带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨与骨膜瓣的临床应用

目的：报道带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨与骨膜瓣的临床应用效果。方法：采用带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨与骨膜瓣带蒂转移或游离移植术，治疗股骨颈骨折32例、骨囊肿2例、股骨头缺血坏死18例(20侧)及骨不连1例。结果：股骨颈骨折术后3～4个月愈合3l例，另l例过早负重致骨折移位而失败，无股骨头缺血坏死病例；2例股骨颈骨囊肿术后4～6个月痊愈；股骨头缺血坏死疗效优良17例，优良率为94％；1例胫骨骨不连术后7个月痊愈。结论：带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨与骨膜瓣带蒂转移，是治疗股骨颈骨折、骨囊肿及股骨头缺血坏死的有效方法。     

带血管蒂髂骨移植加双头加压螺钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折

目的 股骨颈骨折的方法。方法 用带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨移植加双头加压螺压钉内固定治疗股骨颈骨折３６例。平均随访时间２年５个月。结果 ３３例骨折愈合,愈合率为９４．４％;股骨头缺血坏死率为８．４％。结论该手术方法促进了骨折愈合,提高骨折愈合率,降低股骨头缺血坏死率。     

带旋髂深血管骨瓣转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折

目的探讨带旋髂深血管骨瓣转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法2011年2月～2018年4月,本院共收治19例青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折,年龄25～44岁,平均35.2岁,按骨折部位分型:头下型9例,经颈型8例,基底型2例。按Garden分型,Ⅲ型12例,Ⅳ型7例。经髋关节改良Smith-Petersen入路,显露并处理股骨颈骨折断端,行髋关节Watson-Jones入路,骨折复位前,从该切口预置解剖锁定钢板与空心螺钉,并从骨折断端确定螺钉分布合理后,更换长螺钉确切固定股骨颈骨折,股骨颈开槽,取旋髂深血管骨瓣植入骨槽内。术后观察患者骨折愈合时间,发生骨不连及股骨头坏死情况,术后1年进行患髋Harris功能评分。结果 19例患者均获得随访,最短1年2个月,最长8年4个月,平均3年6个月,2例GardenⅣ颈下型分别出现骨不连及股骨头坏死,其余均完全骨性愈合,根据髋关节Harris功能评分,优良率89.5%。结论带旋髂深血管转移及解剖锁定钢板加空心钉固定可有效治疗青壮年陈旧性股骨颈骨折,降低并发症的发生。     

旋髂深动脉终支变异1例

旋髂深动脉终支变异１例陈荣生，刘元曦在为１例股骨颈头下型骨折病例，拟行带旋馆深血管蒂髂骨瓣移位术。术中发现旋髂深动脉终支变异，未能向髂骨瓣供区形成良好的供血渠道，后改用吻合髂腰动脉瓣移植术获得成功。因此种变异影响髂骨瓣手术的血管蒂选择，特报告于后。伤...     

带旋股外动脉升支髂骨瓣加空心加压钉治疗股骨颈骨折

目的：报道旋股外侧动脉升支髂骨瓣加空心加压螺钉治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的手术方法及临床效果。方法：在解剖学研究的基础上，设计并应用旋股外侧动脉升支髂骨瓣加空心加压螺钉治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折36例。结果：36例中，优22例，良11例，可2例，差1例。33例骨折完全愈合，3例出现股骨头坏死，优良率91．7％。结论：该术式骨瓣血供丰富，固定牢靠，操作简便，创伤小，是治疗青壮年股骨颈骨折的一种有效方法。     

股深动脉高位分支伴双旋髂深动脉1例

在行带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣治疗股骨颈骨折手术中,遇股深动脉高位分支伴双旋髂深动脉变异1例,现报道如下:患者女,53岁,农民,右股骨颈头下型骨折。行带旋髂深血管蒂骼骨移植三角针内固定术。术中见髂外动脉腹股沟韧带上2cm 处分叉为2支,并行向下伸延,2支动脉粗细相等,     

改良带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣的应用解剖研究及临床应用

目的：介绍一种改良带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣的制备方法。方法：利用5具经10％甲醛固定的国人成人标本,模拟临床手术,对髂骨区相关解剖进行观察、摄片;临床应用改良旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣修复下颌骨体部缺损6例。结果：应用改良方法完成5具10侧标本带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣的制备。临床应用6例手术顺利移植骨瓣,全部成活;无1例发生术后并发症。结论：改良法制备带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨瓣的术式安全、可靠,可避免损伤腹壁组织及股外侧皮神经。     

股外侧肌臀中肌双肌蒂骨瓣移植治疗股骨颈骨折

目的：观察股外侧肌臀中肌双肌蒂骨瓣移植治疗股骨颈骨折的疗效。方法：采用股外侧肌臀中肌双蒂骨瓣移植治疗32例不同类型股骨颈骨折。结果：术后随访6月～59个月，平均45个月。术后无感染、退钉、骨瓣松动等发生。31例骨折愈合，骨折愈合率为96．8％，骨折平均愈合时间5个月，1例骨折不愈合合并股骨头缺血坏死，股骨头缺咀坏死率为3．2％。髋关节功能按Harris。评分标准：优19例，良12例，差1例，优良率96．8％。结论：该术式具有操作简便，疗效好等特点，能有效减少股骨颈骨折的骨折不愈合和股骨头坏死的发生率．为治疗股骨颈骨折提供一种新的手术方法。     

带血管蒂肋骨或髂骨椎间植骨治疗胸腰椎结核

目的：探讨胸腰椎结核病灶清除术后带血管蒂的肋骨或髂骨椎间植骨的疗效。方法：手术治疗胸腰椎结核22例，首先清除病灶，其后T5～T11结核10例及T12～L1结核4例采用带肋间血管蒂的肋骨椎间植骨，L2～L5结核8例采用带旋髂深血管蒂髂骨椎间植骨。结果：本组22例术后均在2．5～3个月内愈合。随访7个月～17a，平均32．4个月，无复发。合并不全瘫的3例胸椎结核，半年后均已恢复。结论：带血管蒂肋骨或髂骨椎间植骨为活骨移植，其血运丰富，愈合快，是治疗胸腰椎结核的有效方法。     

以股外侧皮神经主干为标志分离旋髂深血管的临床体会

以旋髂深血管为蒂的髂骨瓣、骨膜瓣、骨皮瓣或血管束是重要的移植材料,临床常用。旋髂深血管的分离是此类手术的重要组成部分,术中费时较多,顺行及逆行分离法均如此。我们于1995～1997年在研究旋髂深血管与股外侧皮神经解剖关系的基础上,在采用旋髂深血管髂骨瓣治疗股骨头缺血性     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.