去细胞猪主动脉瓣叶的获取和内皮细胞的种植

目的　探讨猪主动脉瓣叶去细胞后作为组织工程心脏瓣膜支架的可行性。　方法　经胰酶 - EDTA、表面活性剂和核酸酶处理 ,去除猪主动脉瓣叶的细胞成分 ,测定瓣叶去细胞前、后的生物力学特性 ,并在其表面种植新生牛主动脉内皮细胞 (BAECs) ;分别行大鼠皮下包埋实验。　结果　猪主动脉瓣叶中的细胞成分能完全去除 ,获得完整无细胞的纤维网状支架 ,断裂强度和断裂伸长率无明显变化 ;种植的 BAECs在去细胞瓣叶表面可形成一层连续的细胞层 ,其分泌前列环素 (PGI2 )的能力同直接种植在 2 4孔板中的比较 ,差异无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 )。　结论　猪主动脉瓣去细胞后获得的纤维支架可以用来构建组织工程瓣膜 ,适宜于血管内皮细胞的生长。     

组织工程心脏瓣膜内皮细胞的整合素β1表达

目的体外构建组织工程心脏瓣膜（TEHV）,初步探讨内皮细胞黏附生长的分子机制。方法猪主动脉瓣膜经胰酶-EDTA、表面活性剂、核酸酶处理,去除猪主动脉瓣叶的细胞成分,测定瓣叶脱细胞后的生物力学特性;将扩增的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞（HUVECs）种植在瓣叶上,体外静态构建TEHV,观察内皮细胞的生长状态。消化瓣膜内皮细胞,半定量RT-PCR检测内皮细胞整合素＆mRNA的表达,Western-Blot检测内皮细胞膜上整合素＆蛋白的表达。结果猪主动脉瓣膜中的细胞成分能完全去除,脱细胞瓣叶的生物力学特性同新鲜瓣叶相比无明显变化;种植的HUVECs在瓣叶表面生长状态良好,长成一层连续的细胞层。瓣膜内皮细胞可检测到整合素岛mRNA和蛋白的表达。结论脱细胞猪主动脉瓣膜作为支架,HUVECs做种子细胞可以成功构建TEHV,瓣膜内皮细胞可以表达整合素岛。     

应用猪主动脉去细胞瓣膜支架体外构建组织工程心脏瓣膜

目的　探讨应用猪去细胞瓣膜支架体外构建组织工程心脏瓣膜的可行性。　方法　采用去垢剂、渗透压改变和核酸酶消化的方法制备猪主动脉瓣去细胞瓣膜支架 (实验组 ) ,用去内皮细胞主动脉瓣作对照 (对照组 ) ,并对两组含水量、可溶性蛋白含量、热皱缩温度、力学性能和组织相容性进行测定。培养犬主动脉壁间质细胞和内皮细胞 ,将其种植于实验组去细胞支架上 ,观察细胞生长情况 ,并测定内皮细胞合成前列环素的功能。　结果　实验组瓣膜细胞成分完全从瓣膜中去除 ,与对照组新鲜瓣膜相比 ,含水量增高 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,可溶性蛋白含量减少 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,热皱缩温度和抗张强度无明显变化。实验组瓣膜组织相容性试验显示 ,材料组织相容性好 ,体内降解时间为 10周 ;犬主动脉壁间质细胞和内皮细胞在瓣膜表面生长良好 ,内皮细胞具有合成分泌前列环素的功能。　结论　采用去垢剂、渗透压改变和核酸酶消化的方法制备猪主动脉瓣去细胞瓣膜支架 ,在去除细胞和可溶性蛋白质的同时保持了瓣叶的基本结构和力学性能 ;以其为支架体外构建组织工程心脏瓣膜的细胞不仅能在材料表面生长 ,还能合成、分泌血管活性物质 ,是具有生理功能的组织工程心脏瓣膜。     

去细胞猪主动脉瓣支架及兔骨髓干细胞构建组织工程心脏瓣膜的初步研究

目的探讨应用去细胞猪主动脉瓣支架(ace llu larized porc ine aortic va lve scaffo ld,APAV S)与兔骨髓干细胞(bone m arrow strom a l ce lls,BM SC s)体外构建组织工程瓣膜的可行性。方法采用去垢剂+核酸酶消化法处理,去除猪主动脉瓣细胞成分,并作去细胞前后的形态学检查和生物力学测定;在去细胞支架上种植兔BM SC s,行形态学检查和免疫组织化学染色观察。结果光学显微镜、扫描及透射电子显微镜下可见猪主动脉瓣膜中的细胞成分可完全被去除,获得完整无细胞的纤维网状支架。瓣叶去细胞前后的断裂强度(642±102g/mm2vs.636±127g/mm2)和断裂伸长率(62.2%±18.1%vs.54.4%±16.0%)差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。种植的兔BM SC s在APAV S表面形成一层连续的细胞层。免疫组织化学检查α-平滑肌动蛋白抗体(+),CD 31(-)。结论种植兔BM SC s于APAV S上,可在体外构建组织工程心脏瓣膜。     

种植人体活性细胞的生物心脏瓣膜

目前,种植人体活性细胞的生物心脏瓣膜主要有组织工程心脏瓣膜和种植人体活性细胞的猪主动脉瓣两种。组织工程心脏瓣膜是在人体可吸收的聚二醇酸纤维支架上种植人体同种活性细胞,先种植成纤维细胞,再种植单层内皮细胞包裹瓣叶。种植人体活性细胞的猪主动脉瓣是在清除原有细胞的组织内重建人体同种活性细胞。清除新鲜猪主动脉瓣呐原有细胞的方法是将瓣膜先经高、低渗溶液处理,然后用酶溶液处理。细胞经培养分离后,将成纤维细胞植入经处理的瓣膜组织,再植入内皮细胞。种植人体活性细胞的生物心脏瓣膜不会促使受者产生有害的免疫反应,并具有再生能力。     

骨髓诱导分化内皮细胞构建组织工程心脏瓣膜的实验研究

骨髓基质干细胞（BMSCs）在特定培养条件下能够诱导分化为内皮细胞,是构建组织工程心脏瓣膜（TEHV）较有前景的种子细胞来源.我们研究探讨应用BMSCs诱导分化的内皮细胞和猪去细胞瓣膜支架体外构建TEHV的可行性.     

血流力学对组织工程心脏瓣膜种子细胞形态及功能的影响

目的观察血流力学对组织工程心脏瓣膜种子细胞形态及功能的影响。方法从犬骨髓中分离得到骨髓间充质细胞（MSCs），经DiI标记后接种于去细胞猪主动脉瓣膜支架，培养7d后将所得瓣叶种植于犬腹主动脉内，术后4、8、12周取材，进行HE染色、天狼猩红染色、免疫组织化学染色及超微电镜检查等，观察细胞生长、形态及功能变化。设体外培养组为对照组。结果接种骨髓间充质细胞的去细胞猪主动脉瓣膜支架，移植于犬腹主动脉内后，仍可检测到所种植细胞，细胞生长良好。与对照组比较，细胞形态有所伸长，整体上沿流体方向改变形态，同时，瓣叶组织中Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原含量明显增加，并充满中性和酸性黏多糖。结论构建组织工程心脏瓣膜时，血流力学对种子细胞维持形态、保持功能起着重要作用。     

组织工程心脏瓣膜的初步构建

目的探讨用体外培养的犬骨髓基质干细胞（MSC）和由聚4-羟基丁酸酯（P4HB）制作的心脏瓣膜支架构建组织工程心脏瓣膜（TEHv）的可行性。方法取年轻健康犬髂前上嵴的骨髓，分离培养出骨髓基质干细胞，通过苏木素-伊红（HE）染色、Mallory染色、Masson染色及免疫组织化学鉴定细胞，取第3代细胞种植在P4HB构建的心脏瓣膜支架上，培养2周后，用扫描电镜观察。结果MSCs经20～25d的培养后，梭形细胞已达到90％以上融合；经HE染色、Mallory染色、Masson染色及免疫组织化学证实培养出来的细胞为MSCs。扫描电镜下，未种植细胞的瓣膜呈蜂窝状，孔径在89～150btm之间，适宜MSCs的爬行；种植细胞后，瓣膜表面有大量MSCs黏附，且爬行长入蜂窝状孔径内。结论MSCs和以P4HB为材料的瓣膜支架构建TEHV具有可行性。     

去细胞猪主动脉瓣移植于犬腹主动脉内构建组织工程瓣

目的 探讨在犬腹主动脉内构建组织工程心脏瓣膜的实验方法。方法 将预种犬血管间质细胞和内皮细胞的去细胞猪主动脉瓣叶(猪瓣),移植于6条犬的腹主动脉内,于术后4,6,8和10周对移植瓣叶进行形态、组织结构及免疫组化染色观察。结果 (1)移植术后4周时瓣叶周边有多层细胞长入,新细胞外基质形成,原支架组织部分吸收。(2)10周末猪瓣组织完全吸收,为宿主细胞及新合成的细胞外基质取代。基质中间质细胞主要为成纤维细胞和肌纤维母细胞。细胞外基质成分主要为Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原和少量弹力纤维,并含有中性和酸性黏多糖。(3)内皮细胞覆盖于瓣叶表面。结论 (1)移植于犬腹主动脉内的去细胞猪瓣于移植术后10周末基本构成组织工程瓣叶;(2)腹主动脉内异位移植是一种可供选择的实验研究方法。     

硝酸银染色法鉴定生物瓣支架材料体外再内皮化程度的实验研究

目的探讨生物瓣支架再内皮化程度的形态学观察方法,为体外构建心脏组织工程瓣提供手段。方法选择经液氮保存的同种主动脉带瓣管道作为生物瓣支架,0.1%十二烷基硫酸钠(sodiumdodecylsulphate,SDS)脱去表面的内皮细胞(endothelialcells,ECs),纤维连接蛋白(bironectin,FN;80μg/ml)预覆盖瓣膜;选择从正常成人骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs)经体外定向诱导分化的ECs作为种子细胞,以>1～2×105个/cm2密度种植于瓣膜支架上,采用含20%胎牛血清和血管内皮细胞生长因子等的DMEM-HG培养基静态培养,0.5%硝酸银染色,于培养的7、14和20d在立体显微镜下观察、摄片,确定其内皮化程度。结果同种生物瓣表面的ECs完全脱去,而细胞外基质成分保存良好;种植细胞与生物瓣支架复合体静态培养的第7、14和20天,其内皮化程度分别为73%、85%和92%。结论硝酸银染色鉴定生物瓣支架再内皮化的方法,简便、经济,是体外构建心脏组织工程瓣形态学观察的一种有效手段。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.