人和哺乳动物比目鱼肌的纤维型

采用Ａｃｈｌａｓ氏法对成年人和大鼠、小鼠、家兔、豚鼠及犬的比目鱼肌纤维类型进行了研究。结果表明：人类和哺乳动力动物的比目鱼肌纤维均可分为两种类型。Ｉ型纤维中线粒体含量高，琥珀酸脱氢酶活性也高，但其直径小。ＩＩ型纤维中线粒体含量和琥珀酸脱氢酶活性均低，而其直径大。可以认为，人类和哺乳动物的比目鱼肌纤维并非同质。     

脊髓灰质炎后遗症期与矫正术后酶组织化学定量及病理形态观察

６０例脊髓灰质炎后遗症期横纹肌纤维内的琥珀酸脱氢酶、ＡＴＰ酶染色（ｐＨ分别为４．６、９．４）。矫治前组与对照组酶定量比较Ｐ＜０．０１，对照组与矫治后组酶定量比较Ｐ＞０．０５。说明矫治术后肌纤维酶的活性及含量基本达到正常水平。其横纹肌萎缩以Ⅱ型肌纤维为主，部分Ｉ型肌纤维肥大，具有神经再支配现象。     

人指屈肌和指胂肌的肌纤维型构成及年龄差异

用尸检取材，肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶染色法，检测了不同年龄组（共１８例，３－６９岁）指浅屈肌、指深屈肌和指伸肌的肌纤维型构成。结果表明：中青年组各肌的Ｉ型纤维比例分别为指浅屈肌４７．２％，指深屈肌４４．７％，指伸肌４７．７％，各肌之间无明显差异。     

雄激素对幼年大鼠坐骨海绵体肌肌纤维类型的调节

目的：了解雄激素对幼年大鼠雌雄异形性坐骨海绵体肌肌纤维形态的影响。材料和方法：给５天龄的雌性和雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠持续５周肌肉注射丙酸睾丸酮，用碱性预孵育液处理的肌球蛋白三磷酸腺苷酶染色法对坐骨海绵体肌肌纤维染色分型。结果：正常大鼠坐骨海本肌有两型肌纤维：直径较小，染成黑色的ⅡＡ型和直径较大鼠坐骨海本肌有两型肌染成浅灰色的ⅡＢ型，其比例分别约为４０％和６０％。的性雄激素使幼年雄性和雌性大鼠坐骨海绵     

9例强直性肌营养不良症组织化学和超微结构的研究

总结９例强直性肌营养不良症（ＭｙＤ）骨胳肌的病理，组织化学和超微结构的改变。光镜下观察主要改变为肌纤维退行性变，肌核内移，核链形成，肌膜下肌浆块和环行纤维形成等。肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶和ＮＡＤＨ－ＴＲ组织化学染色７８％显示选择性Ⅰ型纤维萎缩。电镜下观察超微结构的突出表现为肌膜出现广泛微小缺损，Ｚ带破坏，肌丝溶解，线粒体肿胀，肌质网扩张和肌纤维再生。遗传缺陷导致广泛膜功能异常，可能是引起酶代谢紊乱，线粒体     

大鼠T_9脊髓横断对后肢肌纤维SDH活性的影响

目的：为截瘫病人受累肌功能恢复提供实验依据。方法：用３０只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雌性大鼠行Ｔ９节段脊髓横断，于术后３、７、２０、４０和９０天取比目鱼肌（ＳＯＬ）、趾长伸肌（ＥＤＬ）和跖肌（ＰＬ），进行冰冻切片，琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）染色。结果：实验组与对照组比较ＳＯＬ、ＥＤＬ和ＰＬ的各型肌纤维ＳＤＨ含量降低并呈同步改变，镜下可见部分肌纤维有的横纹暗带染色变深、变宽、出现竹节样改变和局部染色缺失，这种改变在ＳＯＬ出现早于ＥＤＬ和ＰＬ。结论：脊髓横断引起受累肌纤维ＳＤＨ活性和分布改变     

人拇长屈肌和拇长伸肌的肌纤维型构成及年龄差异

采用尸检取材（死后２４ｈ内）共１７例，用肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶染色法，研究了不同年龄组拇长屈肌和拇长伸肌的肌纤维型构成。结果表明，各年龄组肌纤维型比例明显不同，Ⅰ型纤维比例在少儿组较高，中青年组较低，到老年组又见增高。方差分析表明，年龄组之间存在显著差异。此外，在中青年组和老年组，拇长伸肌的Ⅰ型纤维比例显著高于拇长屈肌；而在少儿组，两肌之间无明显差异。本文讨论了肌纤维型构成与肌功能适应的关系。     

背阔肌的组织化学特征研究

本文用酸碱预孵育肌球蛋白ATP酶法、乳酸脱氢酶法、油红O法、PAS法,研究了20只犬的背阔肌.结果表明,用肌球蛋白ATP酶法可将肌纤维分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型.Ⅰ型可分为3个亚型,Ⅱ型可分为ⅡA、ⅡB和ⅡC3个亚型.Ⅱ型肌纤维在背阔肌中占的比例大.Ⅱ型肌纤维含有较多糖原,Ⅰ型肌纤维含有较多脂肪颗粒.通过酶的染色观察,Ⅰ型、ⅡB和ⅡC亚型肌纤维的乳酸脱氢酶活性强弱无明显差别,ⅡA亚型肌纤维乳酸脱氢酶活性较弱.本文对背阔肌组织化学特征进行了讨论.     

大鼠肋膈肌和脚膈肌毛细血管密度观察

目的：观察和比较大鼠肋膈肌和脚膈肌毛细血管密度特征和差异。方法：采用肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ（ｍＡＴＰ）酶组化进行肌纤维分类和显示毛细血管，通过计算机图象分析系统，测定大鼠肋膈肌和脚膈肌毛细血管密度（ＣＤ）并与肢体肌进行比较。结果：①大鼠肋膈肌ＣＤ显著大于脚膈肌，两者ＣＤ均大于肢体肌肉；②不同类型肌纤维中，Ⅰ型和ⅡＡ型ＣＤ大于ⅡＢ；③同类纤维比较，肋膈肌ⅡＢ纤维ＣＤ大于脚膈肌和肢体肌，但Ⅰ和ⅡＡ型纤维各肌肉间无显著差异。结论：大鼠肋膈肌和脚膈肌毛细血管密度有显著差异，反应了两者功能要求不同，提示前者具有更强的氧化能力和耐力。     

退变性颈椎失稳颈后深部肌肉的组织化学特征及其临床意义

目的：研究颈后深部肌肉的肌纤维型分布和横切面积,探讨其生理功能和在退变性颈椎失稳发病中的作用。方法：应用肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶染色法,观察正常人（４例）和退变性颈椎失稳患者（４例）颈后深部肌肉各型肌纤维的比例和结构特征,并测量肌纤维的横切面积。结果：正常人和退变性颈椎失稳患者颈后深部肌肉Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型纤维交织排列,横切面呈多边形或椭圆形,Ⅰ型纤维数量及横切面积均显著大于Ⅱ型纤维。退变性颈椎失稳患者肌纤维边界不清,横切面上可见小空泡,Ⅰ型纤维减少,Ⅱ型纤维增多。结论：颈后深部肌肉对维持颈段脊柱的生理姿势和运动起重要作用,肌纤维病理学改变是退变性颈椎失稳发病的重要因素之一。     

Morphological features of the greater occipital nerve and its possible importance for interventional procedures

Being one of the most prevalent neurological symptoms, headaches are burdensome and costly. Blocks and decompression surgeries of the greater occipital nerve (GON) have been frequently used for migraine, cervicogenic headache, and occipital neuralgia which are classified under headache by International Headache Society. Knowledge of complex anatomy of GON is crucial for its decompression surgery and block. This study was performed to elucidate anatomical features of this nerve in detail. Forty-one cadavers were dissected bilaterally. According to its morphological features, GON was classified into four main types that included 18 subtypes. Moreover, potential compression points of the nerve were defined. The number of branches of the GON up to semispinalis capitis muscle and the number of its branches that were sent to this muscle were recorded. The most common variant was that the GON pierced the aponeurosis of the trapezius muscle, curved around the lower edge of the obliquus capitis inferior muscle, and was loosely attached to the obliquus capitis inferior muscle (Type 2; 61 sides, 74.4%). In the subtypes, the most common form was Type 2-A (44 sides, 53.6%), in which the GON pierced the aponeurosis of each of the trapezius muscle and fibers of semispinalis muscle at one point and there was a single crossing of the GON and occipital artery. Six potential compression points of the GON were detected. The first point was where the nerve crossed the lower border of the obliquus capitis inferior muscle. The second and third points were at its piercing of the semispinalis capitis muscle and the muscle fibers/aponeurosis of the trapezius, respectively. Fourth, fifth, and sixth compression points of GON were located where the GON and occipital artery crossed each other for the first, second, and third times, respectively. On 69 sides, 1–4 branches of the GON up to the semispinalis capitis muscle were observed (median = 1), while 1–4 branches of GON were sent to the semispinalis capitis muscle on 67 sides (median = 1). The novel anatomical findings described in this study may play a significant role in increasing the success rate of invasive interventions related with the GON.     

Suboccipital myodural bridges revisited: Application to cervicogenic headaches

There seems to be no complete demonstration of the suboccipital fascial configuration. In 30 human fetuses near term, we found two types of candidate myodural bridge: (1) a thick connective tissue band running between the rectus capitis posterior major and minor muscles (rectus capitis posterior major [Rma], rectus capitis posterior minori [Rmi]; Type 1 bridge; 27 fetuses); and (2) a thin fascia extending from the upper margin of the Rmi (Type 2 bridge; 20 fetuses). Neither of these bridge candidates contained elastic fibers. The Type 1 bridge originated from: (1) fatty tissue located beneath the semispinalis capitis (four fetuses); (2) a fascia covering the multifidus (nine); (3) a fascia bordering between the Rma and Rmi or lining the Rma (13); (4) a fascia covering the inferior aspect of the Rmi (three); and (5) a common fascia covering the Rma and obliquus capitis inferior muscle (nine). Multiple origins usually coexisted in the 27 fetuses. In the minor Type 2 bridge, composite fibers were aligned in the same direction as striated muscle fibers. Thus, force transmission via the thin fascia seemed to be effective along a straight line. However, in the major Type 1 bridges, striated muscle fibers almost always did not insert into or originate from the covering fascia. Moreover, at and near the dural attachment, most composite fibers of Type 1 bridges were interrupted by subdural veins and dispersed around the veins. In newborns, force transmission via myodural bridges was likely to be limited or ineffective. The postnatal growth might determine a likely connection between the bridge and headache. Clin. Anat. 32:914–928, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Selective electromyography of dorsal neck muscles in humans

The patterns of activation of splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, transversospinalis, and levator scapulae muscles were studied during various head-neck positions, movements, and isometric tests in 19 healthy human subjects. Myoelectric activities were recorded with intramuscular bipolar wire electrodes. Cervical computerized tomography of each subject was performed before the electromyography session in order to guide electrode insertion. Head motion was recorded using an electromechanical device. This report demonstrates that head motion results from a complex interaction of active muscular forces, passive ligamentous forces, and gravity. Splenius capitis has two main functions, i.e., cervical extension and ipsilateral rotation. Semi spinalis capitis and the transversospinalis are mainly extensors, and levator scapilae acts primarily on the shoulder girdle. Splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and transversospinalis play a subordinate part in ipsilateral tilting. In addition, most subjects' semispinalis capitis were gradually recruited during ipsilateral rotation. No signal was detected from the transversospinalis during rotation tests.     

Human muscle fiber types in power lifters,distance runners and untrained subjects

Summary Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of 12 males: 5 control subjects, 4 power lifters and 3 distance runners. Three fiber types were distinguished by comparing serial sections for alkaline myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activities: 1. high ATPase and low SDH; fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG). 2. High ATPase and high SDH; fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG). 3. Low ATPase and high SDH; slow-twitch-oxidative (SO). In some cases the distinction between the FOG and FG classes was not clear and a group termed transitional was employed. A variation in percentage of fiber types and fiber area was found among individuals. The percentage of SO fibers varied from 19.6–60.1% within all 3 groups, with a mean of 40.5%. In the control group approximately 75% of the fibers were oxidative (FOG+SO). The major characteristics of the lifters were a decrease in the percentage of FOG fibers and a hypertrophy of FOG and FG fibers. The distance runners had a high percentage of oxidative fibers with few FG fibers. It is suggested that the fast-twitch fibers are mainly involved in the adaptation of muscle to exercise since the percentage of SO fibers varies greatly among individuals within and between the 3 groups studied.     

Histochemical profiles of fibers in the rat tibialis anterior muscle during early postnatal development

The enzyme activities of intra- and extrafusal fibers in the tibialis anterior muscle of rats during postnatal development have been investigated. Muscle fibers 1 day after birth showed a uniform reaction for adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD) activities. Fast-twitch (F) and slow-twitch (S) fibers with ATPase activity were found at 9 and 11 days. Thereafter, the type shift of muscle fibers from S to F was observed in the deep and middle portions. Fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch glycolytic (FG), and slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers with ATPase, SDH, and alpha-GPD activities were found at 15 (the superficial portion) and 17 days (the deep and middle portions). The histochemical differentiation of intrafusal muscle fibers (7 and 9 days) was found earlier than that of extrafusal muscle fibers.     

Human and rat skeletal muscle adaptations to spinal cord injury.

Results of studies of rodent skeletal muscle plasticity are often extrapolated to humans. However, responses to "disuse" may be species specific, in part because of different inherent properties of anatomically similar muscles. Thus, this study quantified human and rat m. vastus lateralis (VL) fiber adaptations to 11 weeks of spinal cord injury (SCI). The m. VL was taken from 8 young (54 d) male Charles River rats after T-9 laminectomy (n = 4) or sham surgery (n = 4). In addition, the m. VL was biopsied in 7 able-bodied and in 7 SCI humans (31.3 +/- 4.7 years, mean +/- SE). Samples were sectioned and fibers were analyzed for type (I, IIa, IIb/x), cross-sectional area (CSA), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), alpha-glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), and actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (qATPase) activities. Rat fibers had 1.5- to 2-fold greater SDH and GPDH activities while their fibers were 60% the size of those in humans. The most striking differences, however, were the absence of slow fibers in the rat and its four-fold greater proportion of IIb/x fibers (80% vs. 16% of the CSA) compared to humans. SCI decreased SDH activity more in rats whereas atrophy and IIa to IIb/x fiber shift occurred to a greater extent in humans. It is suggested that the rat is a reasonable model for studying the predominant response to SCI, atrophy. However, its high proportion of IIb/x fibers limits evaluation of the mechanical consequences of shifting to "faster" contractile machinery after SCI.     

Histochemistry and isomyosins of tail musculature inXenopus

Summary The main bulk of the larval tail inXenopus laevis is composed of thick muscle fibres which are succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) negative and show strong positive ATPase activity only at alkaline preincubation (pH 10.4). The thin muscle fibres (which cover the surface of the myotomes and extend to the tail tip) show positive SDH activity as well as strong positive ATPase activity after both alkaline and acid preincubations (pH 10.4, 4.5, 4.4, and 4.3). The pattern of myosin isoenzymes does not change in the tail muscle in the course of development ofXenopus: the same three bands of larval isomyosins were found in all the examined developmental stages: 40, 47, 50 and 56. However, the larval bands were distinct from three bands of myosin isoforms in the musculus longissimus dorsi (MLD) and musculus grastrocnemius (MG) of the metamorphosedXenopus.     

Variability in the human m. spinalis capitis and cervicis: frequencies and definitions.

The spinalis muscle is defined as the medial component of the erector spinae muscle group, and is typically subdivided into three regional components: m. spinalis thoracis, m. spinalis cervicis and m. spinalis capitis. Modern authorities, however, differ on the morphology of the cervicis and capitis portions and many claim that these regional distinctions do not commonly exist. This article reports on the validity of that claim. Three morphological conditions are identified for both m. spinalis capitis and m. spinalis cervicis. The distinct condition has the muscle persisting as an independent muscular unit. The blended condition occurs when the spinalis muscle fibers blend with those of the semispinalis muscle. Finally, there are occasions in which no evidence of spinalis muscle fibers can be found. Frequency estimates are provided for each of these morphological conditions. Results of statistical analyses indicate that there are no relationships among muscle varieties and the sex of the individual or the side of the body where the muscle was found.     

Magnetic resonance imaging study of cross-sectional area of the cervical extensor musculature in an asymptomatic cohort

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be regarded as the gold standard for muscle imaging; however there is little knowledge about in vivo morphometric features of neck extensor muscles in healthy subjects and how muscle size alters across vertebral segments. It is not known how body size and activity levels may influence neck muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) or if the muscles differ from left and right. The purpose of this study was to establish relative CSA (rCSA) data for the cervical extensor musculature with a reliable MRI measure in asymptomatic females within a defined age range and to determine if side-side and vertebral level differences exist. MRI of the cervical spine was performed on 42 asymptomatic female subjects within the age range of 18-45. The rCSA values for the cervical extensor muscles were measured from axial T1-weighted images. We found significant side-side rCSA differences for the rectus capitis posterior minor, major (P < 0.001), multifidus (P = 0.002), and the semispinalis cervicis/capitis (P = 0.001, P < 0.001). There were significant vertebral level differences in rCSA of the semispinalis cervicis/capitis, multifidus, splenius capitis, and upper trapezius (P < 0.001). Activity levels were shown to impact on the size of semispinalis cervicis (P = 0.027), semispinalis capitis (P = 0.003), and the splenius capitis (P = 0.004). In conclusion, measuring differences in neck extensor muscle rCSA with MRI in an asymptomatic population provides the basis for future study investigating relationships between muscular atrophy and symptoms in patients suffering from persistent neck pain. Clin.