旅客列车空调通风系统卫生状况调查

目的了解列车空调通风系统卫生状况,为旅客列车空调通风系统的卫生管理提供科学依据。方法2009年I～10月按随机抽样原则,以合肥到北京运行的25型空调客车108节,其中硬座车厢30节、硬卧车厢28节、餐车车厢24节（燃煤燃电各12节）、软卧车厢26节作为调查对象。监测送风口PM10、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌和回风管道中的积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数、β0溶血性链球菌。采用SPSS13．0统计软件进行数据处理和统计分析。结果送风口和回风管道卫生指标不合格率最高为细菌,各为40．80％、84．40％,其最高值各为（488±354）、（786±254）CFU／cm2;其次为PMi0或积尘,各为17．60％、48．50％,p溶血性链球菌均合格;不同类型车厢空调送风口PM10不合格率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,由高到低依次为餐车45．80％、硬座23．30％、硬卧3．60％、软卧0．00％;不同类型车厢空调回风管真菌总数不合格率差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）,其中软卧车厢真菌总数不合格率为16．67高于其他车厢,其余积尘量、细菌总数不合格率差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论列车空调系统卫生状况不容乐观,应对空调系统定期清洗消毒。     

旅客列车空调系统和车厢空气卫生学评价

[目的]调查评价旅客列车空调通风系统污染状况和车厢空气微生物的动态变化,为改善空气质量提供依据。[方法]列车运行全程监测,采集不同类型车厢和空调送风口空气样本及列车终到后空调通风管道积尘及空调冷凝水,分析卫生物指标。[结果]通风管道积尘量合格率0%(0/50);细菌总数合格率48%(24/50),真菌总数合格率82%(41/50);送风口细菌总数合格率52.4%(76/145),真菌总数合格率89.7%(130/145);车厢空气细菌及真菌总数均合格;均未检出溶血性链球菌和军团菌。[结论]列车空调通风系统不同程度地存在管道积尘量和积尘细菌总数、真菌总数超标的问题,应定期对空调通风系统除尘,有条件可加装空气净化装置,抑制微生物生长。     

旅客空调列车车厢空气质量与空调通风系统卫生学调查

目的 了解旅客列车车厢空气质量和空调系统的卫生状况.方法 于2009年1-10月,抽取合肥车辆段空调列车车厢108节,其中,硬座车厢30节、硬卧车厢28节、餐车车厢24节(燃煤燃电各12节)、软卧车厢26节.测定车厢空气的PM10、细菌总数、风速、温度、相对湿度、CO2,空调回风管道中的积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-...     

空调旅客列车空气质量影响因素调查研究

[目的]通过空调列车车厢内空气质量调查,了解影响因素,为技术改造提供卫生学依据。[方法]采用列车运行全程监测方式,分别在夏冬季对车厢的微小气候和空气质量进行连续监测,项目包括温度、相对湿度、风速、二氧化碳（CO2）、一氧化碳（CO）、空气细菌和真菌总数,空调管道中积尘样品在列车终到时采样。[结果]车厢内温度、相对湿度、风速和CO指标均符合标准,CO2超标率73．0％。餐车真菌指标较其他车厢高。空气质量指标夏季优于冬季,微生物指标冬季优于夏季。随着客流量增加,相对湿度、CO、CO2和细菌总数也相应升高。[结论]空调列车空气质量影响因素复杂,不同季节、车型及客流量等因素都会对列车空气质量产生影响。     

2011年枣庄市部分公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

[目的]了解枣庄市集中空调通风系统的空气卫生质量状况,为找出降低集中空调传播呼吸道传染病的措施提供依据。[方法]2011年8～9月,对枣庄市26家商场（超市）、宾馆、写字楼（办公楼）集中空调通风系统卫生情况进行调查并采集样品,对空调送风口可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌和风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数进行检测。[结果]合计检测样品130份,所有项目全部合格的68份,合格率为52.31%。样品合格率,写字楼为36.67%、宾馆为52.50%、商场为83.33%（P〈0.05）。空调送风口可吸入颗粒物（PM10）、细菌总数、真菌总数分别为51.54%、66.15%、72.31%;风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为73.08%、79.23%和93.08%。[结论]枣庄市集中空调通风系统卫生质量合格率较低。     

2007年海淀区部分酒店集中空调通风系统微生物检测分析

目的了解北京市海淀区酒店集中空调通风系统送风微生物污染状况。方法于2007年4月～10月监测了海淀区14家酒店的集中空调通风系统,分别对空调送风中空气细菌总数,真菌总数和β-溶血性链球菌、冷却水中嗜肺军团菌、风管内表面细菌总数和真菌总数进行检测。结果送风中空气细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌合格率分别为60.0%、92.0%、100%;风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为97.4%、90.9%;冷却水中嗜肺军团菌合格率为41.6%。结论海淀区部分酒店集中空调通风系统送风中空气细菌总数合格率较低,冷却水中嗜肺军团菌污染情况较为严重,应加强集中空调系统的清洗消毒和卫生监督管理。     

2017年广东省东莞市地铁列车车厢环境卫生状况调查

目的 了解东莞市地铁列车车厢环境卫生状况,为预防疾病传播提供科学依据。方法 2017年对东莞市正在运营的地铁列车车厢内环境空气质量、列车把手表面微生物开展监测,分析空调制冷季与空调非制冷季、列车高峰期与非高峰期、车站外环境与列车车厢之间的差异。结果 除部分列车温度、噪声、列车扶手表面细菌总数指标出现超标外,大部分监测指标符合相关卫生标准要求。空调非制冷季一氧化碳、二氧化碳、空气细菌总数高于空调制冷季,而空调非制冷季扶手表面细菌总数低于空调制冷季,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。高峰期扶手表面细菌总数高于非高峰期,而列车空气细菌总数低于非高峰期,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。车站外环境温度、风速高于列车车厢,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 噪声过高、温度不达标、列车扶手表面细菌总数超标等问题对地铁列车车厢环境卫生状况产生影响,要针对监测中发现的问题加强列车日常卫生管理工作。     

天津辖区高铁车站卫生状况评估

目的掌握天津辖区高铁车站卫生情况,正确评估集中空调系统污染现状,探索管理模式。方法对辖区内高铁车站进行集中空调卫生评估,对集中空调通风系统的送风中可吸入颗粒物（PM1 0）,送风中的细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌,风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数,风管内表面积尘量进行现场采样和实验室分析。结果送风中可吸入颗粒物（PM1 0）合格率为90.0%,送风中细菌总数合格率为76.7%,真菌总数合格率为73.3%,β-溶血性链球菌合格率为86.7%,风管内表面积尘量合格率为8 6.7%,细菌总数合格率为83.3%,真菌总数合格率为83.3%。结论天津辖区高铁车站集中空调通风系统存在卫生问题,应加强集中空调通风系统使用单位的卫生意识,建议定期对集中空调通风系统各主要部件进行清洗、消毒和更换,同时进一步加强卫生监督管理,保障车站职工和旅客身体健康。     

2013年大连市公共场所集中空调通风系统检测

目的 了解2013年大连市公共场所集中空调卫生状况。方法 按《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》对大连市20家公共场所集中空调卫生状况进行监测。结果 2013年大连市公共场所集中空调通风系统总体合格率为60.00%。其中,积尘中的细菌总数合格率最高（100.00%）,真菌总数合格率最低（81.39%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;星级宾馆送风中细菌总数与真菌总数合格率与大型商场超市相比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。与2012年相比,2013年送风中可吸入颗粒物合格率显著提高。结论 2013年大连市公共场所集中空调卫生状况总体上不容乐观,需要进一步提高。     

2012年北京市丰台区公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况调查

目的调查分析2012年北京市丰台区公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生状况,探讨其影响因素并为卫生管理提供技术支持。方法依据《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》,检测集中空调送风中细菌总数、真菌、β-溶血性链球菌及PM10,风管内表面细菌总数、真菌总数、积尘量,冷却（凝）水中嗜肺军团菌。结果丰台区集中空调通风系统送风中细菌总数、真菌总数、β-溶血性链球菌、PM10合格率分别为61.42%、88.89%、100.00%、90.91%,风管内表面积尘量、细菌总数、真菌总数合格率分别为100.00%、100.00%、99.20%,冷却（凝）水中嗜肺军团菌合格率为98.20%,血清分型以LP1型为主。集中空调送风中细菌总数存在着明显的季节性差异（χ^2=12.338,P〈0.01）,而送风中真菌、PM10未见明显的季节性差异（χ^2=3.155,P〉0.05;χ^2=6.976,P〉0.05）。不同类型集中空调送风中细菌总数、真菌未见明显差异（χ^2=5.782,P〉0.05;χ^2=2.653,P〉0.05）。结论细菌总数、真菌总数、PM10是丰台区集中空调送风卫生质量的主要影响因素,应加强集中空调管理,定期清洗消毒,并主动开展卫生委托监测。     

A murine model to study the antibacterial effect of copper on infectivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

This study investigated the effect of copper as an antibacterial agent on the infectivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mice were infected orally with a standardized dose of unstressed Salmonella Typhimurium and copper-stressed cells of Salmonella Typhimurium. Bacterial counts in ileum, blood, liver and spleen were observed up to 168 h under normal aerobic conditions. Serum sensitivity, phagocytosis, malondialdehyde levels and histopathology were studied for both set of animals. A decreased bacterial count in the organs with mild symptoms of infection and a complete recovery by 48 h was observed in mice infected with copper-stressed bacteria. Histopathological examination of ileum tissue demonstrated regeneration of damaged tissue post-infection with copper-stressed bacteria and no malondialdehyde levels were detected after 24 h in ileum, spleen and liver. Exposure to copper sensitized Salmonella Typhimurium to the lytic action of serum and intracellular killing by peritoneal macrophages. It can be concluded that copper stress confers a decrease in the infectivity of healthy Salmonella Typhimurium in normal mice. This study highlights the significance of use of copper as an antibacterial agent against Salmonella Typhimurium in reducing the risk of incidence of Salmonella infections from contaminated water.     

The impact of extrinsic sources on selected indicator organisms in a typical deboning room

Meat is a highly perishable product and the microbiological safety thereof is an extremely important issue for both the consumer and the meat industry. In this study, samples were randomly collected from various working surfaces, from raw meat and from the air in the deboning room of a high throughput red meat abattoir. The samples were analysed for the presence of total staphylococci counts as well as for total viable counts. The mean staphylococci counts from working surfaces were 19 CFU x cm(-2), and the staphylococci levels for the meat samples were well below the proposed maximum limit of 100 CFU x g(-1). Maximum staphylococcal bioaerosol counts of 10 CFU x m(-3) were also enumerated. Total viable counts from the workers' hands and working surfaces were high compared to the staphylococcal levels. Twelve staphylococci species were identified from the samples used in this study. Recontamination during the deboning process was identified as the major source of contamination, suggesting proper implementation of quality processing practices within the abattoir environment.     

Effect of Navy chaff release on aluminum levels in an area of the Chesapeake Bay

The U.S. Navy uses aluminized glass chaff as a passive countermeasure for radar-guided threats to aircraft and surface ships. Over the last 25 years, several hundred thousand pounds of aluminized chaff have been released during flight operations over a training area on the Chesapeake Bay. There is concern that these releases have resulted in the accumulation of significant amounts of aluminum in the soil and sediment of this training area. This study compares the exchangeable and monomeric aluminum content of sediment within the affected area with that of samples taken from outside the training area. We found a less than twofold increase in the content of organic monomeric aluminum in samples taken from the affected area versus background samples, whereas inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations within the affected area were significantly lower than background. These results suggest that chaff releases have not resulted in a significant accumulation of aluminum in this training area.     

Studies on microbial quality of filtered water in households of a university community in Nigeria

Water samples from home filters in nine residential areas of a Nigerian university community were studied. The membrane filter technique was used to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform counts/100 ml of water. Most of the 100 samples studied were grossly contaminated with total coliform counts/100 ml ranging from 0-442, faecal coliform counts/100 ml, 0-216 and the total aerobic plate count per millilitre ranged from 3.0 X 10(3) to 1.9 X 10(9) c.f.u. The source (dams) of water, fitness of filter candles, frequency of cleaning candles and pH of water did not significantly (P greater than 0.05; chi2) affect the microbial quality of either filtered boiled or unboiled tap water. Escherichia coli type I was isolated from 17.9% of the faecal coliforms tested but from only 2.3% of total coliforms. Enterobacter aerogenes was most predominant (38.5%) amongst faecal coliforms isolated while Enterobacter cloacae was the most frequent (37.2%) of the total coliform isolates. The gross contamination of filtered water from all households sampled calls for an enlightenment of residents on the proper use of home water filters.     

Studies on microbial quality of filtered water in households of a university community in Nigeria.

Water samples from home filters in nine residential areas of a Nigerian university community were studied. The membrane filter technique was used to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform counts/100 ml of water. Most of the 100 samples studied were grossly contaminated with total coliform counts/100 ml ranging from 0-442, faecal coliform counts/100 ml, 0-216 and the total aerobic plate count per millilitre ranged from 3.0 X 10(3) to 1.9 X 10(9) c.f.u. The source (dams) of water, fitness of filter candles, frequency of cleaning candles and pH of water did not significantly (P greater than 0.05; chi2) affect the microbial quality of either filtered boiled or unboiled tap water. Escherichia coli type I was isolated from 17.9% of the faecal coliforms tested but from only 2.3% of total coliforms. Enterobacter aerogenes was most predominant (38.5%) amongst faecal coliforms isolated while Enterobacter cloacae was the most frequent (37.2%) of the total coliform isolates. The gross contamination of filtered water from all households sampled calls for an enlightenment of residents on the proper use of home water filters.     

Potential use of copper as a hygienic surface; problems associated with cumulative soiling and cleaning

It has been suggested that antibacterial copper could be used in place of stainless steel to help reduce the occurrence of hospital-acquired infections. The antibacterial activity of copper has been clearly demonstrated when using cell suspensions held in prolonged contact with copper or copper alloys. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of copper in comparison with stainless steel in a generally dry environment. Three stainless steels of varying surface finish and polished copper were soiled with Staphylococcus aureus suspended in a protein-based organic soil (bovine serum album), dried rapidly, and then incubated for 24 h. Surfaces were then wiped clean using a standardised wiping procedure with two cleaning agents recommended by UK National Health Service guidelines. This soiling/cleaning procedure was carried out daily over five days. After each cleaning cycle the amount of residual soil and live cells was assessed using direct epifluorescence microscopy. All materials were easily cleaned after the first soiling episode but a build-up of cells and soil was observed on the copper surfaces after several cleaning/wiping cycles. Stainless steel remained highly cleanable. Accumulation of material on copper is presumably due to the high reactivity of copper, resulting in surface conditioning. This phenomenon will affect subsequent cleaning, aesthetic properties and possibly antibacterial performance. It is important to select the appropriate cleaning/disinfecting protocols for selected surfaces.     

Estimates of microbial quality and concentration of copper in distributed drinking water are highly dependent on sampling strategy

The numbers of bacteria generally increase in distributed water. Often household pipelines or water fittings (e.g., taps) represent the most critical location for microbial growth in water distribution systems. According to the European Union drinking water directive, there should not be abnormal changes in the colony counts in water. We used a pilot distribution system to study the effects of water stagnation on drinking water microbial quality, concentration of copper and formation of biofilms with two commonly used pipeline materials in households; copper and plastic (polyethylene). Water stagnation for more than 4 h significantly increased both the copper concentration and the number of bacteria in water. Heterotrophic plate counts were six times higher in PE pipes and ten times higher in copper pipes after 16 h of stagnation than after only 40 min stagnation. The increase in the heterotrophic plate counts was linear with time in both copper and plastic pipelines. In the distribution system, bacteria originated mainly from biofilms, because in laboratory tests with water, there was only minor growth of bacteria after 16 h stagnation. Our study indicates that water stagnation in the distribution system clearly affects microbial numbers and the concentration of copper in water, and should be considered when planning the sampling strategy for drinking water quality control in distribution systems.     

Hair as a biopsy material: trace element data on one man over two decades

BACKGROUND: Hair mineral analyses are being performed frequently both with and without medical advice. Reasons for analysis often are ill defined. OBJECTIVE: To assess variability of trace element data both within a series of samples from an individual and among mean values published from other research laboratories. DESIGN: Many samples of hair were collected carefully from a healthy man over a comparatively long period of time and were processed and analyzed under standard conditions. Extensive published data from other research laboratories also were reviewed and compared. RESULTS: Coefficients of variation for trace elements in hair of the donor ranged from 17 to 74% for the essential elements copper, selenium and zinc and from 53 to 121% for the potential intoxicants aluminum, cadmium and lead. The ratio of high mean to low mean for values published by others on hair samples from healthy people ranged from two for selenium and zinc to 18 for aluminum. CONCLUSIONS: Hair analysis should be based on a diagnostic hypothesis such as cadmium intoxication or copper deficiency rather than on the ease of analysis or attempts to explain vague symptoms because within-person variability is large and interlaboratory agreement on normal values is poor.     

High level of recovery of fungi from water and dialysate in haemodialysis units

The counts of yeasts and filamentous fungi were investigated in the municipal water supplies of haemodialysis centres, in the treated water and the dialysate from all 85 haemodialysis units in Greece, in order to estimate their occurrence, their correlation with contamination indicator bacteria and other influencing factors. Filamentous fungi and yeasts were isolated from 69 (81.2%) and from three (3.5%) feed water samples, from 74 (87.1%) and seven (8.2%) treated water samples and from 66 (77.7%) and 11 (12.9%) dialysate samples respectively. Aspergillus spp and Penicillium spp were the most frequent moulds, while Candida spp were the prevailing yeasts. The occurrence of yeasts was significantly higher in dialysate than in tap water samples. Counts of filamentous fungi in all 255 samples were significantly correlated with the counts of total heterotrophic bacteria and enterococci, whereas the counts of yeasts were correlated with faecal coliforms, total heterotrophic bacteria, as well as enterococci, Pseudomonas spp and total coliforms, while no correlation was detected with the age of either haemodialysis units, the age of water treatment system, the number of artificial kidney machines or the components of the water purification system. High recovery of fungi from haemodialysis aqueous environments implies a potential risk for haemodialysis patients and indicates the need for continuous maintenance and monitoring.     

Microbial contamination in vegetables due to irrigation with partially treated municipal wastewater in a tropical city

A total of 144 samples of water used for irrigation were collected from Dinapur, DLW sewage treatment plant and river water of Ganga at Rajghat and 258 irrigated vegetable samples were collected from nearby agricultural fields in the close vicinity of three treatment plants and examined using standard procedures for coliform and viable counts and the presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium and Vibrio during the winter and rainy seasons. Irrigation water from Rajghat drain had significantly higher coliform counts by location and season than the water from the Dinapur and DLW. Although all the vegetables had coliform counts higher than the recommended standard (range 3.40 - 6.38 log10 cfuml(-1)), spinach and cabbage had significantly higher (p < 0.05) counts compared to other vegetables during the dry season. Salmonella was significantly more likely to be detected during the rainy season than during the dry season. Contaminated vegetable intake may pose a serious threat to human health.