厦门市居民膳食中铅、镉暴露水平评估

目的了解厦门市居民膳食中铅、镉摄入量,评估厦门市居民膳食铅、镉的安全性。方法对2004—2010年厦门市市售食品中铅、镉含量进行监测,结合2010年厦门市居民食物消费量调查结果,对厦门市居民膳食中铅、镉暴露水平进行评估。结果厦门市居民平均每周膳食中铅摄入量为16.4μg/kg BW,占原暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的65.6%;平均膳食铅暴露的暴露边界比(MOE)为0.5;平均每月膳食中镉摄入量为34.6μg/kg BW,占暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的138.4%。结论厦门市居民铅的膳食暴露问题不容忽视,镉的膳食暴露问题较严重,应努力降低各类食品中铅、镉水平。     

杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入水平分析

目的 了解浙江省杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入情况,为开展相关膳食安全性评价提供科学依据。方法 采用3 d食物称重法和3 d 24 h回顾法收集1744名调查对象食物消费量数据,检测烹调后代表性食物样品中的铅、镉含量,计算个人摄入量并与相应摄入限值进行比较。结果 杭州市居民每周膳食铅摄入量中位数为0.0092 mg/kgbw,为铅暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的37.0%;每月膳食镉摄入量中位数为0.00093~0.0053 mg/kgbw,占镉暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI)的3.7%~21.0%;各年龄组铅、镉摄入量总体存在差异(均P<0.001),其中未成年人铅摄入量中位数为0.011 mg/kgbw,镉摄入量中位数为0.00077~0.016 mg/kgbw,均高于其他各年龄组(均P<0.008,多次两两比较调整后α值);谷类食物对个体膳食铅、镉摄入贡献率最高,分别为78.9%和44.8%。结论 杭州市居民膳食铅、镉摄入量总体处于安全水平,但儿童青少年的摄入量较成人偏高,应引起重视。     

成都市居民膳食中铅镉暴露水平评估

目的 了解成都市居民膳食中铅、镉暴露的基础数据,评估成都市居民膳食铅、镉暴露风险.方法 对成都市市售食品中铅、镉含量进行监测,参考2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中的成都市居民膳食摄入量,应用WHO推荐的食品中化学污染物膳食暴露评估方法,对成都市居民膳食中铅、镉暴露水平进行评估.结果 成都市居民平均每周膳食中铅暴露量为0.006 9 mg/kg BW,占暂定每周可耐受摄入量（PTWI）的27.6％;镉暴露量为0.005 1 mg/kg BW,占暂定每周可耐受摄入量（PTWI）的72.86％.结论成 都市居民膳食中镉暴露水平高于铅暴露水平,正常情况下均低于PTWI,但仍有进一步降低的必要.     

深圳市食品中镉污染的暴露量评估

目的了解2007～2009年深圳市各类食品中镉污染水平,根据每标准人日各类食物的摄入量数据,评估深圳市居民镉暴露的安全性。方法根据2007～2009年深圳市食品污染物监测工作方案,对各类食品中镉进行检测,同时结合2002年广东省居民膳食营养调查中各类食物消费量数据,计算出深圳市居民膳食中镉的实际摄入量,并与FAO/WHO推荐的暂定每日可耐受摄入量(PTDI)60μg进行比较,评价深圳市居民膳食中镉摄入的安全性。结果膳食中镉污染主要来源为水产品,连续3年检测均有超标,超标率22.22%、32.10%、21.13%,其次为蔬菜,2年超标率均为7.94%,畜肉1年超标率为21.88%;3年来深圳居民膳食镉的一般摄入量及占暂定每日耐受摄入量(Provisional daily tolerable intake,PTDI)的百分比分别为:78.54μg(130.90%)、43.69μg(73.83%)和31.19μg(51.98%),但膳食镉的偏高摄入量及占PTDI的百分比分别为:571.36μg(952.26%)、227.80μg(379.67%)和180.89μg(301.48%)。结论深圳市居民膳食镉的平均摄入量1年偏高,但偏高摄入量连续3年超过PTDI 3倍以上,对健康可能存在一定危害。     

2000年中国总膳食研究——膳食铅、镉摄入量

目的了解中国不同地区铅、镉的膳食摄入量,通过分析2000年中国总膳食研究的膳食样品,得到了中国不同地区铅、镉的含量值以及成年男子摄入量数据,并且评价了膳食铅、镉的安全性。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,通过膳食调查、统计不同地区人群各种食物的消费量、按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工成可食的各种膳食、膳食样品中铅、镉含量采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,并按总膳食研究方法获得的成年男子各种食品的消费量与实测膳食中铅、镉的含量相乘得到不同地区铅、镉的实际摄入量。采用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)值评价中国四个大区成年男子膳食中铅、镉摄入的安全性。结果运用总膳食的方法得到了2000年中国四个大区成年男子和全国平均膳食中铅、镉摄入量及占暂定每周允许摄入量(PTWI)数据,北方一区、北方二区、南方一区、南方二区和全国平均分别为(PTWI%):135.6μg(60.3%)和18.4μg(29.1%)、33.6μg(14.9%)和12.1μg(19.2%)、25.6μg(11.4%)和27.6μg(43.8%)、129.8μg(57.7%)和30.8μg(48.9%)、81.1μg(36.1%)和22.2μg(35.3%)。除南方一区铅膳食摄入量的主要来源为谷类、豆类、蛋类和蔬菜类外,其他各区均为谷类和蔬菜类。镉膳食摄入量的主要来源北方一区为谷类、水产类和蔬菜类,北方二区和南方二区均为谷类和蔬菜类,南方一区为谷类、肉类、水产类和蔬菜类。膳食中铅、镉的含量除个别食物类别外,均符合食品限量标准。其中超标的食物类别有南方一区的蛋类超过标准8.1%,北方一区和南方一区水产类食品中镉的含量分别超过标准49.0%和27.6%。结论表明中国不同地区膳食铅、镉的摄入量是安全的,只有某些地区的个别样品超过中国食品中铅、镉限量标准。     

2011年深圳市福田区主要食品中铅、镉污染监测分析

目的 了解深圳市福田区食品中铅、镉污染状况.方法 采集粮食类、禽畜肉类、蔬菜类、水产品等食品,进行铅、镉的检测.结果 对161份样品进行铅和镉含量检测,铅含量范围为0.020～0.665 mg/kg,检出率为27.95％,其中3份样品铅含量超过国家标准,超标率为1.86％;镉含量范围为0.002～9.000mg/kg,检出率64.60％,有9份样品镉含量超过国家标准,超标率为5.59％.其中水产品镉检出率为63.64％,镉超标率为21.21％.结论 2011年福田区主要食品中少数存在铅、镉污染,部分样品特别是水产品镉污染较严重,应进一步加强监测,控制污染,保障人群的健康.     

2010年鹤壁市食品中铅、镉、铝污染监测分析

目的 了解2010年鹤壁市食品中铅、镉、铝污染状况.方法 采集大米、面粉等9类食品进行铅、镉、铝的监测.结果 我市食品中铅、镉、铝的检出率分别为90.79％、99.5％、97.85％;与国家标准比较,铅、镉、铝的超标率分别为0、0.10％、53.76％.结论 部分食品铝污染仍然严重,应进一步加强监测,控制污染,保障人群...     

部分食品中化学污染物铅和镉的含量调查

目的调查研究珠海市菜篮子食品中铅、镉污染情况。方法于2005-2007年从农贸市场、酒店酒家,按照随机采样原则,采集189份食品,依据GB/T5009.12-2003、GB/T5009.15-2003所规定的方法对所采集的样品进行铅、镉含量检测。结果189份样品中,有17份样品的铅或镉含量超标,超标率为8.99%。单纯铅含量超标的样品11份,超标率为5.82%,主要是皮蛋,超标率有33.33%;单纯镉含量超标的样品7份,超标率为3.70%,主要是食用菌,超标率有40.00%。结论珠海市部分食品中存在铅和镉污染问题。     

北京市大兴区2006年食品污染物铅、镉状况分析

目的:根据全国食品污染物监测会议精神,结合北京市食品污染物监测的实际情况,2006年北京市大兴区通过监测食品中铅、镉含量,了解了大兴区部分食品铅、镉的污染状况。方法:按照国家标准方法GB/T5009对样品进行前处理,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测铅、镉含量。结果:2006年共监测7类80件食品,其中铅超标率为6.25%,镉超标率为3.75%。结论:结果显示食品中铅、镉在本地区污染不严重,但由于各类食品中都有检出,说明存在不同程度的积累,仍对人体健康存在潜在的威胁。     

Dietary intake of lead and cadmium by children and adults – Result calculated from dietary recall and available lead/cadmium level in food in comparison to result from food duplicate diet method

The dietary intakes of lead and cadmium by 30 children and 30 adults living in Jinhu area in China were determined by the duplicate method with a 3-day sampling period. Dietary recall and available lead/cadmium level in food were also used to calculate dietary intakes.     

Reduced cadmium and lead burden in Japan in the past 10 years

Objective To investigate the current levels of exposure of the Japanese population to cadmium and lead, in comparison with the levels in 1980s. · Design A nation wide survey was conducted in 1991–1994 (the 1990 study) in 19 study sites in Japan as a follow-up to a study conducted in 1979–1983 (the 1980 study). Blood samples and 24-h total food duplicates were collected from women who did not smoke or drink habitually. Methods Blood and food duplicates (after homogenization) were analysed for cadmium (Cd-B and Cd-F, respectively) and lead (Pb-B and Pb-F) by graphite furnace atomic absorption after wet-ashing. · Results Altogether, 467 women volunteered for blood sampling. Of these women, 375 also gave food duplicates. Geometric mean (GM) Cd-B levels in the 1990 study were lower than the corresponding 1980 values in most study sites so that the 1990 grand GM (1.98 ng/ml) for Cd-B was significantly lower than the 1980 GM (3.58 ng/ml). This reduction in Cd-B was related to the reduction in Cd-F (GM for Cd-F was 38.0 g/day in the 1980 study and 30.0 Etg/day in the 1990 study). Dietary intake was almost exclusively the route of Cd burden among the populations studied. Both Pb-B and Pb-F also showed a remarkable reduction, i.e. from 33.9 ng/ml (1980 GM) to 23.2 ng/ml (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-B, and from 32.2 g/day (1980 GM) to 7.1 g/day (1990 GM) in the case of Pb-F. Pb-B, however, did not correlate with Pb-F either in the 1980 or the 1990 study, because Pb intake via inhalation of air remained significant when compared with dietary intake. · Conclusion The Cd burden in Japan has decreased markedly in the past 10 years, although it is still higher than in other countries. The Pb burden has been quite low.     

Biomonitoring of mercury,cadmium, and lead exposure in Japanese children: a cross-sectional study

Objectives

To measure current Hg, Cd, and Pb exposure in Japanese children, and to estimate dietary intakes of foods responsible for high body burden.

Methods

Blood, hair, and urine samples were collected from 9 to 10-year-old 229 children in Asahikawa and measured for Hg, Cd, and Pb in these matrices. Diet history questionnaire was used to estimate intake of marine foods and other food items. Hg level was measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Cd and Pb levels were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results

Geometric mean (GM) of blood Hg, Cd, and Pb was 4.55 μg/L, 0.34 μg/L, and 0.96 μg/dL, respectively. Urinary Cd level was 0.34 μg/g creatinine (GM) and hair Hg was 1.31 μg/g (GM). Approximately one-third (35 %) of blood samples had Hg level above the U.S. EPA reference dose (RfD; 5.8 μg/L). Hair Hg level exceeded U.S. EPA RfD (1.2 μg/g) in 59 % samples. Children in the upper quartile of blood Hg level had significantly higher intake of large predatory fish species compared to those in the lower quartile of blood Hg.

Conclusions

Those with high blood Hg level may be explained by more frequent intake of big predatory fish. Cd and Pb exposure is generally low among Japanese children. As no safety margin exists for Pb exposure and high exposure to MeHg is noted in Japanese population; periodic biomonitoring and potential health risk assessment should continue in high-risk populations, notably among children.     

吉林省居民主要膳食镉暴露风险评估

目的 为了解吉林省食品中镉的污染状况,对吉林省居民主要膳食镉暴露进行风险评估。方法 利用吉林省居民膳食消费量数据和2015-2016年食品安全风险中1379份食品中镉含量的检测数据,结合联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织设立的食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)制订的食品中镉的暂定每月可耐受摄入量(PTMI),采用点评估和概率评估2种方法对居民主要膳食中镉的暴露进行评估。结果 吉林省主要食品中镉含量平均值为0001927mg/kg,检出率为486%,其中水产及其制品中的镉检出率最高,为983%,其次是谷类及其制品,为701%。主要食品每月膳食镉暴露量为0000746mg/(kg·BW),远远低于JECFA规定的PTMI标准,并且安全限值(MOS)均大于1。吉林省居民主要膳食镉的主要来源为蔬菜类及其制品(488%)、肉类及其制品(252%)和谷类及其制品(992%)。结论 吉林省居民消费的食物中镉的污染程度较轻,吉林省居民主要膳食摄入的镉对人体健康的风险是可以接受的。     

江西省食品中铅和镉污染调查及健康风险评估

目的 了解2018—2021年江西省6类1 065件食品中铅、镉污染状况对居民膳食暴露的健康风险进行评估,为食品安全风险评估提供可靠的数据支持。方法 统计1 065件食品中铅、镉含量,依据GB 2762—2017对样品中铅、镉超标情况进行判定,同时采用危害系数(HQ)对食用途径所致铅、镉的暴露量及健康风险进行评估。结果 食品中铅、镉平均含量分别为0.037 6 mg/kg、0.119 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.75%、7.66%。从年份看,2020和2021年镉的超标率明显高于其它年份;不同地区铅、镉检出率范围为75.47%～90.57%,超标率范围为0～12.96%。江西居民铅、镉每日暴露量分别为0.516μg/(kg·d)、2.036μg/(kg·d),HQ值分别为0.145、2.452。结论 部分食品中铅、镉含量存在着一定超标,江西居民经食品摄入铅HQ值小于1,处于安全水平,但摄入镉HQ值大于1,存在健康风险,可适当减少镉含量较高食物的摄入量。     

Background exposure of urban populations to lead and cadmium: comparison between China and Japan

Objectives: To assess and compare the background exposure of the general population to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in China and in Japan. Methods: Food duplicates and peripheral blood samples were collected from nonoccupationally exposed subjects, viz 202 Chinese women in four Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanning, and Tainan) and 72 Japanese women in three Japanese cities (Tokyo, Kyoto, and Sendai) in the years 1993–1995. Wet-ashing and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric methods were used for the determination of Pb and Cd levels in food and blood samples. Results: Geometric mean (GM) dietary Pb intake (25.8 μg/day) and the GM Pb concentration in blood (56.7 μg/l) in Chinese were significantly higher than in Japanese women (11.6 μg/day in food and 32.1 μg/l in blood), whereas Cd in food (32.1 μg/day) and Cd in blood (1.92 μg/l) in Japanese were significantly higher than in Chinese women (9.9 μg/day in food and 1.07 μg/l in blood). The intake of Pb and Cd via boiled rice accounted for 3.6% and 31.1% of the total dietary burden in Chinese, and 12.1% and 32.7% in Japanese, respectively. The Cd burden was acquired almost exclusively through the dietary route, whereas the Pb burden came from both air and food, especially in the case of the Chinese population. Conclusions:  The background Pb exposure in the Chinese population was higher than that in the Japanese population, whereas Cd exposure was lower in Chinese women than in their Japanese counterparts. Received: 4 March 1996 / Accepted 3 May 1996     

南方某市2012年市售大米镉污染状况及膳食暴露评估

目的了解南方某市市场大米中镉污染状况,评价居民食用大米摄入镉情况。方法随机采集该市各区县超市和农贸市场出售的大米,用石墨炉原子吸收法检测镉含量;用人均月摄入大米量和平均体重估算米镉月摄入量占暂定每月允许摄入量(PTMI)的比重。结果 100份大米中,镉含量均值为0.19mg/kg,超标率46.0%;地产大米镉含量和超标率最高(P50=0.23,P90=0.35mg/kg,61.4%);外省产最低(P50=0.13,P90=0.22mg/kg,16.1%)。估算居民每月通过大米摄入镉为19.9μg/kg·BW。结论该市市售大米镉污染较普遍,镉含量偏高,应加强监测,控制污染。     

恩施州9类食品中铅、镉和汞含量监测结果

目的对恩施州9类常见食品进行抽样与检测,掌握恩施州相关食品中铅、镉、汞含量的污染状况,为制定针对性的疾病预防监测措施提供理论支持。方法 2010—2011年在全州范围内以随机抽取的方式采集9大类食品共201个样品,采用原子吸收分光光度计、原子荧光光度计法测定食品中铅、镉、汞含量,并计算合格率。结果 9类食品中铅含量平均合格率为97.0%,镉含量平均合格率为95.0%,汞含量平均合格率为90.5%;食品中铅、镉、汞分别主要存在于动物内脏、鲜食用菌、蔬菜中。动物内脏中铅合格率为85.7%,鲜食用菌中镉合格率为85.7%,蔬菜中汞合格率为78.3%,其他食品中铅、镉、汞合格率都较高。结论恩施州常见食品总体污染水平较低,动物内脏、鲜食用菌、蔬菜分别有较高铅、镉、汞重金属污染,应采取针对性措施减少食品污染,以提高食品安全性。