移植治疗肝门部胆管癌1例

背景:由于肝门部解剖学的特殊性和复杂性,肝门部胆管癌长期以来都是外科治疗中的难点.目的:评价肝、胰头、十二指肠联合切除并肝移植治疗晚期肝门部胆管癌的安全性和可行性.方法:对1例Bismuth分型为Ⅳ型且合并肝门部及胰头后淋巴结转移的肝门部胆管癌患者实施肝、胰头、十二指肠联合切除并原位肝移植.肝移植后初期采用激素、他克莫司及吗替麦考酚酯三联免疫抑制治疗,激素用量较常规小并迅速撤除.对早期肝功能及胰腺功能进行连续观察,并对肿瘤标志物CA19-9进行监测.结果与结论:病理报告为中、低分化性肝门部胆管癌侵犯左、右肝管并肝方叶、肝门部及胰头后淋巴结有转移,胰头、十二指肠及切除部分胃未见癌侵犯.肝移植后患者肝功能恢复顺利,胰腺内、外分泌功能保持良好,CA19-9降至正常.术后1个月患者痊愈出院,随访1年,患者仍生存.说明肝、胰头、十二指肠联合切除并肝移植治疗肝门部胆管癌是安全可行的.     

胆道外科成功实施四川省首例肝门胆管癌扩大根治术加胰十二指肠切除术

近期四川大学华西医院胆道外科李富宇教授为1例肝门胆管癌累及胰头的患者,实施了四川省首例按国际手术规范进行的肝门胆管癌扩大根治术加胰十二指肠切除术。肝胆胰联合切除治疗肝门胆管癌系国际肝胆外科界公认的顶级手术之一,手术切除范围涉及肝脏、胆道、血管、淋巴结、下腔静脉及腹腔干周围脂肪组织、胰头、胃窦、十二指肠、小肠,手术难度和风险极大,目前国内仅有极个别病例报道。以手术难度和规模而言,在肝胆外科界,除肝移植以外,肝门胆管癌根治术和胰十二指肠切除术分列第二位和第三位,同时实施肝胆外科界第二大和第三大规模的手术,手术的难度、创伤及手术风险极大。国外有报道应用肝门胆管癌扩大根治术加胰十二指肠切除术治疗肝门胆管癌的围手术期病死率最高达50％～70％。该例肝胆胰联合切除治疗肝门胆管癌手术历时13个小时,患者术后第2日即拔出气管插管,从综合外科重症监护病房转回普通病房,目前患者恢复顺利。肝胆胰联合切除治疗肝门胆管癌手术的实施推动了四川省肝门胆管癌治疗与国际诊疗标准的接轨。     

门静脉动脉化在肝门胆管癌根治术中的应用研究进展

将肝动脉内的血流引入到门静脉系统内,即门静脉动脉化技术,已经在肝门部胆管癌根治术中得到广泛应用,但其应用仍存在争议。现复习近年来国内、外有关门静脉动脉化在治疗肝门部胆管癌的文献并进行综述,从而探讨门静脉动脉化在肝门部胆管癌根治术中使用的利弊,以更好地指导临床工作。     

肝门部胆管癌的术前影像学评估

近年来,肝门部胆管癌发病率呈逐渐上升趋势,术前影像学评估对选择临床外科治疗方案至关重要.磁共振胰胆管成像可在术前无创、准确地做出分型,结合传统MR扫描,能完成"一站式"检查,对肝门部胆管癌做出较准确全面的术前评估.     

肝、胰头十二指肠联合切除并肝移植治疗肝门部胆管癌1例

对1例Bismuth分型为Ⅳ型且合并肝门部及胰头后淋巴结转移的肝门部胆管癌患者,施行肝、胰头十二指肠联合切除并原位肝移植.移植后初期采用激素、FK506及骁悉三联免疫抑制治疗,激素用量较常规小并迅速撤除.对早期肝功能及胰腺功能情况作了连续观察,并对肿瘤标志物CA19-9作了对比观察.移植后病理报告为中、低分化性肝门部胆管癌侵犯左、右肝管并肝方叶,肝门部及胰头后淋巴结有转移,胰头、十二指肠及切除之部分胃未见癌侵犯.患者移植肝功能恢复顺利,胰腺内、外分泌功能保持良好.CA19-9降至正常.移植后1个月患者痊愈出院.现患者已存活10个月,未发现肿瘤复发迹象.作者认为,肝、胰头十二指肠联合切除并肝移植治疗肝门部胆管癌是安全可行的.     

35例肝门部胆管癌的外科诊治体会

肝门部胆管癌(HBDca)是指发生在左右肝管及其汇合部和肝总管的癌肿，也称高位胆管癌。是肝外胆管癌的主要类型，约占胆管癌的50％～75％。近年来文献报道其发病率呈上升趋势，手术切除率为64．1％。我院自．1992年1月至2001年12月，共收治肝门部胆管癌35例。现就肝门部胆管癌的诊断及外科治疗分析如下：     

肝叶切除并肝门胆管癌根治术对肝门胆管癌的治疗效果

目的探讨肝叶切除并肝门胆管癌根治术治疗肝门胆管癌的疗效。方法选择2008年4月至2011年4月行肝门胆管癌根治术的患者96例,依据治疗方案分为两组,对照组给予肿瘤局部切除术,实验组给予联合肝叶切除术,随访观察患者术后根治性切除率、术后并发症及生存率,评价治疗效果。结果实验组术后根治性切除率为80.39%,高于对照组的46.67%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组术后3年生存率为29.41%,高于对照组的11.11%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肝叶切除并肝门胆管癌根治术可显著提高肝门胆管癌患者根治性切除率,改善其生活质量,延长生存期,疗效显著。     

老年肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗

肝门胆管癌早期诊断困难,手术切除率低,预后差。近年来随着医学影像技术的进步和外科技术的提高,肝门部胆管癌的手术切除率有了较大的提高,但老年患者由于全身脏器功能减退,并且常并存各种疾病,往往无法耐受联合半肝的扩大根治性手术治疗而导致治疗效果差。     

肝门胆管癌的基因组学

肝门胆管癌是指发生在肝门部的肝外恶性肿瘤,约占肝外胆管癌的50％～75％。胆管癌的发病较少见,男女发病差异无统计学意义,50岁以上多见,但国内外胆管肿瘤发病率近年来均有显著上升趋势。基因组学是指研究生物基因组及如何利用基因的一门学问。     

Importance of the detection method for intact dimeric human chorionic gonadotropin without interference with the free human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit for pregnancy exclusion before liver transplantation in a woman with cholangiocarcinoma.

Assay of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is mainly used for the detection and monitoring of pregnancy, and for the follow-up of trophoblastic tumors. The serum free beta-hCG subunit (hCGbeta) is also a tumor marker in many non-trophoblastic tumors, including gastrointestinal cancers. In this work, we compared the performance of several immunoassays for pregnancy exclusion before liver transplantation and in the follow-up of a woman with cholangiocarcinoma. Serum hCG was detected with the Abbott Testpack plus hCG-Combo and measured with four automated sandwich immunoassays: ADVIA-Centaur, ACS:180, AxSYM and Dimension. hCGbeta was determined by an automated fluorescence sandwich immunoassay (Kryptor-Free beta hCG) and with a specific immunoradiometric assay (ELSA-F beta hCG, Schering). The expression of hCG was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry on sections of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells and on peritoneal metastases. Before transplantation, discordant results were observed for pregnancy exclusion. Qualitative Testpack and Dimension tests detected no hCG-like immunoreactivity, whereas the ADVIA-Centaur, ACS:180 and AxSYM tests revealed positive levels. The same discrepancy was obtained in follow-up of the patient after liver transplantation. hCGbeta assay and immunohistochemical staining revealed tumor cell secretion of hCGbeta. In conclusion, a specific serum immunoassay for intact dimeric hCG without cross-reaction with hCGbeta should be adopted as routine policy for pregnancy exclusion before liver transplantation.     

Cholestatic liver disease. Recognizing the clinical signs

Cholestatic liver disease in women is most often seen as primary biliary cirrhosis, an autoimmune disease that may take many years to cause symptoms and is often a challenge for physicians to identify. Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a cholestatic liver disease with a more straightforward presentation. Most commonly seen in men, this disease may rapidly progress to cirrhosis or to a third common cholestatic disease, cholangiocarcinoma. In this article, Drs Bhatia and Mihas discuss the etiologic and diagnostic features of these entities and explore medical, surgical, and palliative treatment approaches. In all three diseases, liver transplantation is a viable, life-extending therapeutic option.     

Treatment options for hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers account for 4% of all cancers in the United States. Traditionally, these cancers have had a high mortality rate and have been poorly responsive to therapy. Because of a growing number of treatment options, patients are now living longer. For hepatocellular carcinoma, a broad number of treatment options are available, including surgery, ablation, embolization, systemic therapy, and liver transplantation. Treatment options for cholangiocarcinoma include surgery, systemic therapy, and liver transplantation. For pancreatic cancer, surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy all have potential roles. This review provides an updated summary of diagnosis and assessment together with treatment options for this group of cancers.     

Imaging spectrum of cholangiocarcinoma: role in diagnosis,staging, and posttreatment evaluation

Cholangiocarcinoma, a tumor of biliary epithelium, is increasing in incidence. The imaging appearance, behavior, and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma differ according to its location and morphology. Cholangiocarcinoma is usually classified as intrahepatic, perihilar, or distal. The three morphologies are mass-forming, periductal sclerosing, and intraductal growing. As surgical resection is the only cure, prompt diagnosis and accurate staging is crucial. In staging, vascular involvement, longitudinal spread, and lymphadenopathy are important to assess. The role of liver transplantation for unresectable peripheral cholangiocarcinoma will be discussed. Locoregional therapy can extend survival for those with unresectable intrahepatic tumors. The main risk factors predisposing to cholangiocarcinoma are parasitic infections, primary sclerosing cholangitis, choledochal cysts, and viral hepatitis. Several inflammatory conditions can mimic cholangiocarcinoma, including IgG4 disease, sclerosing cholangitis, Mirizzi’s syndrome, and recurrent pyogenic cholangitis. The role of PET in diagnosis and staging will also be discussed. Radiologists play a crucial role in diagnosis, staging, and treatment of this disease.     

Early phase detection of bile leak after hepatobiliary surgery: value of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR cholangiography

Purpose

To assess the value of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MR cholangiography for the detection of bile leaks after hepatobiliary surgery.

Methods

Twenty-three patients with symptoms suggestive of bile leak underwent conventional fat-suppressed T1- and T2-weighted MR cholangiography followed by Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR cholangiography using gradient-echo (GRE) T2-weighted sequences and fat-suppressed T1-weighted 3D gradient-echo sequences 20?min after an intravenous bolus of Gd-EOB-DTPA. The results of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR cholangiography correlated with clinical findings, surgical repair, and the results of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.

Results

The results of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR cholangiography were negative in 13 patients (cholecystectomy 5, liver transplantation 2, liver resection for focal lesions 2, cholangiocarcinoma 1, and partial hepatectomy after liver injury 1). In 10 patients in whom bile leaks were detected, this complication occurred after liver resection for focal lesions in 3, cholecystectomy in 4, liver transplantation in 2, and liver resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in 1. The diagnostic accuracy of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR for the detection or exclusion of bile leaks was 100%.

Conclusions

Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR cholangiography is a highly reliable technique for the detection of bile leaks after hepatobiliary surgery and may avoid the use of other, potentially risky invasive diagnostic techniques.     

肝移植的研究进展及常见并发症处理

背景：肝移植是治疗终末期肝病的有效手段,如何减少肝移植相关并发症以及如何对其并发症选择有效的治疗方法是目前肝移植领域中的重点问题。目的：探讨肝移植的可行性、适应证、禁忌证及移植后并发症的防治等。方法：应用计算机检索CNKI和Pubmed数据库中1999-01/2011-07关于肝移植的相关文章,以＂肝移植,排斥反应,并发症＂为中文关键词,以＂liver transplantation,rejection,complication＂为英文关键词进行检索。选择文章内容与肝移植技术手段及并发症防治相关文献,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。初检得到206篇文献,根据纳入标准选择新近的19篇文章进行综述。结果与结论：肝移植数量、质量逐年提高,存活率逐年提高,移植后并发症逐年下降,国内肝移植已进入国际先进行列,终末期肝硬化是目前肝移植的首要适应证,活体肝移植解决供肝不足导致患者在等待肝移植时死亡的问题。随着分子生物学、免疫学、麻醉等医学相关学科,肝移植指征、移植技术改进,肝移植取得了巨大的发展,但目前仍存在很多问题亟待解决。     

肝移植的研究进展及常见并发症处理

背景:肝移植是治疗终末期肝病的有效手段,如何减少肝移植相关并发症以及如何对其并发症选择有效的治疗方法是目前肝移植领域中的重点问题。目的:探讨肝移植的可行性、适应证、禁忌证及移植后并发症的防治等。方法:应用计算机检索CNKI和Pubmed数据库中1999-01/2011-07关于肝移植的相关文章,以"肝移植,排斥反应,并发症"为中文关键词,以"liver transplantation,rejection,complication"为英文关键词进行检索。选择文章内容与肝移植技术手段及并发症防治相关文献,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。初检得到206篇文献,根据纳入标准选择新近的19篇文章进行综述。结果与结论:肝移植数量、质量逐年提高,存活率逐年提高,移植后并发症逐年下降,国内肝移植已进入国际先进行列,终末期肝硬化是目前肝移植的首要适应证,活体肝移植解决供肝不足导致患者在等待肝移植时死亡的问题。随着分子生物学、免疫学、麻醉等医学相关学科,肝移植指征、移植技术改进,肝移植取得了巨大的发展,但目前仍存在很多问题亟待解决。     

Liver transplantation

Liver transplantation has become an established form of therapy for patients with almost any type of irreversible and severe liver disease. The remarkable success of liver transplantation has resulted from recent advances in immunosuppressive therapy, surgical techniques, and patient selection. Additional progress has been made in the management of the complex postoperative medical complications that may occur. Indeed, liver transplantation has contributed significantly to an improved quantity and quality of life for many patients with liver disease.     

Management of chronic liver failure until liver transplantation

Chronic liver failure is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is the long-term consequence of many chronic liver diseases. In addition to determining the specific cause of the chronic liver disease, which may be amenable to targeted therapy, it is important to treat the sequelae of chronic liver failure effectively to improve quality of life, to prolong survival, and to provide a bridge to liver transplantation. Once a patient who has chronic liver failure develops hepatic decompensation, liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for those who qualify. Management of chronic liver failure is the focus of this article.