外用盐酸罂粟碱抑制植皮片术后挛缩作用机理的实验研究

目的：探讨外用盐酸罂粟碱抑制植皮片术后挛缩的作用机理。方法：取18只大鼠36侧移植皮片作为实验对象,将大鼠分成测量组及取材组,同一只大鼠的植皮片按左右侧对应位置进行配对,分成A（罂粟碱治疗组）、B（空白霜剂对照组）2组。A组每日在植皮片表面外涂2％罂粟碱霜2次,B组仅涂抹空白对照霜剂,术后90天后,A、B两组改为全部应用空白霜剂。最后观察两组术后10、20、40、60、90、120天收缩率变化及α-SMA免疫组化染色、天狼猩红染色的组织学变化。结果：外用盐酸罂粟碱霜可以有效地抑制大鼠植皮片术后挛缩,免疫组化染色显示：应用盐酸罂粟碱霜后,皮片创面中的肌成纤维细胞（MFB）数量较对照组明显减少。天狼猩红染色显示用药组皮片的Ⅰ／Ⅲ型胶原比值较用药组降低。结论：外用罂粟碱霜剂能够抑制自体游离植皮片术后挛缩,其作用机理在于盐酸罂粟碱可以明显减少皮片下肌成纤维细胞（myofibroblast MFB）的数量并降低Ⅲ／Ⅰ型胶原比值从而抑制了植皮片的挛缩。     

外用罂粟碱霜对扩张皮肤血流量及扩张皮瓣成活长度的影响

目的探讨外用罂粟碱霜对扩张皮肤的血流量及对扩张皮瓣成活长度的影响.方法以小型猪为实验动物,将罂粟碱霜用于组织扩张过程,分别与罂粟碱全身给药和囊内导入2种方式以及常规扩张进行对照,观察在扩张前后及给药前后扩张皮肤的组织血流量以及扩张皮瓣成活长度的差异.结果扩张注水前外用组皮肤血流量值较其它组明显较高(P＜0.05).在扩张后外用组较其它各组仍处于较高水平(P＜0.01);给药前外用组皮肤血流量值较其它2组高(P＜0.05);外用组在给药后,扩张皮肤的血流量值不断上升并最终高于其它各组,至240分钟时与其它各组明显差异(P＜0.05);术后10天外用组平均皮瓣成活长度为(13.67±1.28)cm,导入组为(11.07±0.88)cm;肌注组为(10.79±0.49)cm,对照组为(9.49±0.77)cm,外用组与其它各组之间差别均非常显著(P＜0.01);外用组扩张包膜组织中罂粟碱的平均含量为(3.5±1.2)μg/g,导入组和肌注组包膜组织中及各组动物血液中均检测不到罂粟碱含量.结论外用罂粟碱霜剂能够透过皮肤并有效地发挥扩张血管的作用,从而增加扩张皮肤的血流量,增加扩张皮瓣的成活长度.对于扩大组织扩张术的应用范围、减少并发症、提高手术效果有重要的应用价值.     

外用罂粟碱霜对扩张皮肤血流量及扩张皮瓣成活长度的影响

目的　探讨外用罂粟碱霜对扩张皮肤的血流量及对扩张皮瓣成活长度的影响。方法　以小型猪为实验动物 ,将罂粟碱霜用于组织扩张过程 ,分别与罂粟碱全身给药和囊内导入 2种方式以及常规扩张进行对照 ,观察在扩张前后及给药前后扩张皮肤的组织血流量以及扩张皮瓣成活长度的差异。结果　扩张注水前外用组皮肤血流量值较其它组明显较高 (P <0 .0 5)。在扩张后外用组较其它各组仍处于较高水平 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;给药前外用组皮肤血流量值较其它 2组高 (P <0 .0 5) ;外用组在给药后 ,扩张皮肤的血流量值不断上升并最终高于其它各组 ,至 2 4 0分钟时与其它各组明显差异 (P <0 .0 5) ;术后 1 0天外用组平均皮瓣成活长度为 (1 3 .67± 1 .2 8)cm ,导入组为 (1 1 .0 7± 0 .88)cm ;肌注组为 (1 0 .79± 0 .49)cm ,对照组为 (9.49± 0 .77)cm ,外用组与其它各组之间差别均非常显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;外用组扩张包膜组织中罂粟碱的平均含量为 (3 .5± 1 .2 ) μg/g,导入组和肌注组包膜组织中及各组动物血液中均检测不到罂粟碱含量。结论　外用罂粟碱霜剂能够透过皮肤并有效地发挥扩张血管的作用 ,从而增加扩张皮肤的血流量 ,增加扩张皮瓣的成活长度。对于扩大组织扩张术的应用范围、减少并发症、提高手术效果有重要的应用价     

扩张瘢痕皮片移植修复关节部位瘢痕挛缩畸形

目的:探讨应用背部扩张表浅瘢痕皮片移植修复特重度烧伤后关节部位瘢痕挛缩畸形效果。方法:选择背部有大片表浅瘢痕,四肢有瘢痕增生挛缩的特重度烧伤后患者6例。一期手术将扩张器置入背部表浅瘢痕处,按照每植皮1cm2注水7～9ml的比例注水扩张背部表浅瘢痕;二期取出扩张器,切取扩张的瘢痕皮片,去除纤维囊层后游离移植到瘢痕挛缩松解的继发创面。结果:所移植的扩张瘢痕皮片有4例完全成活,2例大部分成活,畸形改善明显,关节功能基本恢复。结论:该方法在自体皮源欠缺的情况下,充分利用表浅瘢痕皮片修复瘢痕畸形、重建关节功能,为特重度烧伤后瘢痕挛缩畸形的修复提供了一种安全有效的手术方法。     

A型肉毒毒素对兔植皮后皮片收缩相关因素的影响

／目的研究A型肉毒毒素对兔植皮术后皮片收缩的相关因素影响。方法于兔背部沿脊柱两侧对称地制备两排共4个2cm×2cm正方形供皮区,切取全厚皮片,共形成20个创面。每只兔背部随机选取2个创面皮下注射A型肉毒毒素5U,此为A组,共10个创面;其余未注射A型肉毒毒素的创面为B组。术后12d,大体观察切口愈合及植皮成活情况。观察组织的HE染色标本中炎症细胞、成纤维细胞、胶原纤维的变化及免疫组织化学染色标本中α-SMA表达;测量每张图片α-SMA的积分光密度值。结果大体观察A组与B组切口愈合及皮片成活无明显差异。光镜下,观察A组较B组真皮中炎症细胞减少,胶原纤维相对细小、致密度下降,排列较规则,大体走向一致;成纤维细胞数量减少,较分散。A组与B组α-SMA的积分光密度值组间差异具有统计学意义（P=0．003）,A组α-SMA的表达较B组明显减少。结论A型肉毒毒素的注射不影响植皮的正常成活及切口愈合。可通过减少收缩过程中的成纤维细胞的数量、胶原的合成与沉积及炎症细胞的生成,以减少肌成纤维细胞中α-SMA的表达,达到抑制皮片收缩的目的。     

外用罂粟碱霜加速组织扩张的实验研究

目的　探讨外用罂粟碱霜对组织扩张效率及对扩张组织质量的影响。方法　以小型猪为实验动物 ,将罂粟碱霜用于组织扩张过程 ,分别与罂粟碱全身给药和囊内导入两种方式以及常规扩张进行对照 ,观察在扩张效率、组织微循环、组织结构和超微结构变化等方面的差异。结果　外用组完成扩张历时 (2 8 9± 4 5 )d ,导入组 (34 0± 2 6 )d ,肌注组 (37 6± 4 8)d ,常规扩张组 (38 5± 3 5 )d ,各组差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;外用组扩张皮瓣成活长度平均为 (13 6 7± 1 2 8)cm ,导入组为 (11 0 7± 0 88)cm ,肌注组为 (10 79± 0 4 9)cm ,常规扩张组为 (9 4 9± 0 77)cm ,各组之间差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 0 1) ;各组在扩张率、回缩率、皮肤各层厚度等方面差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;电镜显示外用组包膜中的肌成纤维细胞功能不活跃 ,常规扩张组肌成纤维细胞功能活跃 ,其它组介于两者之间 ;外用组扩张包膜内罂粟碱的浓度为 (3 5± 1 2 ) μg g ,其它各组包膜内及各组血液中均未检测到罂粟碱。结论　外用罂粟碱霜剂能够在组织内达到有效的药物浓度 ,抑制扩张包膜中肌成纤维细胞的功能 ,从而增加平均注水量 ,缩短扩张时间 ,提高扩张效率 ,增加扩张皮瓣的成活长度。其作用连续而持久 ,不增加创伤     

脱细胞猪小肠黏膜下层与猪脱细胞真皮基质作为真皮支架的对比研究

目的：应用脱细胞猪小肠黏膜下层与猪脱细胞真皮基质作为真皮替代物与SD大鼠自体刃厚皮片进行复合移植,修复SD大鼠全层皮肤缺损,比较两者优劣性,为临床提供更理想的真皮替代物。方法：以36只SD大鼠为动物模型,随机区组法随机分为两组,每组18只,在其背部造成2.5 cm×2.5 cm的全层皮肤缺损,实验组应用脱细胞猪小肠黏膜下层+自体刃厚皮移植修复,对照组应用猪脱细胞真皮基质+自体刃厚皮移植修复,移植后2周对移植皮片成活率分析研究,移植后4周、8周、12周取材进行一般观察、组织学观察和收缩率的计算。结果：术后2周,实验组植皮存活率大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。于术后4周、8周、12周动态观察,实验组植皮区收缩率较对照组低,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HE染色组织学观察,术后4周,两组植入材料与移植皮片融合度均很好,植入材料内及其周围均有大量的成纤维细胞和新生毛细血管长入,并有炎症细胞浸润;术后8周,两组植入材料内及其周围均有成纤维细胞和新生毛细血管长入,炎症细胞较术后4周时少,两组植入材料的原有胶原纤维结构尚清晰,出现疏松;术后12周,两组植入材料...     

低分子右旋糖酐与盐酸罂粟碱对皮瓣成活质量影响的实验研究

目的 观察低分子右旋糖酐和盐酸罂粟碱对游离皮瓣血流通畅和成活质量的影响.方法 选用中国家兔48只,随机分为4组,每组12只.A组：对照组;B组：盐酸罂粟碱治疗组;C组：低分子右旋糖酐治疗组;D组：盐酸罂粟碱和低分子右旋糖酐联合治疗组.行兔耳游离皮瓣移植术.每只家兔术后行大体观察,组织学观察,微血管密度测定,皮瓣组织中丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）检测,透射电镜观察动脉吻合口超显微结构.结果 各观察指标显示B,C,D组皆优于A组,B,D两组无明显差异,皆优于C组.结论 术中术后应用盐酸罂粟碱可有效防止血管痉挛,维持血流通畅,促进微血管生成,增强抗再灌注损伤能力,提高游离皮瓣成活质量;低分子右旋糖酐单独应用对维持游离皮瓣血流通畅和促进微血管生成等效果不明显.     

游离足底内侧动脉化静脉皮瓣修复手指疤痕挛缩屈曲畸形

目的探讨游离足底内侧动脉化静脉皮瓣修复手指疤痕挛缩的手术方法和临床效果。方法 2008年3月至2012年9月,对9例9指疤痕挛缩,切除疤痕,松解肌腱,遗留手指掌侧缺损创面,缺损范围1cm×1.8cm-2cm×3cm,屈肌腱外露,予以行游离足底内侧动脉化静脉皮瓣修复缺损创面。术中切取大小为1.5cm×2cm-2.5×3.5cm足底内侧静脉皮瓣修复缺损。供区全部采用全厚皮片植皮。结果术后9例皮瓣全部成活,创面I期愈合。供区创面I期愈合,植皮全部成活。术后随访5-12月,伤指外形满意,指腹皮瓣饱满而不臃肿,色泽、质地与周围正常皮肤相似,两点辨别觉8-10mm,手指屈曲畸形改善45°-60°,手指均完全伸直。结论游离足底内侧动脉化静脉皮瓣,术后效果好,供区损伤小,是修复手指疤痕挛缩屈曲畸形的一种理想方法。     

盐酸罂粟碱卵磷脂微乳对大鼠皮瓣成活的影响

目的 制备盐酸罂粟碱微乳,观察盐酸罂粟碱微乳对大鼠皮瓣成活的影响.方法 采用SHAH法制备盐酸罂粟碱卵磷脂微乳并进行鉴定;将40只大鼠随机分为外用组、注射组、湿敷组和对照组四组,全部制作大鼠背部缺血皮瓣,术后实验组分别进行外用盐酸罂粟碱微乳、肌肉注射盐酸罂粟碱注射液、湿敷盐酸罂粟碱水溶液3种处理,对照组注射生理盐水.通过监测皮瓣血流量、微血管密度和皮瓣成活率观察疗效.结果 成功制得盐酸罂粟碱卵磷脂微乳,鉴定结果符合要求.皮瓣血流量监测术前及术后即刻4组大鼠皮瓣的血流量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);给药后,外用组皮瓣血流量逐渐高于其他各组(P<0.01).微血管密度检测与皮瓣成活率结果相同:外用组>注射组>湿敷组和对照组(P<0.01).结论 盐酸罂粟碱微乳能够渗透皮肤并有效扩张局部血管,增加皮瓣血流量,促进瓣成活,在临床皮瓣移植上有应用价值.     

Irradiated Polyglactin 910 (Vicryl Rapide) for Placement of Full-Thickness Skin Grafts

BACKGROUND: The "unsuture" technique originally reported with the use of fast-absorbing gut for the placement of full-thickness skin grafts has provided years of successful full-thickness graft placement without the need for suture removal. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to explore another option for successful graft placement and survival using irradiated polyglactin 910 (Vicryl Rapide, Ethicon Inc, Somerville, NJ, USA), with its longer tensile strength of 7 to 10 days. METHODS: Irradiated polyglactin 910 was used to suture the edges and place basting sutures in full-thickness skin grafts. RESULTS: In our experience, we have found that the use of irradiated polyglactin 910 for the placement of full-thickness skin grafts provides an alternative to the "unsuture" technique with fast-absorbing gut. It provides excellent graft survival, easy workability, low inflammation, and good long-term cosmesis, without the need for suture removal. CONCLUSION: Irradiated polyglactin 910 provides another option for the placement of full-thickness skin grafts without the need for suture removal.     

Decreased wound contraction with fibrin glue--treated skin grafts.

Skin grafts can be used effectively to inhibit wound contraction. A critical element of this inhibition is the adherence of the graft to the wound bed. Fibrin glue has been shown to increase the adherence of skin grafts to wound beds. We therefore devised an experiment to determine the effect of fibrin glue on skin graft inhibition of wound contraction. Two 2.5 x 2.5-cm full-thickness defects were created on the dorsa of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty partial-thickness grafts were harvested from isogeneric donor animals using a brown dermatome. Prior to grafting, one full-thickness defect, each animal received 0.2 mL of fibrin glue (Immuno AG, Vienna, Austria). The adjacent wound served as the control and received 0.2 mL of normal saline. Grafts were applied, sutured, and protected with an occlusive dressing. The size of graft sites treated with fibrin glue or normal saline was determined at the time of graft application and thereafter at 3-day intervals for 21 days using standardized photographic techniques. The percentage of change from initial wound size at each point was recorded for each group. Graft sites treated with fibrin glue contracted less than the controls from the ninth postgraft day to the completion of the study. The mechanism by which fibrin glue inhibits wound contraction may be related to increased adherence of grafts to the underlying wound bed. As an adjunct in skin grafting, fibrin glue may offer certain advantages that are not achieved by suturing alone.     

The Advantages of Delayed Nasal Full-Thickness Skin Grafting After Mohs Micrographic Surgery

BACKGROUND: Full-thickness skin grafting following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) of the nasal tip and ala provides easy postoperative wound care and avoids functional impairment caused by wound contraction of the nasal ala free margins. Direct comparison of immediate and delayed skin grafting determined which offers greater success and defined factors contributing to success. OBJECTIVE: To determine if delayed or immediate full-thickness skin grafting results in better graft survival with improved function and appearance, and to identify the recipient bed characteristics, including the size of the wound, the proportion of the wound base having perichondrium, denuded cartilage, and granulation tissue, and graft survival for each technique. METHODS: We used a prospective study comparing 200 patients with wounds having a 3-5 cm2 surface area repaired immediately with a full-thickness skin graft (FTSG) to 200 patients with a delayed FTSG. The depth and diameter of the wound of the nasal ala and tip, and characteristics of recipient bed including size (cm2), location, proportion of wound base with perichondrium present, denuded cartilage, granulation tissue, and proportion of graft loss were the main outcomes measured. RESULTS: Partial graft loss occurred in 11% of those having delayed skin grafts and 30% of those with immediate repair. Delayed grafting was associated with a larger wound surface area (P <.0001), more denuded cartilage (P =.017), greater exposed perichondrium (P <.0001), and less partial graft loss (P <.001). When partial graft loss occurred, the area of loss was smaller with delayed FTSG (P =.036). Contraction of the wound and subsequent nasal valve impairment occurred less often with delayed FTSG (P <.0001). Graft depression was significantly less with delayed FTSG of the ala (P <.0001) and also improved on the nasal tip (P =.47). CONCLUSION: This prospective clinical trial of immediate and delayed FTSGs of the nasal tip and ala with denuded cartilage showed improved graft survival in cases where grafting was delayed for 12-14 days. During this period, substantial granulation tissue formed in the wound base. Assessment of the wound base and the presence of granulation tissue are key factors in the success of full-thickness skin grafting.     

羊膜负载骨髓间充质干细胞与表皮细胞对放创性皮肤损伤促愈合研究

目的探讨治疗放创性全厚皮肤缺损创面的方法及效果. 方法贵州小香猪8只,每只背部脊柱两侧均有放创性全层皮肤缺损圆形创面(Ф3.67cm)各3个,共48个创面.将经处理的人羊膜(human amniotic mambrane, HAM)分别负载自体骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)和表皮细胞,移植到其左侧24个创面作为实验组(A组);以单纯无种植细胞的HAM敷盖其右侧前16个创面(B组);以单纯油纱布敷盖其右侧后8个创面(C组).B、C作为对照组.观察移植后1～3周内各组创面愈合、肉芽组织生长及上皮化等情况,并进行创面组织HE染色及vWF免疫组织化学检测.用图像分析法测算各组各时间点创面平均面积(cm2),并计算其愈合百分率. 结果 C组于伤后 22～23天愈合,B组于伤后19～21天愈合;A组于伤后15～17天愈合,较B、C组分别提前6～7天和5～6天,愈合质量好.移植15～17天,A组与B、C组创面平均残留面积及愈合面积百分率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01). A组创面的新生上皮已完全覆盖整个创面,肉芽组织生长旺盛,肉芽组织中vWF、成纤维细胞和毛细血管含量丰富,可见胶原沉积;B、C组创面仍见许多炎性细胞浸润,肉芽组织中vWF、成纤维细胞和毛细血管含量少,胶原沉积不明显. 结论 HAM负载自体MSCs和表皮细胞植入对放创性全厚皮肤缺损创面有较好的促愈合作用,愈合质量较高.     

VADER (vacuum-assisted dermal recruitment): a new method of wound closure

Acute wounds which cannot be closed primarily are usually closed with a split skin graft. However a split skin graft has both functional (where tendons are exposed) and esthetic sequelae (contour deformity, different skin in color and texture). A novel technique is described which allows delayed primary closure of either fasciotomy wounds or full-thickness defects after harvest of a free or pedicle flap. The technique described combines the bootlace suture technique (which achieves wound closure by progressive suture tightening) with the VAC (vacuum-assisted closure) system (which reduces tissue edema, facilitating movement of tissue, and also reduces bacterial contamination of the wound). Twelve of 14 wounds (average width of wound after insertion and tightening of bootlace suture was 5 cm) were successfully closed after an average of 8 days (range, 4-23 days) in 11 patients (mean age, 45 years; range, 18-77 years) using this technique. Of the 2 patients where the technique was not successful, one patient was noncompliant and the other developed wound-edge necrosis. Other complications were self-limiting.The combined use of 2 methods of wound management facilitates delayed primary wound closure.     

全厚皮片游离移植矫治大面积眼睑分裂痣

目的：探讨全厚皮片游离移植矫治大面积眼睑分裂痣的效果及优势。方法：2002年9月～2006年8月,利用耳后或上臂内侧全厚皮片游离移植矫治大面积眼睑分裂痣6例,男性2例,女性4例,年龄12～28岁;黑痣直径3～6cm。结果：6例患者,2例行耳后皮片移植,4例行上臂内侧皮片移植。所有患者分裂痣完全切除,植皮全部成活。随访3个月～4年,形态、功能良好,无并发症发生,效果满意。结论：全厚皮片游离移植矫治大面积眼睑分裂痣简单易行、适应证广、疗效可靠,是治疗此类疾病比较理想的术式。     

抑制创面收缩药物的实验研究

为研究罂粟碱抑制创面收缩的效果与机理,用浸有不同浓度的罂粟碱溶液的纱布覆盖豚鼠背部2cm 直径的创面,并以生理盐水对照,观察创面面积变化,测定肉芽组织羟脯氨酸含量。发现罂粟碱能显著地抑制创面收缩,其抑制程度与药物浓度呈正相关,以0.3%,罂粟碱液为较有治疗效果的浓度机理在作用于成肌纤维细胞所致。     

Treatment of urethral defects: skin, buccal or bladder mucosa, tube or patch? An experimental study in dogs

PURPOSE: We studied 3 graft materials and 2 urethroplasty techniques in 24 adult male mongrel dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The animals were divided into 2 equal groups. In group 1 a 4 cm. segment of perineal urethra was excised and tubed urethroplasty was performed using free full-thickness skin, buccal and bladder mucosa grafts in 4 dogs each. In group 2 a 4 cm. urethral strip was excised and onlay urethroplasty was performed using the same graft materials in 4 dogs each. Retrograde urethrography was done and the animals were sacrificed at week 12. Autopsy specimens were calibrated with a 10Fr catheter. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were examined. Masson's trichrome stain was used to determine the extent of fibrosis. RESULTS: Urethral stricture was diagnosed by radiology and confirmed by calibration in 8 of the 12 dogs (66%) in group 1 but in only 1 of the 12 (8%) in group 2 (p <0.004). Buccal mucosa grafts were associated with the lowest stricture rate of 12%, followed by 37% for bladder mucosa and 62% for skin (p <0.2). There was no difference in neovascularization among the 3 grafts. Graft shrinkage was less than 10% for buccal mucosa compared with 20% to 40% for skin and bladder mucosa. The shrinkage rate was similar for the onlay and tube techniques. The intensity of chronic inflammation and fibrosis was highest in the skin grafts. Circumferential fibrosis was noted in association with tubed urethroplasty but not with the onlay technique. CONCLUSIONS: The theoretical advantages of buccal mucosal grafts were pathologically demonstrated. When possible, grafts should be used as an onlay rather than as a complete tube.