Analysis of prognostic factors in patients with sepsis and septic shock in intensive care unit北大核心CSCD

Objective To investigate the risk factors of death in patients with sepsis and septic shock and analyze the prognostic factors of patients in ICU. Methods A total of 168 patients with sepsis and septic shock in ICU from June 2016 to October 2018 were enrolled. The patients were stratified in terms of survival time (60 days or not). General clinical data, length of hospital stay, APACHE II score, underlying diseases, and laboratory data were used to analyze the independent risk factors of patient mortality. Results Of the 168 patients enrolled, 66 (39.3%) died within 60 days of discharge and 102 survived. Survivor and non-survivor groups did not show significant difference in gender, age, and length of hospital stay. APACHE II score in the non-survivor group was significantly higher than survivor group (P＜0.05). Considering the underlying diseases in the non-survivor group and survivor group, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was found in 44 and 56 cases;hypertension in 63 and 69 cases;chronic liver disease in 34 and 30 cases;tumor in 21 and 18 cases, respectively (P＜0.05). The prevalence of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, chronic renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, and stroke did not show significant difference between the two groups. The patients in both survivor group and non-survivor group did not show significant difference in C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, oxygenation index, blood lactate, serum creatinine, and platelet count within 36 hours in ICU. After 37-48 hours of treatment, C-reactive protein level was significantly higher in survivor group than non-survivor group (P＜0.05). Conclusion Underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tumor, hypertension, chronic liver disease, high C-reactive protein level after treatment for 37-48 hours, and high APACHE II score are independent risk factors for death of septic patients in ICU. © 2019, Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Infection. All rights reserved.     

The influence of esmolol on septic shock and sepsis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

Background

Esmolol may have some potential in treating septic shock and sepsis. However, the results remain controversial. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the efficacy of esmolol in patients with septic shock and sepsis.

Neopterin as a prognostic biomarker in intensive care unit patients

Purpose

The present study was undertaken to evaluate urinary neopterin in intensive care unit patients.

Materials and Methods

Urinary neopterin levels were determined in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (n = 10), sepsis (n = 18), septic shock (n = 9), and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (n = 5). It was tested whether neopterin is a differential parameter among the patient groups. Furthermore, the results were also evaluated by comparing with a healthy control group (n = 30), and the relationship between neopterin and mortality or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores were investigated.

Results

Neopterin levels of the control group and patients were detected as 111 ± 11 and 3850 ± 1081 μmol/mol creatinine, respectively (P < .05). It was significantly increased in the sepsis and septic shock groups compared to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome group (P < .05). Neopterin levels were significantly higher in the patients with mortality and lower Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores.

Conclusion

This study showed that monitoring of urinary neopterin profile can be used in intensive care units to show the degree and prognosis of the disease.     

The clinical course of patients with septic abortion admitted to an intensive care unit

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical course, complications, and outcome of patients with septic abortion admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).Design, setting, and patients In this retrospective study, the records of 63 patients with septic abortion admitted to the ICU of a university hospital in Argentina between 1985 and 1995 were reviewed.Results The mean age of the patients was 28.5 years, and 33% had had previous abortions. The mean gestational age was 10.5 weeks. The first ICU day Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II mean score was 13.9. Acute renal failure developed in 73% (46 of 63) of the patients, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in 31% (15 of 49), and septic shock in 32% (20 of 63). Blood cultures were positive in 24% (15 of 62). Twelve patients died (19%). Eight of the deaths occurred during the first 48 h of the ICU admission. Compared with survivors, non-survivors had higher median number of organ failures (1.0 vs 4.0, p<0.0001), mean first ICU day SOFA scores (6.6 vs 10.0, p=0.0059), and mean APACHE II scores (12.7 vs 20.2, p=0.0003), and were more likely to have septic shock (18 vs 92%, p<0.0001), and receive dopamine (37 vs 83%, p=0.0040), mechanical ventilation (8 vs 83%, p<0.0001), and pulmonary artery catheter (8 vs 41%, p=0.0026).Conclusions Although it is an avoidable complication, septic abortion requiring admission to the ICU is associated with high morbidity and mortality.     

Clinical and economic impact of procalcitonin to shorten antimicrobial therapy in septic patients with proven bacterial infection in an intensive care setting

Biomarkers such as procalcitonin (PCT) have been studied to guide duration of antibiotic therapy. We aimed to assess whether a decrease in PCT levels could be used to reduce the duration of antibiotic therapy in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with a proven infection without risking a worse outcome. We assessed 265 patients with suspected sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock in our ICU. Of those, we randomized 81 patients with a proven bacterial infection into 2 groups: an intervention group in which the duration of the antibiotic therapy was guided by a PCT protocol and a control group in which there was no PCT guidance. In the per-protocol analysis, the median antibiotic duration was 9 days in the PCT group (n = 20) versus 13 days in the non-PCT group (n = 31), P = 0.008. This study demonstrates that PCT can be a useful tool for limiting antimicrobial therapy in ICU patients with documented bacterial infection.     

The management of septic abortion in an intensive care unit

The value of ICU treatment in the management of septic abortion has been assessed. Of patients subjected to hysterectomy, the mortality is now 20%, as opposed to 37% prior to the advent of ICU. It would therefore appear that these patients can benefit from intensive nursing and medical attention.     

N末端前B型利钠肽对严重感染及感染性休克患者预后的预测作用

目的 评价N末端前B型利钠肽(NT-proBNP)对严重感染及感染性休克患者预后的预测作用.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,收集并观察50例严重感染及感染性休克患者的临床资料.于入重症监护病房(ICU)0、24、48、72 h测定血浆NT-proBNP水平,根据住院30 d死亡情况分为死亡组与存活组并进行比较.用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评价血浆NT-proBNP水平对死亡的预测作用;采用线性回归分析评价血浆NT-proBNP的干扰因素.结果 死亡组(20例)血浆NT-proBNP水平(μg/L)在入ICU 0 h[20.86(14.28,23.92)]时明显高于存活组[30例,10.02(5.58,16.41),P＜0.01],且这种差异持续至72 h[19.68(13.90,24.02)比9.24(4.30,11.81),P＜0.01],但组内各时间点之间比较均无明显差异;ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.842,95%可信区间(95%CI)为0.764～0.922,P＜0.01.以入ICU时血浆NT-proBNP水平＞13.30μg/L作为判断死亡的最佳临界值,其敏感性为80.6%,特异性为70.2%.线性回归分析发现,氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2,r=-0.839,P=0.003)、血小板计数(PLT,r=-0.803,P=0.032)和入ICU 0 h时感染相关器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA,r=0.874,P＜0.001)是NT-proBNP的独立相关因素.结论 血浆NT-proBNP水平可以预测严重感染及感染性休克患者的预后.     

Variation in the care of septic shock: the impact of patient and hospital characteristics

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine treatments of septic shock in a sample of US hospitals and to assess whether patient and hospital characteristics are associated with use of sepsis therapies.

Materials and Methods

We studied 192 hospitals that treated 50 or more adults with septic shock between 2004 and 2006. We examined hospital-level variation in commonly used therapies including mechanical ventilation, activated protein C (APC), hydrocortisone, central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring, albumin/colloid, and pulmonary artery catheters. We calculated interquartile range to assess the hospital-level variation in treatment. We developed hierarchical mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine the association between patient and hospital characteristics and selected treatments.

Results

A total of 22?702 patients met the inclusion criteria. When compared with patients younger than 45 years, patients 75 years or older were as likely to receive mechanical ventilation but less likely to receive APC (odds ratio [OR], 0.35 [95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.45]), hydrocortisone (OR, 0.65 [0.56-0.75]), or CVP monitoring (OR, 0.73 [0.63-0.84]). Compared with whites, black patients were more likely to be mechanically ventilated (OR, 1.15 [1.05-1.25]) but less likely to receive hydrocortisone (OR, 0.86 [0.78-0.95]) or APC (0.70 [0.58-0.86]).

Conclusion

Treatment of septic shock varies across hospitals. In contrast to mechanical ventilation, treatments with weaker supporting evidence showed greater variation, especially among black and older patients.     

Optimizing antimicrobial therapy in sepsis and septic shock

Every patient with sepsis and septic shock must be evaluated thoroughly at presentation before the initiation of antibiotic therapy. However, in most situations, an abridged initial assessment focusing on critical diagnostic and management planning elements is sufficient. Intravenous antibiotics should be administered as early as possible, and always within the first hour of recognizing severe sepsis and septic shock. Broad-spectrum antibiotics must be selected with one or more agents active against likely bacterial or fungal pathogens and with good penetration into the presumed source. Antimicrobial therapy should be reevaluated daily to optimize efficacy, prevent resistance, avoid toxicity, and minimize costs. Consider combination therapy in Pseudomonas infections, and combination empiric therapy in neutropenic patients. Combination therapy should be continued for no more than 3 to 5 days and de-escalation should occur following availability of susceptibilities. The duration of antibiotic therapy typically is limited to 7 to 10 days; longer duration is considered if response is slow, if there is inadequate surgical source control, or in the case of immunologic deficiencies. Antimicrobial therapy should be stopped if infection is not considered the etiologic factor for a shock state.     

Implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for severe sepsis and septic shock: We could go faster

Purpose

The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of applying sepsis bundles in the intensive care unit (ICU) and their effect on outcomes.

Methods

In this prospective, observational study in a 31-bed capacity department of intensive care, we measured the time taken to perform sepsis bundle interventions in 69 consecutive patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.

Results

Compliance with the 6-hour bundle was obtained in 44 (72%) of 61 patients; these patients had a lower mortality rate (16% vs 41%, P = .04) and shorter ICU stay (median [range], 5 [3-10] vs 9 [6-19] days, P = .01) than other patients. Compliance with the 24-hour bundle was obtained in 30 (67%) of 44 eligible patients. The mortality rate and duration of ICU stay were not significantly lower in the 24-hour compliant as compared with the noncompliant group (23% vs 33% and 6 [4-11] vs 9 [6-25] days, respectively; P value is not significant). Patients who complied with the 24-hour sepsis bundle after only 12 hours had a lower mortality rate (10% vs 39%, P = .036) and shorter stay (6 [4-10] vs 9 [6-25] days, P = .055) than those who were compliant after 24 hours.

Conclusions

Correct application of the sepsis bundles was associated with reduced mortality and length of ICU stay. Earlier implementation of the 24-hour management bundle could result in better outcomes.     

Impact of serial measurements of lysophosphatidylcholine on 28-day mortality prediction in patients admitted to the intensive care unit with severe sepsis or septic shock

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of serial lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) measurement on 28-day mortality prediction in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods

This is a prospective observational study of 74 ICU patients in a tertiary hospital. Serum LPC, white blood cell, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin (PCT) levels were measured at baseline (day 1 of enrollment) and day 7. The LPC concentrations were compared with inflammatory markers using their absolute levels and relative changes.

Results

The LPC concentration on day 7 was significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors (68.45 ± 42.36 μmol/L and 99.76 ± 73.65 μmol/L; P = .04). A decreased LPC concentration on day 7 to its baseline as well as a sustained high concentration of PCT on day 7 at more than 50% of its baseline value was useful for predicting the 28-day mortality. Prognostic utility was substantially improved when combined LPC and PCT criteria were applied to 28-day mortality outcome predictions. Furthermore, LPC concentrations increased over time in patients with appropriate antibiotics but not in those with inappropriate antibiotics.

Conclusions

Serial measurements of LPC help in the prediction of 28-day mortality in ICU patients with severe sepsis or septic shock.     

Toward less sedation in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study

Purpose

Excessive sedation is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and longer intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays. We evaluated the feasibility of using minimal sedation in the ICU.

Methods

Prospective observational study in a university hospital 34-bed medico-surgical department of intensive care. All adult patients who stayed in the ICU for more than 12 hours over a 2-month period were included. Intensive care unit admission diagnoses, severity scores, use of sedatives and/or opiates, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, and 28-day mortality were recorded for each patient.

Results

Of the 335 patients (median age, 61 years) admitted during the study period, 142 (42%) received some sedation, most commonly with midazolam and propofol. Sedative agents were administered predominantly for short periods of time (only 10% of patients received sedation for >24 hours). One hundred fifty-five patients (46%) received mechanical ventilation, generating 15?240 hours of mechanical ventilation, of these, only 2993 (20%) hours were accompanied by a continuous sedative infusion. Self-extubation occurred in 6 patients, but only 1 needed reintubation.

Conclusions

In a mixed medical-surgical ICU, minimal use of continuous sedation seems feasible without apparent adverse effects.     

强化康复单元医院获得性肺炎的影响因素分析

目的:分析强化康复单元重症患者发生医院获得性肺炎的影响因素,指导肺炎防控措施的选择。方法:回顾性分析2015年10月—2016年10月在强化康复单元住院治疗的患者108例,根据前4周内是否发生医院获得性肺炎,分为肺炎组和非肺炎组。所有患者收集其一般情况、基础疾病、实验室检查及辅助检查结果、医疗干预措施等相关临床资料,并记录干预措施的累计持续时间。结果:共有59例患者发生医院获得性肺炎。单因素分析显示,肺炎组与非肺炎组之间血清白蛋白水平(t=-5.006,P=0.000)、意识水平(χ2=6.584,P=0.010)、使用声门下吸引功能的气管套管(χ2=6.438,P=0.011)、鼻饲管(P=0.045)、膨肺+振动排痰(χ2=7.521,P=0.006)的差异有显著性意义。二分类非条件Logistic回归分析显示,意识水平高(OR=0.222, 95%CI 0.065—0.757, P=0.016)、膨肺+振动排痰(OR=0.263, 95%CI 0.100—0.689, P=0.007)和血清白蛋白水平高(OR=0.776, 95%CI 0.684—0.879, P=0.000)是强化康复单元医院获得性肺炎的保护因素。结论:意识水平高、膨肺+振动排痰和血清白蛋白水平高是强化康复单元医院获得性肺炎的保护因素,而使用声门下吸引功能的气管套管、鼻饲管亦对其的发生有一定影响,可在临床上采取有针对性的干预措施,降低医院获得性肺炎的发生率。     

Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock

Objective To develop management guidelines for severe sepsis and septic shock that would be of practical use for the bedside clinician, under the auspices of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, an international effort to increase awareness and improve outcome in severe sepsis.Design The process included a modified Delphi method, a consensus conference, several subsequent smaller meetings of subgroups and key individuals, teleconferences, and electronic-based discussion among subgroups and among the entire committee. The modified Delphi methodology used for grading recommendations built upon a 2001 publication sponsored by the International Sepsis Forum. We undertook a systematic review of the literature graded along 5 levels to create recommendation grades from A–E, with A being the highest grade. Pediatric considerations were provided to contrast adult and pediatric management.Participants Participants included 44 critical care and infectious disease experts representing 11 international organizations.Results A total of 46 recommendations plus pediatric management considerations.Conclusions Evidence-based recommendations can be made regarding many aspects of the acute management of sepsis and septic shock that will hopefully translate into improved outcomes for the critically ill patient. The impact of these guidelines will be formally tested and guidelines updated annually, and even more rapidly when some important new knowledge becomes available.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this articel at This article is published jointly with Critical Care MedicineChairs: R. Phillip Dellinger, MD*; Henry Masur, MD; Jean M. Carlet, MD; Herwig Gerlach, MD, PhD**. Committee members: Richard J. Beale, MD**; Marc Bonten, MD; Christian Brun-Buisson, MD; Thierry Calandra, MD; Joseph A. Carcillo, MD; Jonathan Cohen, MD**; Catherine Cordonnier, MD; E. Patchen Dellinger, MD; Jean-Francois Dhainaut, MD, PhD; Roger G. Finch, MD; Simon Finfer, MD; Francois A. Fourrier, MD; Juan Gea-Banacloche MD; Maurene A. Harvey, RN, MPH**; Jan A. Hazelzet, MD; Steven M. Hollenberg, MD; James H. Jorgensen, PhD; Didier Keh, MD; Mitchell M. Levy*, MD; Ronald V. Maier, MD; Dennis G. Maki, MD; John J. Marini, MD; John C. Marshall, MD; Steven M. Opal, MD; Tiffany M. Osborn, MD; Margaret M. Parker, MD**; Joseph E. Parrillo, MD; Graham Ramsay, MD*; Andrew Rhodes, MD; Jonathan E. Sevransky, MD; Charles L. Sprung, MD, JD**; Antoni Torres, MD; Jeffery S. Vender, MD; Jean-Louis Vincent, MD, PhD**; Janice L. Zimmerman, MD. Associate members: E. David Bennett, MD; Pierre-Yves Bochud, MD; Alain Cariou, MD; Glenn S. Murphy, MD; Martin Nitsun, MD; Joseph W. Szokol, MD; Stephen Trzeciak, MD; Christophe Vinsonneau, MD. *Executive Committee, Surviving Sepsis Campaign. **Steering Committee, Surviving Sepsis Campaign.Sponsoring organizations: American Association of Critical-Care Nurses; American College of Chest Physicians; American College of Emergency Physicians; American Thoracic Society; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society; European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; European Respiratory Society; International Sepsis Forum; Society of Critical Care Medicine; Surgical Infection Society.The Surviving Sepsis Campaign is administered jointly by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, International Sepsis Forum, and the Society of Critical Care Medicine, and is supported in part by unrestricted educational grants from Baxter Bioscience, Edwards Lifesciences, and Eli Lilly and Company (majority sponsor).The authors and the publisher have exercised great care to ensure that drug dosages, formulas, and other information presented in this book are accurate and in accord with the professional standards in effect at the time of publication. Readers are, however, advised to always check the manufacturers product information sheet that is packaged with the respective products to be fully informed of changes in recommended dosages, contraindications, and the like before prescribing or administering any drug.     

Mortality rates under the care of junior and senior surgery residents in a surgical intensive care unit/neurologic intensive care unit: A 5-year retrospective cohort study at Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital

Background

The quality and outcome of health care administered in intensive care units (ICUs) of teaching hospitals are dependent on a myriad of factors; however, few studies have assessed mortality rates and length of stay in surgical intensive care and neurologic intensive care units (SICU/NICU) in relation to the experience of junior and senior surgery residents.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether there were differences in the outcomes of ICU patients cared for by junior surgery residents or senior surgery residents by assessing mortality rates and length of stay in the SICU/NICU.

Design

This was a retrospective cohort analysis. Mortality rates, length of SICU/NICU stay, and baseline characteristics were assessed in 2 patient groups: group 1, patients managed by junior surgical residents; group 2, patients managed by senior surgical residents. Categorical variables were compared by χ²/Fisher exact test, and continuous data (age and ICU stay) were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was used for ICU prognostic models.

Setting

The Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital (Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC) consists of an 8-bed SICU and an 8-bed NICU.

Patients

Data were collected from 2274 patients from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2006, from the intensive care units (SICU/NICU) of the department of surgery.

Interventions

None.

Results

Significant differences between the 2 groups were found in total patient mortality and the duration of intensive care unit stay. Of 1806 patients in group 1, 446 (24.7%) died, whereas 83 (17.7%) of 468 in group 2 died (P = .002). The major difference of mortality rate was in the division of neurology surgery; 291 (26.6%) of 1092 patients in group 1 died, whereas 55 (19.2%) of 287 in group 2 died (P = .009), with most deaths due to spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (P = .012) and central nervous system tumors (P = .048). Median length of SICU/NICU stay for group 1 was 3.0 days vs 3.5 days for group 2 (P = .003).

Conclusions

The quality of care of critically ill patients is improved when more experienced residents are providing care. We suggest that residents rotated into the special units such as SICU/NICU for care of critically ill patients should be at least at third year of training.     

Length of stay and mortality due to Clostridium difficile infection acquired in the intensive care unit

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the attributable intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay and mortality of ICU-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).

Materials and methods

In this retrospective cohort study of 3 tertiary and 3 community ICUs, we screened all patients admitted between April 2006 and December 2011 for ICU-acquired CDI. Using both complete and matched cohort designs and Cox proportional hazards analysis, we determined the association between CDI and ICU and hospital length of stay and mortality. Adjustment or matching variables were site, age, sex, severity of illness, and year of admission; any infection as an ICU admitting or acquired diagnosis before the diagnosis of CDI and diagnosis of CDI were time-dependent exposures.

Results

Of 15 314 patients admitted to the ICUs during the study period, 236 developed CDI in the ICU. In the complete cohort analysis, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for CDI related to ICU and hospital discharge were 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) and 0.83 (0.73, 0.95), respectively (0.5 additional ICU days and 3.4 hospital days), and related to death in ICU and hospital, they were 1.00 (0.73, 1.38) and 1.19 (0.93, 1.52), respectively. In the matched analysis, the hazard ratios for CDI related to ICU and hospital discharge were 0.91 (0.81, 1.03) and 0.98 (0.85, 1.13), respectively, and related to death in ICU and hospital, they were 1.18 (0.85, 1.63) and 1.08 (0.82, 1.43), respectively.

Conclusions

C difficile infection acquired in ICU is associated with an increase in length of ICU and hospital stay but not with any difference in ICU or hospital mortality.     

强制性脓毒症治疗流程对严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克预后影响

目的 研究强制性脓毒症治疗流程对严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克患者预后的影响.方法 前瞻性研究2008年6月至2009年12月就诊于两个三级教学医院急诊科的严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者195例;应用拯救脓毒症运动标准数据库(SSC database)研究脓毒症患者临床的特点、治疗和预后.纳人标准:符合SSC database诊断标准.2008年6月至12月就诊患者进行现况调查,依据临床医师经验治疗,为对照组.2009年1月至12月间就诊患者采用强制性脓毒症治疗流程治疗,即治疗组.比较强制性脓毒症治疗流程实施前后两组住院病死率.采用SPSS 15.0软件进行数据分析.组间比较采用独立样本t检验.计数资料以率和构成比表示,采用χ2检验.用Kaplan-Meier进行生存曲线分析,以P＜0.05为差异具有统计学意义.结果 治疗组[98.3%(115/117)]与对照组[2.56%(2/78)]比较显著提高血乳酸的检测率(P＜0.01);治疗组69.2%(81/117)患者可以在来诊3 h内给予抗生素,对照组为35.8%(28/78)(P＜0.01);治疗组[47.9%(56/117)]与对照组[25.6%(20/78)]比较显著增加抗生素应用前血培养送检率(P=0.003);治疗组[80.3%(53/66)]与对照组[27%(10/37)]比较显著增加标准液体复苏率,P＜0.01;治疗组[8.1%(3/37)]与对照组[27.3%(18/66)]比较中心静脉压达标率增加(P=0.023);治疗组[29.1%(34/117)]与对照组[44.8%(35/78)]比较住院病死率显著下降(P=0.032).结论 强制性实施脓毒症治疗流程提高了严重脓毒症和脓毒性休克标准治疗依从性,住院病死率下降15.7%.

Abstract：

Objective To study the impact of therapy strategy on outcomes of patients suffering from severe sepsis and/or septic shock. Method A total of 195 patients diagnosed as severe sepsis or septic shock were enrolled for prospective study from June 2008 to December 2009. Patient's clinical manifestation,treatments and outcomes were studied by using SSC database. Patients were divided into control group and treatment group. In control group, patients enrolled from June 2008 to December 2008, were treated with conventional medical care In treatment group, patients enrolled from January 2009 to December 2009 were treated with a novel algorithm of mandatory treatment for sepsis In-hospital mortality of two groups was compared. SPSS15.0 software was used for analysis of data. Chi-square test and unpaired t-test were used for comparisons between groups. Results Compared to the control group The need for blood lactate test was significantly grown in treatment group [98.2% (115/117) versus 2.56% (2/78), P ＜ 0.001]. Antibiotics was administered to 69.2% (81/117) patients of treatment group within 3 hours after their arrival at the emergency department compared to 35.8% (28/78) in the control group (P ＜ 0. 001). Blood cultures made before antibiotics given were 47.9% (56/117) in the treatment group compared to the control group 25.6%(20/78), P = 0. 003. The rate of fluid resuscitation was 80.3% (53/66) in the treatment group and 27%(10/37) in the control group, P ＜0.001. The rate of CVP (8 mmHg was 27.3% (18/66) in the treatment group and 8.1% (3/37) in the control group, P = 0. 023. In-hospital mortality was 29.1% (34/117) in the treatment group and 44.8% (35/78) in the control group, P =0. 032. Conclusions The algorithm of mandatory treatment for sepsis improved the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment for severe sepsis and septic shock, decreasing in-hospital mortality.     

Absolute eosinophils count as a marker of mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in an intensive care unit

Introduction

Eosinophils in the circulating blood undergo apoptosis during sepsis syndromes induced by the action of certain cytokines.

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate the absolute eosinophils count (EC) as a marker of mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock.

Patients and Method

A prospective cohort study of patients with a diagnosis of sepsis or septic shock admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Dr Gustavo Fricke Hospital between January 2008 and December 2009 was conducted. Daily EC in all patients was analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess the performance of the diagnostic test.

Results

We studied a total of 240 patients. The median age was 62 years (interquartile range [IQR], 48-72 years), and 67 (27.9%) died. The median EC in patients who died was 43 (IQR, 14-121), whereas in surviving patients, it was 168 (IQR, 98-292) (P < .001). When the EC on the fifth day of hospital stay was assessed, an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64 (95% confidence interval, 0.55-0.73) was observed. Eosinophils count at intensive care unit discharge showed an area under the curve of 0.81 (95% confidence interval, 0.76-0.87).

Discussion

Eosinophils counts were lower in patients who died of sepsis than in those who survived, but its clinical usefulness seems limited. Their role as an indicator of clinical stability seems to be important.     

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome,sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock: Incidence,morbidities and outcomes in surgical ICU patients

Objectives To determine the incidence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and severe sepsis in surgical ICU patients and define patient characteristics associated with their acquisition and outcome.Design One-month prospective study of critically ill patients with a 28 day in-hospital follow up.Setting Surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at a tertiary care institution.Methods All patients (n=170) admitted to the SICU between April 1 and April 30, 1992 were prospectively followed for 28 days. Daily surveillance was performed by two dedicated, specifically-trained research nurses. Medical and nursing chart reviews were performed, and follow up information at six and twelve months was obtained.Results The in-hospital surveillance represented 2246 patient-days, including 658 ICU patient-days. Overall, 158 patients (93%) had SIRS for an incidence of 542 episodes/1000 patients-days. The incidence of SIRS in the ICU was even higher (840 episodes/1000 patients-days). A total of 83 patients (49%) had sepsis; among them 28 developed severe sepsis. Importantly, 13 patients had severe sepsis after discharge from the ICU. Patient groups were comparable with respect to age, sex ratio, and type of surgery performed. Apach II score on admission to the ICU and ASA score at time of surgery were significantly higher (p<0.05) only for patients who subsequently developed severe sepsis. The crude mortality at 28 days was 8.2% (14/170); it markedly differed among patient groups: 6% for those with SIRS vs. 35% for patients with severe sepsis. Patients with sepsis and severe sepsis had a longer mean length of ICU stay (2.1±0.2 and 7.5±1.5, respectively) than those with SIRS (1.45±0.1) or control patients (1.16±0.1). Total length of hospital stay also markedly differed among groups (35±9 (severe sepsis), 24±2 (sepsis), 11±0.8 (SIRS), and 9±0.1 (controls, respectively).Conclusions Almost everyone in the SICU had SIRS. Therefore, because of its poor specificity, SIRS was not helpful predicting severe sepsis and septic shock. Patients who developed sepsis or severe sepsis had higher crude mortality and length of stay than those who did not. Studies designed to identify those who develop complications of SIRS would be very useful.     

Relationship between the timing of administration of IgM and IgA enriched immunoglobulins in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock and the outcome: a retrospective analysis

Purpose

Because the use of IgM and IgA enriched polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulins (eIg) is a standard of care in critically ill patients admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) with the diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock, we investigated if the delay from the onset of severe sepsis and septic shock and their administration could influence the outcome.

Materials and Methods

The medical records of all patients with severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to our ICU from July 2004 through October 2009 and treated with eIg (Pentaglobin®; Biotest, Dreieich, Germany) were retrospectively examined.

Results

A total of 129 adult patients with severe sepsis or septic shock were considered eligible. Thirty-two percent of patients died during the ICU stay. Survivors were given eIg significantly earlier than nonsurvivors (23 vs 63 hours, P < .05). The delay in the administration of eIg and the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II were the only variables that entered stepwise a propensity score-adjusted logistic model. The delay in the administration of eIg was a significant predictor of the odds of dying during the ICU stay (odds ratio for 1 hour of delay, 1.007; P < .01; 99% confidence interval from 1.001 to 1.010) and proved to be independent from the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and other variables.

Conclusions

The efficacy of eIg, being maximal in early phases of severe sepsis and/or septic shock, is probably time dependent.