Physiology of sucking in the normal term infant using real-time US

Our study of 16 normal term, breast-fed infants documents real-time ultrasound as a technique for evaluating the oral portion of the sucking mechanism in infants. We also describe the mechanics of sucking used by the infants during breast-feeding.     

Evaluation of a method for the assessment of anterior acetabular coverage and hip joint space width

Objective

The false-profile view (FP) is an oblique view of the acetabulum and a true lateral view of femur and joint. It evaluates anterior and posterior hip joint space width (JSW) and anterior acetabular coverage using the vertical-center margin angle (VCA). The biplanar slot scanner (SS) allows simultaneous bilateral acquisitions of oblique views of hip joints. The aim of this work was to compare SS versus FP for the evaluation of VCA and JSW and to test its reproducibility and validity.

Materials and methods

A prospective study of 28 patients (55 hips) with hip pain was performed from November 2011 until May 2012. Two readers measured VCA and JSW. JSW was normalized by the diameter of the femoral head for each technique. The radiation exposure was recorded and compared between the two modalities. Student’s t test and the Pearson’s correlation assessed the agreement between SS and FP. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the interobserver agreement.

Results

The mean VCA angle was 32.1° (± 7.1°) and 30.3° (± 8.5°) with FP and SS, respectively. The coefficient of correlation was 0.90 (p?<?0.01). The coefficient of correlation of normalized JSW was 0.83, 0.85, and 0.87 at anterior, vertical, and posterior points, respectively). The ICC was between 0.69 and 0.81 for each modality. The mean radiation exposure was 1.33 (± 0.02) mGy versus 8.69 (±0.04) mGy for FP and SS, respectively (p?<?0.0001).

Conclusions

SS has the potential advantages of simultaneous bilateral acquisition, higher standardization, and is less irradiating. SS is reliable for coxometry.     

Normal acetabular anatomy for acetabular fracture assessment: CT and plain film correlation

The computed tomographic (CT) and conventional radiographic appearances of the acetabulum are correlated for assessment of acetabular fractures according to the Judet and Letournel classification system, a system widely used by orthopedic surgeons performing fracture reduction and external fixation of the acetabulum. A desiccated pelvis was marked along the acetabular borders with lead solder, and anteroposterior (AP) and oblique radiographs were obtained. The solder was then replaced by barium-impregnated string, and the acetabulum was scanned by CT. Radiographic-CT correlations of acetabular landmarks should aid the orthopedist by providing a useful interpretation of acetabular fractures according to the Judet and Letournel system.     

Acute appendicitis: high-resolution real-time US findings

High-resolution, real-time ultrasonography (US) with graded compression was used to evaluate 90 patients with clinically suspected acute appendicitis. US visualization of a noncompressible appendix was the primary criterion for a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The overall sensitivity was 89%, the specificity was 95%, and the accuracy was 93%. When the results in women were analyzed separately (n = 49), the overall accuracy was 96%. Several important limitations of US scanning were encountered. There were three false-positive examinations in patients with a sonographically visible appendix whose symptoms spontaneously resolved. Another patient had a normal compressible appendix with a thin (2-mm), symmetric wall surrounded by ascites. There were three nondiagnostic studies (3%) due to inability to compress the cecum and right lower quadrant adequately because of exquisite tenderness (two patients) or massive ascites (one patient). When interpreted in light of the clinical examination, sonography should significantly reduce the rate of false-negative appendectomies, particularly in women.     

Arnold-Chiari II malformation: intraoperative real-time US

Nineteen cases in which high-resolution, intraoperative, real-time sonography was performed during decompression of an Arnold-Chiari II malformation were reviewed. The variations of the often complicated hindbrain anatomic features, well known from autopsy series, were shown in detail with intraoperative sonography. The extent of herniation of the cerebellar vermis, the medulla, and the fourth ventricle into the cervical spinal canal, as well as fourth ventricular dilatation, arachnoid cysts, and cervical hydromyelia, were also demonstrated sonographically. Real-time imaging was useful in guiding the neurosurgeon in decompression of the hindbrain, especially the fourth ventricle, in an anatomic area often obscured visually by intense fibrovascular adhesions.     

全髋关节置换治疗髋臼骨折

目的 探讨髋臼骨折后行全髋关节置换的时机、方法和临床疗效。方法 回顾性总结分析1998年以来16例髋臼骨折后行全髋关节置换的结果，探讨手术时机、植骨固定和髋臼置换的方法。结果 经6～66个月、平均28个月随访，16例均取得了良好的临床疗效，术后髋关节功能有明显改善，Harris评分较术前提高36分。结论 髋臼骨折后并发创伤性关节炎行全髋关节置换重建髋关节功能临床疗效满意；但Ⅰ期全髋关节置换需严格掌握适应证。     

Automated assessment of polyethylene wear in cemented acetabular components using anteroposterior radiographs of total hip replacements.

Polyethylene wear in the acetabular components of hip prostheses is implicated in loosening and failure. Radiographic measurement of wear is used to identify patients at risk and to assess prosthesis designs. This paper focuses on analysis of prostheses with cemented acetabular cups from anteroposterior (AP) radiographs. The articular surface of the femoral head and the acetabular rim marker are modelled as spherical and circular respectively, resulting in elliptical image projections. Methods for automatically localising these structures in radiographs are presented using robust ellipse fitting and various error functions. Special attention is paid to the acetabular marker since this often projects as a highly eccentric ellipse. Robust fitting enables successful localisation in the presence of clutter without the need for user interaction. Finally, the use of these ellipses as reference structures for wear estimation is investigated and the effect of eccentricity errors is highlighted.     

正常成人髋关节间隙与髋臼角相关性研究

目的 通过CT测量髋关节,探讨正常成人髋臼前唇连线头距、骨关节间隙与髋臼角的相关性.方法 对216例因盆腹部病变行CT检查而无髋部症状患者的髋关节进行数据重建、测量,从中挑选X线和CT表现正常的400例髋关节作为统计对象,测量髋臼前唇连线关距、髋关节前、后间隙及LCE角、髋臼角、股骨头覆盖率、臼顶切线角.结果 髋臼前唇连线头距与LCE角、股骨头覆盖率呈正相关,与髋臼角负相关;髋关节前间隙与LCE角、股骨头覆盖率呈负相关,与髋臼角不相关;髋关节后间隙与CE角呈负相关,与髋臼角、股骨头覆盖率不相关.根据臼顶切线角的不同,将髋臼分为三种类型,髋臼前唇连线头距及髋关节前后间隙三型之间存在显著性差异,Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型均与Ⅲ型有显著性差异,而Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型之间没有显著性差异.结论 CT测量的正常成人髋关节间隙指标与X线测量的髋臼角等指标之间有一定的相关性,二者结合对髋关节的评价更为准确.     

The acetabular sector angle of the adult hip determined by computed tomography

A new set of angles measured on standard axial CT images of the hip joint is defined. The angles provide information on the support of the femoral head from the anterior and the posterior part of the acetabulum. These angles have been measured in 82 adult hips, and correlated to a set of established parameters commonly measured at conventional roentgenography and on CT images of the hip joint. The defined angles may prove to be valuable in the total appreciation of hip joint function and stability.     

发育性髋关节脱位髋臼前倾角的CT研究

目的:研究发育性髋关节脱位髋臼前倾角的变化,为手术选择和判断预后提供依据。方法:选择手术前发育性髋关节脱位DunnⅠ型28髋,DunnⅡ型19髋,DunnⅢ型22髋。选取手术后为优的17髋。正常髋关节12髋。采用多层螺旋CT扫描,然后行髋臼三维重建,测量通过两侧Y形软骨中心O点的横断面测量髋臼前倾角。结果:髋臼前倾角度数正常组<术后相似文献   

The labrum acetabular. Apropos of 121 arthrographies of the hip in adults

The authors report a retrospective study of 121 arthrographies of the hip in adults, excluding prostheses. The study was based on normal pathological values for angular measurement of the labrum acetabular: ECB angle (mean value: 15 degrees) enlarging the lateral cover of the head of the femur, VCE angle (mean value: 30 degrees) and a mean global VCB angle of 45 degrees. A certain equilibrium was observed between the covering capacity of the acetabulum and the covering capacity of the labrum acetabular. Numerous anomalies of the labrum were observed, including fissures in about 30% of cases. A large number of fissures were associated with other degenerative anomalies of the hip joint. A few fissures resulting in detachment of a strip of labrum were isolated and the possibility of their traumatic etiology and their pathogenic nature in clinical symptoms are discussed.     

髋关节后脱位合并髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨手术治疗髋关节后脱位合并髋臼骨折的临床结果及其影响因素.方法 对2000年3月-2006年3月收治的髋关节后脱位合并髋臼骨折患者52例进行回顾性分析.所有患者均于入院后急诊在全身麻醉下行手法复位骨牵引术,对其中41例行骨折切开复位钢板螺钉内固定术,术后X线片及随访X线片均按Matta标准评价,功能结果按Merle d'Aubigne标准评价.结果 41例手术患者中,33例获得1～7年随访,平均随访时间3.1年.术后X线评价:解剖复位27例(82 %),复位欠佳5例(15 %),复位差1例(3 %).功能评价优18例(55 %),良8例(24 %),中3例(9 %),差4例(12 %),总优良率为79 %.结论 早期关节复位、提高骨折复位质量和减少围术期并发症是提高临床效果的关键.     

The assessment of athletic hip injury.

The differential diagnosis of athletic hip pain is extensive. The physical demands of sport place the athlete at increased risk to injure the hip. The basis of successful treatment of the athlete with hip pain lies in the ability of the physician to assess and diagnose the etiology accurately. A thorough understanding of the evaluation of the athlete with hip pain allows for an earlier diagnosis, earlier treatment, and ultimately an earlier return to sport.     

Tubular acetabular intraosseous contrast tracking in MR arthrography of the hip: prevalence, clinical significance, and mechanisms of development

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe tubular intraosseous tracking of contrast medium in the acetabular fossa, to our knowledge a previously undocumented imaging finding in MR arthrography of the hip, and to discuss its prevalence, clinical significance, and possible mechanisms of development. CONCLUSION: Tubular acetabular intraosseous contrast tracking is a common MR arthrographic finding that seems to have little clinical significance. Although the exact pathophysiologic mechanism is unknown, we presume repeated pumping of joint fluid through the nutrient foramina of the acetabular fossa may be one mechanism.     

Real-time sonography of infant hip dislocation

Real-time sonography offers many advantages in the evaluation of suspected hip dislocation: The procedure is short, cost-effective, requires no sedation and does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation.     

Ultrasound screening of the infant hip

The sonographic screening of the hip has led to a marked decrease in treatment of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (ddh) as inpatients. The prognosis for this disorder has greatly improved in the past few years due to early diagnosis and correspondingly early beginning of therapy, in many cases by using simple therapeutic methods. This undisputed success has been achieved with a high treatment rate in comparison with international practice (6.4%). The expectancy of reducing the number of checks, and thus costs, by deciding on the 4th to 6th week of life as the time for screening has not been met.     

US assessment of hip joint synovitis in rheumatic diseases. A comparison with MR imaging

PURPOSE: To assess the significance of ultrasonography (US) in detecting hip joint synovitis in patients with rheumatic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients with rheumatic disease and suspected hip joint synovitis underwent MRI and US of the hip joint. In addition to the throughout MRI evaluation, the anterior collum-capsule distance (CCD) was determined by both MRI and US. Thirteen healthy volunteers were examined with MRI to establish the criteria for normal findings in MRI when classifying hip joints to those with synovitis and those without. MRI was used as a gold standard. RESULTS: Synovitis was found using MRI in 31 hips of 22 patients (9 patients had bilateral synovitis). The intraclass correlation was 0.61 between MRI and US in measuring CCD. In classifying hip joint synovitis with US, the sensitivity of the method was 87% and specificity 42%, when the CCD criterion for synovitis was determined to be > or = 7 mm. If the cut-off point was raised to 9 mm, the sensitivity decreased to 61% while specificity increased to 94%. A difference in CCD of > or = 1 mm between the hips as an additional criterion for synovitis increased the number of false-positive findings. CONCLUSION: Measurement of CCD with US proved to be a rather inaccurate method to point out synovitis in rheumatic patients when using MRI as a reference. The main reason for this result was the thickened capsule, which US could not differentiate from a thickened synovium.     

Ureterovesical obstruction and megaloureter: diagnosis by real-time US

Forty infants and children were accurately diagnosed with real-time ultrasound (US) as having megaloureter secondary to ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction by an adynamic, distal ureteral segment. Characteristic US findings were dilatation of the distal ureter, often disproportionate to the appearance of the upper collecting system; lower ureteral hyperperistalsis; and a sharply tapered, incurving, distal adynamic segment, 1-3 cm long. Real-time US, used routinely in preliminary evaluation of the urinary tract in children, can facilitate early diagnosis of UVJ obstruction and thus prevent significant loss of renal function.