苯巴比妥对癫(癎)患者血浆型PAF-AH酶活力的影响

目的检测苯巴比妥癫癎患者血浆型血小板活化因子乙酰水解酶(PAF-AH)活性,了解苯巴比妥抗癫癎治疗对免疫功能的影响。方法采用ELISA法测定16例单药PB抗癫癎治疗未发作EP患者,14例单药PB抗癫癎治疗发作患者及16例健康对照组的血浆型PAF-AH活性。结果癫癎未发作组、癫癎发作组和健康对照组血浆型PAF-AH活性分别为(15.91±1.59)、(17.66±1.46)(、15.52±1.18)nmol/(min.μl),发作组血浆型PAF-AH活性高于健康对照组(P<0.01),未发作组与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论单药苯巴比妥抗癫癎治疗EP患者发作后血浆型PAF-AH活性升高,可能是机体的一种自我保护措施。     

丙戊酸治疗成人癫(癎)致血浆肉毒碱下降

目的观察丙戊酸(valproic acid,VPA)治疗成人癫患者后患者血浆游离肉毒碱改变规律,并探讨导致其改变的相关因素。方法VPA治疗组为41例成人癫患者,其中接受VPA单药治疗者33例,联合其他抗癫药物治疗者8例,30例非VPA治疗的成人癫患者作为癫对照组,包括其他抗癫药物治疗的患者14例,和未进行药物治疗的患者16例。33名同龄健康者作为正常对照,用酶循环法测定血浆游离肉毒碱浓度,3组间进行比较。结果VPA治疗组血浆游离肉毒碱浓度(31.43±11.75μmol/L)明显低于正常对照组(43.25±12.57μmol/L)和非VPA治疗的癫对照组(40.71±12.83μmol/L,P均<0.05)。血浆游离肉毒碱浓度与VPA剂量、VPA疗程、其他抗癫药物、年龄、性别、血ALT、AST无相关性。结论VPA治疗成人癫可能导致血浆游离肉毒碱水平下降,其下降程度和VPA无剂量和疗程依赖性,也不受患者的生理状态以及其他抗癫药物的影响。     

丙戊酸钠和苯巴比妥对癫患儿尿β_2-微球蛋白的影响

目的研究丙戊酸钠和苯巴比妥对癫患儿肾小管功能的影响。方法观察60例癫患儿,分别予丙戊酸钠及苯巴比妥单药治疗6个月,测定服药前后尿β2-微球蛋白的变化。结果丙戊酸钠组治疗前尿β2-MG为(0.27±0.04)mg/L,治疗后为(0.31±0.06)mg/L,t=2.60,P<0.01。苯巴比妥组治疗前后相比较,差别无显著性。结论丙戊酸钠对癫患儿肾小管功能有一定程度的损伤。     

丙戊酸钠对癫痫患儿血糖及血清胰岛素的影响

目的通过检测服用丙戊酸钠癫患儿血糖及血清胰岛素水平,观察丙戊酸钠对癫患儿血糖及血清胰岛素的影响。方法采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定葡萄糖浓度,采用放射免疫分析法测定胰岛素浓度。结果丙戊酸钠治疗3个月、6个月时癫患儿的血清胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数较治疗前均明显增高(P<0.05),治疗3个月时和6个月时相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但血糖无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论丙戊酸钠不引起癫患儿血糖明显变化,但血清胰岛素明显增加。     

红藻氨酸诱导癫(癎)发作大鼠海马星形胶质细胞C-FOS基因表达的研究

目的研究癫发作大鼠海马星形胶细胞C-FOS基因表达的变化,探讨其对癫发作的维持与复发的影响。方法将83只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组58只,对照组25只。实验组在海马CA3区注射红藻氨酸(Kainicacid,KA)建立癫模型,对照组在相同部位注射等量生理盐水。利用免疫组织化学双重染色技术,分别在癫发作后1h、3h、6h、12h和24h观察大鼠海马星形胶质细胞C-FOS基因的表达。结果与对照组大鼠比较,癫模型鼠海马CA1区CFAP/C-FOS双标记阳性细胞百分率于癫发作后1h(12.70±0.03)、3h(17.10±0.05)、6h(24.92±0.04)明显升高(P<0.01),在6h达到高峰,在12h下降,但是仍较对照组高(10.71±0.06;1.59±0.02,P<0.01),在24h下降至对照组水平(2.00±0.02;2.08±0.03,P>0.05)。结论KA诱导大鼠癫发作,导致海马星形胶质细胞C-FOS基因相对持续的高表达,从而激活星形胶质细胞,产生高致性的病理环境,可能是癫发作的维持以及复发的病理生理机制之一。     

难治性癫患者外周血中MDR1基因的表达及临床意义

目的研究难治性癫患者外周血中多药耐药1(MDR1)基因的表达以及抗癫药物和性发作在难治性癫多药耐药发生中的作用。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)半定量检测120例研究对象外周血中MDR1基因mRNA的表达。根据析因设计分性发作和抗癫药物两个因素,共分为A组(难治性癫组)、B组(癫治疗有效组)、C组(性发作未用药组)和D组(健康正常对照组),各30例。结果4组的外周血中MDR1基因的表达水平明显不同(F=4.456,P=0.005),其中性发作引起MDR1mRNA的表达明显增高(F=10.005,P=0.002),抗癫药物的作用则不明显(F=0.919,P=0.340),抗癫药物与性发作两者之间没有交互作用(F=2.445,P=0.121)。结论难治性癫患者外周血中MDR1基因mRNA的表达上调是性发作而非使用抗癫药物的结果,外周血中MDR1基因mRNA表达水平的监测可以作为评价癫耐药的一项指标。     

托吡酯对儿童骨代谢的影响

目的研究托吡酯(TPM)对癫患儿骨代谢的影响。方法正常对照组30例,诊断明确的癫患儿30例,于治疗前、TPM单药治疗3个月、6个月后,分别测定血清Ⅰ型前胶原羧基末端前肽(PICP)和Ⅰ型胶原氨基末端交联肽(NTX)浓度。结果 (1)TPM组治疗前的血清PICP浓度和血清NTX浓度与正常对照组无明显差异。(2)治疗6个月后,TPM组的血清PICP浓度低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。(3)TPM组治疗6月后的血清PICP浓度低于治疗前、治疗3月后(P<0.05),治疗前后的血清NTX浓度无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论提示应用TPM治疗癫可抑制骨形成,对于长期服用TPM的癫患儿需要补充维生素D、钙剂。     

重症肌无力伴发癫的临床研究

目的:探讨重症肌无力(MG)伴癫(EP)的发生率、机制与临床治疗。方法:回顾分析2000至2010年250例MG患者中EP的发生率。将8例MG伴发EP患者设为MG+EP组,242例不伴发EP的MG患者设为MG-EP组和200名正常体检者设为正常对照组。分析8例MG+EP组患者的临床治疗及实验检查结果。结果:250例MG患者中有8例(3.2%)有EP发作,其中MGⅡa型2例,MGⅡb型4例,MGⅢ型1例,MGⅣ型1例。癫发作类型:全身性强直-阵挛发作4例,复杂部分性发作4例,单纯部分性发作1例。脑脊液中IgG,MG+EP组明显高于MG-EP组及正常对照组(P<0.05),后两组组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),3组间血清中IgG差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MG+EP脑脊液检出抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AChR-Ab)。患者出现EP,单用抗癫药物(AEDs)治疗效果欠佳,EP发作在MG症状加重时频率增加,减轻时发作缓解,死亡2例。结论:①EP发作与MG的病情严重程度有关,与MG全身型可能相关;②MG+EP发作与脑脊液中IgG增高可能有关;③MG与EP相关的机制可能与脑内存在AChR-Ab有关。单用AEDs治疗效果欠佳,应同时加强MG的治疗。     

ABCB1基因多态性与抗癫药物疗效的相关性研究

目的观察多药耐药基因ABCB1多态性在癫患者中的分布特点,并探讨其与癫耐药的相关性。方法采用流行病学方法收集正规服用抗癫药(AEDs)且依从性好的癫患者852例(癫组),分析其临床特点;同期选取相同地区的非癫者1 003例为对照(对照组)。癫组再分为耐药亚组(671例,服用3种或3种以上AEDs,癫发作次数在随访前1年仍≥1次)和控制亚组(181例,AEDs治疗,随访前1年无癫发作)。利用Mass ARRAY时间飞行质谱技术检测癫组和对照组ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)。应用分子流行病学方法,与对照组比较,分析ABCB1基因多态性在癫患者中的分布特点及对AEDs疗效的关系。结果对耐药亚组、控制亚组和对照组进行ABCB1基因多态性检测发现3组的SNPs均服从Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡。癫组与对照组ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点的SNPs基因型分布差异无显著性(P0.05);耐药亚组和控制亚组3个位点SNPs基因型分布差异无显著性(P0.05)。单体型分析显示癫组和对照组、耐药亚组和控制亚组3个位点SNPs组成的常见单体型分布差异无显著性(P0.05)。耐药相关的多因素Logistic回归分析未发现ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点SNPs与耐药有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论未发现ABCB1基因C3435T,G2677T/A和C1236T位点多态性与AEDs耐药有相关性。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。