蛛网膜下腔出血患者心电图和肌钙蛋白改变的分析

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后患者的心电活动、心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnⅠ)的变化。比较有心电图(ECG)改变的患者和无ECG改变的患者出现cTnⅠ改变的差异。方法回顾分析2004-06~2007-06入住我院的52例SAH患者出现ECG改变、cTnⅠ升高的相关临床资料。结果SAH患者出现ECG改变的发生率为57.69%,其中复极异常80.00%,传导异常6.67%,节律异常33.33%,病理性Q波10.00%。cTnⅠ升高的发生率为44.23%,有ECG异常的SAH患者出现cTnⅠ升高的机率更高(χ2=19.09,P<0.001)。结论SAH后ECG改变常预示着某种程度的心肌损害,对有ECG异常的患者应加强监护,积极治疗,预防心肺并发症。     

脑出血患者的心电图改变特点及其与预后的关系

目的 探讨脑出血患者心电活动异常的发生率和特点及其与出血部位和预后的关系.方法 回顾分析2006-01～2008-01入住我院的224例发病3 d内脑出血患者心电图(ECG)改变的特点及相关临床资料,观察不同出血部位ECG异常的发生率,并比较ECG异常组与正常组的预后.结果 168例(75.0%)出现了一个或一个以上的ECG异常.最常见的ECG异常为复极异常(58.3%),其中依次以T波改变、ST-T形态改变、QTc延长常见.脑干出血ECG异常最常见.ECG正常组与异常组预后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),ECG异常与格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)无相关性(rs=0.80,P=0.20).结论 脑出血后常出现ECG异常,以复极异常为主,ECG的异常可能并不影响脑出血患者的短期预后.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血与心电图异常的关系

目的探讨自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)与心电图(ECG)异常之间的关系。方法通过回顾性研究452例SAH患者的临床资料,其中236例出现ECG异常,记录患者的性别、Hunt-Hess分级、既往病史、ECG改变情况,分析这些因素与ECG异常之间的关系。结果 SAH患者中,既往有心、脑血管疾病合并症史患者出现ECG异常的比例明显高于无合并症者,随着Hunt-Hess分级的增高,出现ECG异常的比例逐渐增高,说明SAH的病情对ECG有明显影响。结论既往有心、脑血管疾病合并症以及Hunt-Hess分级较高的SAH患者并发ECG异常的比例较高,因此要关注对此类患者的ECG检查并给予合理干预。     

223例标准大骨瓣开颅手术临床分析

[目的]探讨分析大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤中的临床预后及影响因素.[方法]回顾性分析本院采用大骨瓣减压术治疗的223例重型颅脑损伤患者资料分析影响患者预后的因素.[结果]根据格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）,恢复良好（GOS 5分）62例,中残（GOS 4分）53例,重残（GOS 3分）32例,植物生存（GOS 2分）12例,死亡（GOS 1分）64例.Logistic 回归分析表明GCS评分、年龄、脑疝与否及手术减压时间是影响重型颅脑损伤预后的独立因素.伤后1.5 h内完成手术减压者预后明显优于其他患者.31例（13.9%）发生迟发性颅内血肿,其中硬膜外血肿占74.2%（23例）.[结论]重型颅脑损伤死残率高,标准大骨瓣减压术效果确切,手术减压时间是唯一可控制的影响手术预后的因素,发病后1.5 h内手术减压疗效最佳.     

卒中后的心肌缺血样损伤

目的　研究卒中后急性期心肌缺血样损伤的发生情况及对预后的影响。方法　以既往无心脏病史的卒中急性期患者为研究对象 ,发病 3d内及 15d后进行心电图 (ECG)检查 ,统计分析ECG出现缺血样改变的发生率及恢复率。以发病 3d内ECG出现缺血样改变患者为缺血组 ,ECG无明显异常者为对照组。统计分析死亡率差别。结果　蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后伴有ECG心肌缺血样表现的患者死亡率明显升高 (P <0 0 1)。脑梗死 (CI)或脑出血 (CH)伴有ECG心肌缺血样表现的患者死亡率无明显改变。存活患者中 ,这种ECG心肌缺血样改变短期内恢复的比率较低 ,且SAH的恢复率高于CH和CI(P<0 0 5 )。结论　急性卒中可导致心肌暂时性或长期性损伤 ,这种损伤可导致SAH患者死亡率升高     

应激性血糖升高对重型颅脑损伤患者预后的影响

目的探讨高血糖对重型颅脑损伤患者预后的影响及颅脑损伤后应调控的血糖阈值。方法按格拉斯哥预后（GOS）评分分为两组；预后良好组（GOS4～5级，45例）与预后较差组（GOS1～3级，34例）。按瞳孔对光反射是否存在分为瞳孔对光反射存在组（67例）与对光反射消失组（12例）。分别比较GOS评分、瞳孔对光反射与入院时血糖及术后血糖的关系。结果格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）3～4分组入院／术后血糖较5～6分组、7～8分组均明显偏高（均为P〈0．01）。预后良好组（GOS4～5级）入院／术后血糖均较预后较差组（GOS1～3级）明显偏低（均为P〈0．01），并且入院时血糖≥8.3mmol／L，术后血糖≥11．1mmol／L的患者，预后较差。瞳孔对光反射消失组较瞳孔对光反射存在组入院血糖明显偏高（P〈0．01）。结论颅脑损伤患者血糖升高的水平与颅脑损伤严重程度呈正相关，并且能够作为早期预测预后的简易指标。入院血糖≥8．3mmol／L，术后血糖水平超过11．1mmol／L者，预后欠佳，应予降糖处理。     

急性胰腺炎178例心电图分析

目的探讨急性胰腺炎（AP）患者心电图异常的发生率、预后及临床意义。方法对178例AP患者的心电图变化进行回顾性分析,其中水肿型胰腺炎126例,坏死型胰腺炎52例。结果 178例AP患者中有心电图异常的95例,发生率为53.4%,其中水肿型胰腺炎42.9%（54/126）,坏死型胰腺炎78.8%（41/52）,坏死型胰腺炎患者心电图异常发生率高于水肿型胰腺炎（P〈0.05）。心电图异常主要表现为窦性心动过速和ST-T改变,以及其他各种心律失常和传导阻滞,严重者可出现心肌梗死。178例患者中死亡11例,均为心电图异常患者,治愈167例,其中心电图异常84例（50.3%）。结论 AP患者心电图异常对判断病情严重程度及估计预后有一定的参考价值,加强AP患者ECG的监测分析,对指导治疗、改善预后具有重要的意义。     

心电图诊断低血钾的价值

血清电解质浓度的异常，可直接影响心肌的除极和复极，尤其是心肌的复极过程，引起心电图（ECG)改变，这种改变关系到患者的病情发展。本文通过对1998—2001年130例心电图观察，对临床诊断低血钾症提供依据。     

颅脑外伤术中脑膨出的分型研究及综合治疗

目的探讨颅脑外伤患者开颅术中发生急性脑膨出的分型及综合治疗。方法将本院自2005年5月~2010年5月开颅手术中发生脑膨出的66例患者分5型：对侧硬膜外血肿型（Ⅰ型）,窦汇区硬膜外血肿型（Ⅱ型）,对侧额颞部硬膜下血肿、脑挫伤型（Ⅲ型）,大面积脑梗死型（型）,弥漫性脑肿胀型（Ⅴ型）。分析各型临床特点,采用综合治疗措施。结果根据伤后6个月GOS预后评分判断预后,Ⅰ型GOS 1患者7例,GOS 2~3患者1例,GOS 4~5患者6例;Ⅱ型GOS 1患者4例,GOS 2~3患者1例,GOS 4~5患者1例;Ⅲ型GOS 1患者7例,GOS 2~3患者2例,GOS 4~5患者1例;Ⅳ型GOS 1患者9例,GOS 2~3患者2例,GOS 4~5患者1例;Ⅴ型GOS 1患者22例,GOS 2~3患者2例,GOS 4~5患者0例。经过Ridit分析,认为5型之间的预后差异有高度的统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论颅脑外伤术中脑膨出的分型能反映临床特点及预后,对临床治疗起到重要的指导意义,并提高早期预后判断的准确性和可靠性。     

血清高迁移率族蛋白1、铁蛋白表达与高血压脑出血患者预后的相关性

目的：分析血清高迁移率族蛋白1（HMGB-1）、铁蛋白（SF）表达与高血压脑出血（HICH）患者预后的 相关性。方法：接受血肿清除术治疗的HICH患者98例,入院后采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清SF水平,采 用放射免疫法检测血清HMGB-1水平。所有患者术后均随访1月,根据格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS）评估预 后,将患者纳入预后不良组（1～3分）或预后良好组（4～5分）。比较2组基线资料、血清HMGB-1、SF水平 及其与患者预后的相关性。结果：纳入预后不良组41例,GOS评分（2.15±0.67）分;预后良好组57例,GOS 评分（4.47±0.39）分。预后不良组的出血量、HMGB-1和SF水平高于预后良好组（均P＜0.05）,术前GCS评 分较低患者的比例高于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。血清 HMGB-1、SF 水平与 GOS 评分呈负相关（P＜0.01）; Logistic回归分析结果显示,血清HMGB-1高表达可能对HICH患者预后不良有一定的影响（P＜0.05）,而 SF 的高表达对 HICH 患者预后不良无明显影响。结论：血清 HMGB-1、SF 表达与 HICH 患者预后有关, HMGB-1可能是导致HICH患者预后不良的影响因素。     

The relationship between electrocardiographic abnormalities and location of the intracranial aneurysm in subarachnoid hemorrhage

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the ECG in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in predicting poor outcome, and to define if specific ECG changes are related to the location of the aneurysm in SAH. A retrospective cohort study was performed on 97 patients with symptoms of SAH. An ECG and an initial computer tomograph (CT) scan were the two major inclusion criteria. The primary endpoint was in hospital mortality. ECG changes were correlated with mortality and severity of hemorrhage expressed as the Hijdra score. A prolonged QTc interval occurred more frequently in patients who had experienced a severe hemorrhage (RR = 3.18; 95% CI = 1.07-10.22; P < 0.05). LV hypertrophy criteria were strongly related to an aneurysm in the anterior communicating artery. U wave presence showed a statistically significant relationship with the posterior communicating artery and the middle cerebral artery. A prolonged QTc interval is observed more frequently in patients with severe hemorrhage. Specific ECG abnormalities were seen to be associated with the location of the aneurysm in the circle of Willis in SAH.     

急性脑血管病患者的心电图特征分析

目的：探讨急性脑血管病患者心电图改变的临床意义及与出血性中风、缺血性中风的关系。方法：对2002～2004年576例急性脑血管患者入院后心电图的改变及治疗结合临床资料进行分析。结果：168例脑出血、10例蛛网膜下腔出血患者，273例脑梗死患者有异常心电图表现。结论：576例急性脑血管病患者中省451例（占78．3％）有心电图改变，出血性中风心电图异常发生率（88．8％）明显高于缺血性中风组（73．6％）。     

The 12-lead electrocardiogram in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: early risk prognostication

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate if the electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities assessed early in the emergency department (ED) are associated with the in-hospital mortality of the patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods

We studied prospectively a cohort of 222 adult patients with spontaneous SAH in an ED. A 12-lead ECG was performed for these patients in the ED. The patients were stratified into nonsurvivors and survivors based on the in-hospital mortality. The clinical characteristics, heart rate, corrected QT interval (QTc) and 7 predefined morphologic abnormalities were compared between these 2 groups of patients.

Results

Compared with the survivors (n = 178), the nonsurvivors (n = 44) had significantly slower heart rate (75 ± 23 vs 83 ± 16, P = .018) and more prolonged QTc (492 ± 58 vs 458 ± 40, P = .001). There were significantly higher frequency of occurrence of ECG morphologic abnormalities (66% vs 37%, P = .001) and nonspecific ST- or T-wave changes (NSSTTCs; 32% vs 12%, P = .015) in the nonsurvivors compared with those in the survivors. Multiple logistic regression model identified QTc (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.0; P = .005) and NSSTTC (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-10.7; P = .047) as the significant ECG variables associated with in-hospital mortality.

Conclusions

The occurrence of NSSTTC and prolonged QTc assessed early in the ED are independently associated with the in-hospital mortality in adult patients with spontaneous SAH.     

心电图在急性肺动脉栓塞诊断中的价值

目的 评估心电图对急性肺动脉栓塞(肺栓塞)的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析43例既往无心肺疾病的急性肺栓塞患者住院首次、溶栓后及出院前系列心电图变化.结果 ①入院时首次心电图:心动过速26例(60.47%),右束支传导阻滞10例(23.26%);V1导联和V1～V2导联、V1～V3导联、V1～V4导联、V1～V5导联、V1～v6导联T波倒置分别为34例(79.70%)、20例(46.52%)、12例(27.91%)、9例(20.93%)、7例(16.28%)和2例(4.65%);SⅠ＞0.1 mV、TⅢ倒置、QⅢ和SⅠQⅢTⅢ分别为23例(53.49%)、21例(48.84%)、27例(62.79%)和20例(46.52%).②溶栓后心电图:心动过速消失20例(76.9%),右束支传导阻滞消失4例(40%),胸前导联T波倒置加深4例,SⅠ变浅、QⅢ减小或消失、TⅢ倒置变浅或直立11例.③出院前心电图:心动过速消失;胸前导联T波直立数增加,ST段回基线,QⅢ进一步减小或消失,TⅢ倒置变浅或直立.结论 急性肺栓塞心电图变化多变,需动态观察并密切结合临床加以识别.     

Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and serious cardiopulmonary dysfunction--a systematic review

INTRODUCTION:: The association between the degree of neurological deficit and cardiopulmonary dysfunction in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is poorly understood. METHOD: A systematic search (MEDLINE, bibliographies, to 9.2004) was performed for prospective studies (any architecture; > or = 10 patients with SAH), reporting on neurological deficit and cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Neurological deficit was graded according to the Hunt-Hess or Botterell scores as minimal (1 or 2 points), moderate (3), or severe (4 or 5), and tested for an association with cardiopulmonary dysfunction (Chi-square test). RESULTS: Relevant data came from two randomized trials, four case control studies, and 31 uncontrolled series. In eight studies (386 patients), ECG abnormalities were found in 32% of patients with minimal, 55% with moderate, and 58% with severe neurological deficit (P < 0.0001). In six studies (135), echocardiographic abnormalities were found in 4% of patients with minimal, 30% with moderate, and 52% with severe neurological deficit (P = 0.0001). In two trials (63), creatinine phosphoskinase was increased in 18% of patients with minimal, 71% with moderate, and 100% with severe neurological deficit (P < 0.0001). In three trials (309), troponin-I was increased in 10% of patients with minimal, 20% of patients with moderate, and 46% with severe neurological deficit (P < 0.0001). In five trials (163), pulmonary edema was found in 4% of patients with minimal, 12% with moderate, and 35% with severe neurological deficit (P < 0.0001). Seventeen studies reported on mortality; 26% of the patients died, 80% of deaths were directly related to SAH. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with spontaneous SAH, cardiopulmonary dysfunction is more likely to occur with increasing neurological deficit.     

302例登革热心电图特征研究

目的 分析登革热患者心电图的特征。方法 回顾性分析302例登革热患者（登革热组）和同期300名健康体检者（对照组）的临床资料,对比2组心电图异常情况;进一步分析异常心电图治疗前后的变化及其特点。结果 登革热组存在心电图异常的患者比例（51.32%,155/302）高于对照组（31.00%,93/300）（P < 0.001）;登革热组心电图异常发生频率高于对照组的有ST-T改变（27.81%,84/302）、窦性心动过缓（11.92%,36/302）（P均< 0.05）;有46例心电图异常的患者治疗后复查了心电图,其中窦性心动过缓发生频率较治疗前下降,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;窦性心动过缓的患者共36例,16例（44.44%）合并ST-T改变,高于无窦性心动过缓的患者（25.56%,68/266）,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 登革热患者心电图异常较普遍,主要表现为ST-T改变、窦性心动过缓;窦性心动过缓是登革热最常见的心律失常和较显著的心电图特征,可能有助于诊断登革热。     

Myocarditis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: A histopathologic study

Cardiac abnormalities after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) such as electrocardiographic changes, echocardiographic wall motion abnormalities, and elevated troponin levels are independently associated with a poor prognosis. They are caused by catecholaminergic stress coinciding with influx of inflammatory cells into the heart. These abnormalities could be a sign of a myocarditis, potentially giving insight in pathophysiology and treatment options. These inflammatory cells are insufficiently characterized, and it is unknown whether myocarditis is associated with SAH. Myocardium of 25 patients who died of SAH and 18 controls was stained with antibodies identifying macrophages (CD68), lymphocytes (CD45), and neutrophil granulocytes (myeloperoxidase). Myocytolysis was visualized using complement staining (C3d). CD31 was used to identify putative thrombi. We used Mann-Whitney U testing for analysis.In the myocardium of SAH patients, the amount of myeloperoxidase-positive (P < .005), CD45-positive (P < .0005), and CD68-positive (P < .0005) cells was significantly higher compared to controls. Thrombi in intramyocardial arteries were found in 22 SAH patients and 1 control. Myocytolysis was found in 6 SAH patients but not in controls.Myocarditis, consisting of an influx of neutrophil granulocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages, coinciding with myocytolysis and thrombi in intramyocardial arteries, occurs in patients with SAH but not in controls. These findings might explain the cardiac abnormalities after SAH and may have implications for treatment.     

The Emergency Department Electrocardiogram and Hospital Complications in Myocardial Infarction Patients

Objective: To determine whether acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who have negative ECGs on presentation have significantly lower complication rates than do those AMI patients who have positive ECGs on presentation.
Methods: Retrospective, cohort analysis comparing rates of hospital complications (ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia, shock, atrial arrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia with systolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg, pulmonary edema) or interventions among patients with a final hospital diagnosis of AMI and an initially negative vs positive ECG. A negative ECG was normal or had nonspecific ST–segment and/or T–wave abnormalities (upright, flattened T waves; an isolated inverted T wave; ST depression <0.1 mV; tall T waves with J–point elevation) or minor nonischemic abnormalities. Sample size was adequate to detect a 30% between–group difference in complication rates [α = 0.05, 1 —- β (power) = 0.80].
Results: The 27 negative–ECG AMI patients differed from the 38 control patients in (mean X SD) age [57 X 12 vs 66 X 12 years, p < 0.01] but not in gender or history of AMI. The negative– and positive–ECG groups had similar rates of hospital complications [30% (95% CI: 13–47%) vs 42% (95% CI: 26–58%), p = 0.44] and intensive procedures [19% (95% CI: 4–34%) vs 29% (95% CI: 15–43%), p = 0.50], respectively. The negative–ECG patients with hospital complications had ECG evolution precede the event in 83% (95% CI: 69–97%) of cases; persistently negative–ECG patients had no complication [(95% CI: 0–33%), p = 0.06].
Conclusions: Negative– and positive–ECG AMI patients do not have moderate or large differences in the rates of in–hospital complications. Most negative–ECG patients who suffer complications evolve ECG changes prior to the event and such changes indicate the potential need for a higher level of care.     

脑心综合征心电图变化影响因素的临床研究

目的 探讨脑卒中患者的心电图变化的影响因素。方法 对165例脑卒中患者进行分析。均在入院24h内完成心电图检查,以后每周定期复查心电图。结果 心电图异常率为102例（61．8％）,其中按脑卒中性质统计：脑出血组〉蛛网膜下腔出血组〉脑梗塞组;按病变部位统计：脑干,丘脑、基底节组〉内囊、大脑皮质、脑叶组;按意识状态统计：昏迷或嗜睡组〉清醒组;按血糖水平统计：高血糖组〉血糖正常组;按疾病转归统计：死亡组〉好转组。结论 脑卒中异常心电图与脑卒中性质、部位、意识状态、血糖水平、疾病转归有关。