吻合血管游离皮瓣移植后皮肤再扩张的实验研究

在应用耳后皮肤扩张行耳廓再造的手术中，为了解决耳后皮肤不正常，如烧伤后耳后有瘢痕不能行皮肤扩张的问题，我们设计了吻合血管游离皮瓣移植后皮肤再扩张的手术方式，为证实手术设计的可行性，在兔体上进行此术式的动物实验。用兔双侧胸背部皮肤，一侧作原位吻合血管游离皮瓣移植后，再扩张；另一侧作常规的皮肤扩张。从扩张容量、扩张中有无并发症、皮肤血管的变化和组织学观察等方面比较两组之间均无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。表明，在兔体上吻合血管游离皮瓣移植后再皮肤扩张对皮肤扩张无明显不良影响，为临床应用提供参考。     

头皮扩张面积与缺损面积的测算

作者报道采用形态计量方法对头皮扩张面积与缺损面积进行测量与计算。经临床试用证明，这一方法可帮助医生在术前更充分地了解皮肤扩张中供与求的科学比例关系。作者认为通过该计算方法能为头部皮肤扩张术提供科学的依据。     

每次反复注水快速皮肤扩张法的实验研究

目的　探讨最佳的皮肤扩张法,了解每次反复注水快速皮肤扩张法的效果及机理。方法　白色乳猪4只,在脊柱两侧各设计3个皮瓣组,分别为每次反复注水快速扩张组、常规扩张组、对照组,在监测囊内压的情况下定期扩张,扩张结束后分别测定和比较扩张总面积、时间、皮肤的即时回缩率以及囊内压的变化,并进行组织学及超微结构的观察。结果　每次反复注水快速扩张组扩张后总面积明显大于常规扩张组（P＜0.05）,皮肤即时回缩率与常规扩张组间无明显差异（P＞0.05）,扩张总时间短于常规扩张组,扩张前囊内压在每次反复注水快速扩张组与常规扩张组间差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,每次反复注水快速扩张组扩张后皮肤的超微结构及功能与常规扩张组无明显区别。结论　每次反复注水快速皮肤扩张法是一种有效的、安全的方法,可在临床上推广应用。     

皮肤外扩张法在供皮区的应用

目的解决大面积烧伤后瘢痕畸形进行手术时的皮源不足的难题。方法采用皮肤组织外扩张法，以增加供皮区面积。结果经临床５４例实践证明取得了预期效果，且扩张具有延迟效应，对超过常规长宽比例的皮瓣可进行即时移转，皮瓣及全厚皮片供应区可直接缝合，供区和受区同步愈合。结论我们认为这是对修复大面积皮肤组织缺损时，提供“额外”皮肤组织的切实可行的方法。     

皮肤外扩张法在供皮区的应用

目的 解决大面积烧伤后瘢痕畸形进行手术时的皮源不足的难题。方法 采用皮肤组织外扩张法，以增加供皮区面积。结果 经临床4 实践证明取得了预期效果，且扩张具有延迟效应，对超过常规长宽比例的皮瓣可进行即时移转，皮瓣及全厚皮片供应区可直接缝合，供区和受区同步愈合。结论 我们认为这是对修复大面积皮肤组织缺损时，提供“额外”皮肤组织的切实可行的方法。     

扩张后皮肤挛缩动力环境的实验研究

目的　研究皮肤扩张后真皮内环境的变化及其与挛缩过程的关系。方法　采用兔头部扩张模型进行皮肤扩张实验,通过免疫组化、放射免疫测定等方法研究了真皮Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原以及透明质酸的变化。结果　Ⅰ型胶原在皮肤扩张后出现破坏和修复的现象,而Ⅲ型胶原有一过性增多。透明质酸的含量在皮肤扩张后由30ng/ml增加到80ng/ml,而且在相当长时间内呈增高状态,快速扩张变化较常规扩张明显。结论　扩张后真皮中的胶原结构发生重组,透明质酸的增加为扩张后皮肤挛缩提供重要的动力环境基础,快速扩张产生透明质酸多因此更易发生挛缩。     

单腔双扩张器重叠扩张术修复皮肤缺损

目的采用单腔双扩张器重叠扩张术提高皮肤软组织扩张效率,修复皮肤缺损。方法2003年6月~2005年3月,采用重叠扩张术,将传统的单腔单囊扩张变为在同一个皮肤软组织腔隙内重叠埋置2个扩张器进行皮肤软组织扩张,治疗5例皮肤缺损患者。其中男3例,女2例。年龄11~28岁。前臂瘢痕2例,黑毛痣1例;瘢痕性秃发2例。病程1.5~24年。皮肤缺损范围12cm×5cm~13cm×12cm。重叠置入均采用椭圆形上200ml、下250ml的扩张器。重叠扩张区域实际注水量480~685ml。患者均采用扩张皮肤一次修复皮肤缺损区域。结果5例患者均顺利完成预定的皮肤软组织扩张且一次修复皮肤缺损区域,扩张器扩张时间为27~50d,重叠扩张区域扩张皮肤13.0cm×6.0cm~14.5cm×9.0cm。术后供、受区创面均期愈合,经3~15个月随访,扩张皮肤无收缩与色素沉着,未见瘢痕复发,外观修复均满意。结论重叠扩张术可明显提高皮肤软组织扩张效率,适用于皮肤缺损边缘可扩张皮肤有限、或不便于过多剥离而又需足够多的扩张皮肤修复的区域。     

皮肤软组织重复扩张的微观研究

目的 探讨皮肤软组织重复扩张的微观变化，为临床应用提供理论依据。方法以6头小型猪为实验动物，并分为正常对照组、常规扩张组、重复扩张组，分别切取皮肤标本，进行光镜结构和超微结构的观察，以及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）含量的测定。结果重复扩张的皮肤软组织肉眼观察基本健康，其微观结构在常规扩张的基础上有进一步的变化。胶原纤维损伤明显，细胞损伤较轻并且进一步增殖和功能更加活跃。皮肤中bFGF含量进一步增高。结论重复扩张过程中，皮肤软组织虽然有进一步损伤，但通过进一步加强生长和修复功能，仍然能保持基本健康，因此，重复扩张安全可行。     

Autologous fat transfer rescues expanded skin from expansion failure: A retrospective cohort study in Asians

BackgroundSoft tissue expansion is a common technique for the regeneration of extra skin to repair skin defects. However, some warning signs like skin thinning and telangiectasia are often found during the expansion process, which indicates the skin flaps cannot be further expanded. These signs may result in the suspension of expansion or ultimately jeopardize the final outcome. Fat grafting is used to treat these potential complications and enable the continuation of the expansion procedure in some cases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficiency and safety of fat grafting in this process.MethodsThe study was conducted on patients from January 2012 to December 2017 with warning signs of expansion treated with fat grafting (treatment group) or pause expansion (control group). Follow-up data, such as expansion status, dermal thickness, telangiectasia, skin texture using volume assessment, B-mode ultrasound, and semiquantitative scoring, were collected.ResultsA total of 67 expanded skin regions with warning signs were enrolled. The expansion fold increased 2.14-fold at 12 weeks after treatment compared with 0.74-fold in control (P=0.02). The semiquantitative score was significant improved at 4 weeks (9.03 ± 0.73 vs. 7.45 ± 0.55; p=0.033). Meanwhile, the skin thickness in the experimental group did not show decreasing trend even in the continued expansion process.ConclusionsAutologous fat grafting represents an effective and safe method to rescue expanded skin from limited skin regeneration. This technique also represents a valuable tool to increase the chances for further expansion.     

皮肤外扩张法在供皮区的应用

目的解决大面积烧伤后瘢痕畸形进行手术时的皮源不足的难题。方法采用皮肤组织外扩张法,以增加供皮区面积。结果经临床54例实践证明取得了预期效果,且扩张具有延迟效应,对超过常规长宽比例的皮瓣可进行即时移转,皮瓣及全厚皮片供应区可直接缝合,供区和受区同步愈合。结论我们认为这是对修复大面积皮肤组织缺损时,提供“额外”皮肤组织的切实可行的方法。     

肿胀技术在皮肤软组织扩张术中的应用探讨

目的:探讨肿胀技术在皮肤软组织扩张术中的临床意义。方法:在行皮肤软组织扩张术的I期手术时,在扩张器置入的区域,根据置入的部位和置入的层次注射0.06%肿胀液,然后切开皮肤皮下,按术前标记的剥离范围剥离,缝合切口,拆线后注水;在行皮肤软组织扩张术的II期手术时,取出扩张器后,将皮瓣旋转或推进,切除病变,在扩张包膜基底注射0.06%肿胀液,将扩张包膜切除,缝合切口。结果:自2000年1月～2005年1月,共治疗了50个病例100个扩张器,均获得了满意效果。结论:肿胀技术在皮肤软组织扩张术的I、II期手术中,具有便于腔隙的剥离和减少副损伤,以及减少术中和术后出血,减轻患者术后术区疼痛等优点。     

应用超量扩张术修复大面积面颈部瘢痕

目的：探讨延长扩张时间、增大扩张量的皮肤软组织扩张术的临床效果。方法：应用皮肤软组织扩张术修复面颈部瘢痕切除后创面25例,手术分两期进行,Ⅰ期手术：在需要修复的瘢痕组织临近的正常皮肤上设计埋置扩张器的大小、形状及埋置方式,扩张器容量为100～400ml,扩张时间为3～6个月,扩张量为额定容量的2～5倍;Ⅱ期手术：取出扩张器,切除瘢痕,利用扩张皮瓣转移修复创面。结果：全部病例均获得满意效果,随访3个月至10年,皮瓣平整,外观色泽、质地均佳。结论：延长扩张时间,增加扩张量可以产生更多的额外皮肤,修复大面积面颈部瘢痕效果良好。     

Biomechanical comparison between conventional and rapid expansion of skin.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of different surgical expansion regimens on the biomechanical features of expanded skin. Two hundred and forty millilitres expanders were implanted on the backs of six adult dogs. Six flaps were designed on the dorsum of each dog. After serial expansion, the expander was left beneath the skin for a certain period of time, which is called the maintaining period. Rapid expansion and conventional expansion with various maintaining periods were compared. The experimental result shows that the area gain of expanded skin surface had no significant difference between the rapid and conventional expansion. Both the tension in vivo and the instant stretch-back ratio increased during the expansion, but fell almost to control values after four weeks' maintaining period. Biomechanical properties in vitro, such as tensile strength, stress-strain, stress-relaxation, and creep were tested by INSTRON material testing machine. Results show that the biomechanical properties of expanded specimens differ significantly from those of their controls immediately after expansion. However, the difference reduces with prolongation of maintaining time. With the same maintaining period, the biomechanical properties of rapidly expanded skin are similar to conventionally expanded skin. We conclude that rapid skin expansion did not demonstrate any deleterious effect when compared with the conventional expansion. Extension of the maintaining period can improve the biomechanical properties of expanded skin and effectively reduce the stretch-back ratio. Therefore, rapid expansion with an extended maintaining period is acceptable in clinical practice.     

Five years' experience of the modified Meek technique in the management of extensive burns

BACKGROUND: The Meek technique of skin expansion is useful for covering a large open wound with a small piece of skin graft, but requires a carefully followed protocol. METHODS: Over the past 5 years, a skin graft expansion technique following the Meek principle was used to treat 37 individuals who had sustained third degree burns involving more than 40% of the body surface. A scheme was devised whereby the body was divided into six areas, in order to clarify the optimal order of wound debridements and skin grafting procedures as well as the regimen of aftercare. RESULTS: The mean body surface involvement was 72.9% and the mean area of third degree burns was 41%. The average number of operations required was 1.84. There were four deaths among in this group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The Meek technique of skin expansion and the suggested protocol are together efficient and effective in covering an open wound, particularly where there is a paucity of skin graft donor sites.     

皮肤软组织扩张术中局部给药新途径的临床应用

为了皮肤扩张术顺利进行，缩短扩张时间，减少并发症，设计了同时放置埋入了式药物注入器以便随时在扩张过程中向局部注入强地松龙，普鲁卡因等药物的新方法，通过临床应用组与对照组比较，结果证明效果确切，方法简便实用，值得推广。     

皮肤软组织扩张术中局部给药新途径的临床应用

为了皮肤扩张术顺利进行,缩短扩张时间、减少并发症,设计了同时放置埋入式药物注入器,以便随时在扩张过程中向局部注入强地松龙、普鲁卡因等药物的新方法,通过临床应用组与对照组比较,结果证明效果确切,方法简便实用,值得推广。     

皮肤软组织扩张术中局部给药新途径的临床应用

为了皮肤扩张术顺利进行，缩短扩张时间、减少并发症，设计了同时放置埋入式药物注入器，以便随时在扩张过程中向局部注入强地松龙、普鲁卡因等药物的新方法，通过临床应用组与对照组比较，结果证明效果确切，方法简便实用，值得推广。     

组织扩张术囊上皮肤来源、扩张率和回缩率研究

目的探讨恒压持续快速扩张的可行性。方法用白色小家猪１２只（１７．５±２．７１ｋｇ）、长方形硅胶扩张器（１８０ｍｌ）２４只作持续快速扩张术（ＣＴＥ）和常规间断扩张术（ＩＴＥ）对比研究。结果ＣＴＥ组６天完成扩张，ＩＴＥ组２７天完成扩张，两组扩张囊内平均实际液体量、扩张囊外皮肤总面积和皮肤回缩率相同（Ｐ＞０．０５）。ＣＴＥ组的皮肤净增面积和皮肤组织扩张率小于ＩＴＥ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＴＥ组皮肤移行面积明显大于ＩＴＥ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论恒压持续扩张术具有速度快的优势和某些与ＩＴＥ相似的性质，可用于局部皮肤病变或缺损的修复，但广泛性皮肤病的治疗仍应选择常规间断扩张术     

三种方法修复乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死

目的:探讨乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死的治疗方法。方法:采用游离皮片移植、临近皮瓣转移修复和皮肤软组织扩张术修复17例皮瓣坏死的患者。结果:17例皮瓣坏死的病例中,采用游离皮片移植8例,运用背阔肌皮瓣修复2例,临近皮瓣转移修复4例,皮肤软组织扩张器修复3例,除1例全厚皮片移植出现小水疱,1例皮瓣转移修复远端皮瓣部分坏死,经换药等治疗后Ⅱ期愈合外,其余15例均效果良好。结论:乳腺癌术后皮瓣坏死病例,采用游离皮片移植、临近皮瓣转移、皮肤软组织扩张术修复,效果良好。     

表皮生长因子导入治疗在皮肤扩张器中的应用研究

目的:探讨使用导入仪导入重组人表皮生长因子(rhEGF)促进皮肤扩张的临床效果。方法:自2013年1月~2013年5月入选38例患者,共将76个扩张器进行埋置,按照随机原则,分为常规注水对照组(36个扩张器)与导入仪导入治疗组(36个扩张器)。治疗组的扩张器在每次注水扩张的第二天进行导入仪治疗,在被扩张的皮肤表面涂抹rhEGF并使用导入按摩仪进行按摩导入。对照组的扩张器仅进行常规的注水。测量两组扩张器扩张致额定容量所花费的时间、皮肤扩张比率及扩张皮肤即刻回缩比率,采用自身对照的方法进行比较分析。进行胶原含量,I/III型胶原比率(%)的测定和病理HE染色分析。结果:注水后第二天进行rhEGF导入治疗能使扩张器扩张致额定容量所花费的时间明显缩短,皮肤扩张比率则明显增加,扩张皮肤即刻回缩比率减少,有效减小皮辨的即时回缩率。治疗组胶原纤维束粗而密,I/III型胶原比例降低。结论:注水后第二天通过使用导入仪将rhEGF导入扩张皮肤治疗能缩短扩张时程,促进皮肤的面积增加,降低皮瓣回缩的比率,提高皮瓣质量,改善治疗效果。