Hip and knee dislocation during femoral lengthening in congenital short femur: a rare case report

Congenital short femur is a rare and complex deformity that is often associated with other anomalies. There are few reports of either hip or knee dislocations during femoral lengthening in congenital short femur predisposed by associated anomaly. However, there are probably no case reports of both hip and knee joint dislocation occurring in same case during femoral lengthening in congenital short femur. We have this case of congenital short femur, where both hip and knee dislocation occurs during femoral lengthening. We reviewed different article to understand the cause and avoid such unwanted complications in future.     

Hip dislocation during lengthening of congenital short femur

Hip dislocation is a serious but rarely reported complication of femoral lengthening in congenital short femora. We report a retrospective series of three hip dislocations that occurred during lengthening, analyze the factors contributing to the dislocation, and discuss the treatment of this difficult problem. The average lengthening achieved was 9 cm. We found progressive acetabular dysplasia and decreasing center edge angle. Closed reduction failed. Treatment included soft tissue release, open reduction with femoral shortening, and acetabular procedures. At a mean follow-up of 4.4 years, two patients had a good modified Mckay score and a modified Severin score of 3. Excessive lengthening should be avoided.     

Factors leading to hip subluxation and dislocation in femoral lengthening of unilateral congenital short femur

Congenital short femur is a rare and complex deformity. For it to be treated in the most accurate way, we must know of every possible complication. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors leading to hip subluxation or dislocation in patients with an unilateral congenital short femur who underwent a femoral lengthening procedure. Forty-four patients with congenital unilateral short femora types I, II, and IIIA were seen between 1981 and 1993 at Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children. Seventeen patients had type I, 9 patients had type II, and 18 patients had type IIIA. Twenty patients underwent simultaneous lengthening of the femur and tibia, and 24 patients had primary lengthening of the femur. Eleven patients had an epiphysiodesis of the contralateral femur for residual leg length discrepancies of <6 cm. We observed that in patients with type IIIA, the acetabular dysplasia is severe, as well as the coxa vara deformity, and is associated with progressive subluxation and dislocation of the hip with lengthening. We believe that the combined abnormality of coxa vara and bow of the femoral shaft contributes to hip subluxation and dislocation in congenital short femur in association with an acetabular dysplasia prior to the lengthening. We recommend correction of the varus bow of the femur and the neck-shaft angle to 120 degrees and the acetabular index to <25 degrees prior to lengthening of type IIIA femora.     

股四头肌成形术治疗重度膝关节僵直

膝关节僵直是临床上的常见病，其主要原因是伸膝装置的挛缩与粘连。近3年来，我科应用股四头肌成形与膝关节松解治疗膝关节僵直23例，取得较好的效果。 1临床资料 本组23例，男18例，女5例；年龄22～59岁，平均29岁；病因：股骨干中下段骨折术后15例（其中6例为骨不连接）；     

Quadricepsplasty for congenital dislocation of the knee and congenital quadriceps contracture

Purpose

We encountered problems with the Curtis and Fisher technique of quadricepsplasty for congenital quadriceps contracture, including wound dehiscence, insufficient lengthening of the quadriceps and instability of the knee. We modified the operative technique to address these three problems. We undertook this study to evaluate the results of the modified technique of quadricepsplasty to determine if we succeeded in overcoming these limitations of the original technique.

Methods

Twenty children (33 knees) underwent the modified Curtis and Fisher quadricepsplasty through a lateral incision; a long tongue of the rectus femoris was raised and the vasti mobilised without dividing the lateral retinaculae till the collateral ligaments. The children were followed up for a mean period of 63 months and evaluated. The healing of the wound, active and passive range of motion (ROM) of the knee, the stability of the knee, quadriceps power and knee function were assessed.

Results

Primary wound healing occurred in 32 of 33 knees. Adequate lengthening of the quadriceps sufficient to facilitate knee flexion to 90° was possible. Considerable improvement in the ROM was noted. In non-syndromic congenital dislocation of the knee (CDK), the quadriceps power was Grade 5, but minor degrees of extensor lag was noted. In a proportion of patients, minor degrees of joint instability was present. The majority of children were community walkers. The overall results were better in non-syndromic CDK than in children with arthrogryposis, but differences of some variables were not significant.

Conclusion

The modifications to the original Curtis and Fisher technique overcame the specific problems they were expected to avoid.     

Muscle strength and knee range of motion after femoral lengthening

Background and purpose — Femoral lengthening may result in decrease in knee range of motion (ROM) and quadriceps and hamstring muscle weakness. We evaluated preoperative and postoperative knee ROM, hamstring muscle strength, and quadriceps muscle strength in a diverse group of patients undergoing femoral lengthening. We hypothesized that lengthening would not result in a significant change in knee ROM or muscle strength.

Patients and methods — This prospective study of 48 patients (mean age 27 (9–60) years) compared ROM and muscle strength before and after femoral lengthening. Patient age, amount of lengthening, percent lengthening, level of osteotomy, fixation time, and method of lengthening were also evaluated regarding knee ROM and strength. The average length of follow-up was 2.9 (2.0–4.7) years.

Results — Mean amount of lengthening was 5.2 (2.4–11.0) cm. The difference between preoperative and final knee flexion ROM was 2° for the overall group. Congenital shortening cases lost an average of 5% or 6° of terminal knee flexion, developmental cases lost an average of 3% or 4°, and posttraumatic cases regained all motion. The difference in quadriceps strength at 45° preoperatively and after lengthening was not statistically or clinically significant (2.7?Nm; p = 0.06). Age, amount of lengthening, percent lengthening, osteotomy level, fixation time, and lengthening method had no statistically significant influence on knee ROM or quadriceps strength at final follow-up.

Interpretation — Most variables had no effect on ROM or strength, and higher age did not appear to be a limiting factor for femoral lengthening. Patients with congenital causes were most affected in terms of knee flexion.     

先天性短股骨颈人工全髋关节置换时避免下肢延长的临床研究

目的探讨对先天性短股骨颈患者行人工全髋关节置换时避免下肢延长的方法。方法回顾分析2005年4月-2010年12月接受单侧人工全髋关节置换的38例先天性短股骨颈患者临床资料。男26例,女12例;年龄45～78岁,平均62.3岁。股骨头缺血性坏死11例,骨关节炎17例,股骨颈骨折10例。术前29例双下肢不等长,临床测量肢体短缩10～24 mm,平均14.5 mm;X线片测量肢体短缩11～25 mm,平均14.7 mm。术前Harris评分为(44.0±3.6)分。结果术后1 d临床及X线片测量示3例患者下肢延长,其余35例双下肢差异均<10 mm,视为等长;总等长率为92.1%(35/38)。术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、下肢深静脉血栓形成等并发症发生。1例下肢延长16 mm患者步态异常,经增加足跟垫矫正后仍有轻度跛行;其余2例不等长患者有轻度跛行。其余患者行走正常,髋部疼痛明显缓解。术后36例获随访,随访时间12～68个月,平均43.8个月。术后6个月髋关节Harris评分为(86.7±2.3)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.260,P=0.031)。X线片复查示假体无松动与下沉。结论对先天性短股骨颈患者行人工全髋关节置换术时应注意下肢长度测量和截骨平面确定,并使用带领假体,可有效避免下肢延长。     

Lengthening in the congenital short femur

The fundamental concepts underlying lengthening surgery for the congenital short femur were gained from experience in treating 35 cases by means of chondrodiatasis and callotasis.     

改良关节松解治疗股骨远端骨折术后膝关节强直

[目的]探讨创伤术后改良膝关节粘连松解结合透明质酸钠关节内注射对治疗膝关节粘连性强直的价值。[方法]对22例膝关节僵硬患者行膝关节改良粘连松解,18例患者行传统膝关节松解术,术后关节腔内均注射透明质酸钠,并早期CPM锻炼,观察术后膝关节伸屈活动度改善程度。[结果]2组术后关节功能依照HSS膝关节评分标准进行评价,改良组优良率高于对照组,且无发生髌骨骨折、伸膝无力、感染等并发症。[结论]膝关节创伤术后的改良粘连松解术处理膝关节僵硬是一项有效、可靠和安全的技术,结合透明质酸钠关节内注射能有效减轻或预防术后再粘连的形成,有助于膝关节功能康复。     

Van Nes rotational osteotomy for treatment of proximal femoral focal deficiency and congenital short femur.

The results of twenty Van Nes rotational osteotomies for unilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency and congenital short femur were analyzed after follow-ups of two to eight years. Assessed on the basis of prosthetic function, the results were good in ten, fair in six, and poor in four. Twelve patients required a rerotation procedure, six of them twice, because of postoperative derotation. Appropriate leg-length discrepancy to place the ankle, converted to the knee, at the right level, as well as normal ankle and foot motion and muscle power, are prerequisites to the procedure, which should be deferred until the child is about twelve years old to avoid prolonged hospitalization for rerotation and gait training.     

自制膝关节辅助支具在儿童肢体延长术后关节僵硬中的应用

目的 探讨自制膝关节辅助支具在儿童肢体延长术后关节僵硬中的应用方法及效果.方法 对10例(12个肢体)行骨骼矫形延长手术患儿,术后佩戴自制膝关节辅助支具保护,并施以正确的维护,以及功能锻炼、疼痛处理、针道及延长肢体等护理措施.结果 外固定器固定时间150～188 d,肢体延长3～6 cm,拆除外固定架后,无1例发生膝关节僵硬,膝关节伸直达0°,屈曲范围0°～90°,随访2～8个月,优良率达98.0%.结论 膝关节辅助支具能有效防止膝关节挛缩、膝关节半脱位等并发症,有助于提高矫形手术效果.     

股骨骨折后膝关节僵硬经按摩引起再骨折3例

推拿疗法(古称按摩)若运用不当易造成骨折及血管神经损伤等严重后果,我院2002-2004年收治3例因推拿引起股骨骨折的病例,现报道如下。1临床资料患者1,女,42岁。右股骨中下段骨折10个月,右膝关节僵硬,活动度10°。在外院按摩后于2002年6月来我院门诊拍X线片显示右股骨中下段斜形骨折。患者2,男,37岁。左股骨中段骨折术后1年,钢板取出后左膝关节僵硬,活动度为15°。在外院按摩后,2003年9月来我院门诊拍X线片显示左股骨中段粉碎性骨折。患者3,女,38岁。右股骨中段骨折术后1年,钢板取出后右膝关节僵硬,活动度为20°。在外院按摩后,于2004年10月来我院门诊拍X线片显示右股骨中段粉碎     

股骨骨折后膝关节僵硬经按摩引起再骨折3例

推拿疗法(古称按摩)若运用不当易造成骨折及血管神经损伤等严重后果,我院2002-2004年收治3例因推拿引起股骨骨折的病例,现报道如下。1临床资料患者1,女,42岁。右股骨中下段骨折10个月,右膝关节僵硬,活动度10°。在外院按摩后于2002年6月来我院门诊拍X线片显示右股骨中下段斜形骨折。患者2,男,37岁。左股骨中段骨折术后1年,钢板取出后左膝关节僵硬,活动度为15°。在外院按摩后,2003年9月来我院门诊拍X线片显示左股骨中段粉碎性骨折。患者3,女,38岁。右股骨中段骨折术后1年,钢板取出后右膝关节僵硬,活动度为20°。在外院按摩后,于2004年10月…     

Progressive lengthening of short congenital forearm stump in children for prosthetic fitting

Purpose

The sufficient length of congenital forearm stump is essential for prosthetic fitting. In our study we reviewed the results of a series of forearm stump lengthening, observed complications and their outcomes. We evaluated possibilities of combined technique to reduce or avoid problems and complications in forearm stump lengthening.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 18 children who have undergone forearm stump lengthening. In all patients the forearm lengthening was performed by means of Ilizarov frame. Additional flexible intramedullary nailing (FIN) was applied in two cases.

Results

The mean lengthening gain was 4.6 cm. The planned lengthening gain was obtained in all cases. The mean healing index (HI) was 34.1 days/cm. The most reduced HI was observed in two cases of combined technique (Ilizarov frame with FIN): 25.4 and 27.0 days/cm. Considering complications and outcomes the results were classified according to Lascombes: grade I—5 cases, IIa—10 cases, IIb—2 cases, IIIa—1 case. In the long term follow-up all patients used their prostheses fixed at the forearm stump with natural function of elbow joint.

Conclusion

Forearm progressive lengthening in children with congenital transverse deficiency of the forearm is justified in order to facilitate prosthetic procedures and to preserve natural function of elbow joint. Sufficient lengthening can be achieved within one operation with a low rate of major complications. In our experience a repeated lengthening of forearm stump is not mandatory.

     

Effect on knee motion of gradual intramedullary femoral lengthening

Gradual femoral lengthening causes loss of knee motion due to soft tissue tightness. Lengthening with an intramedullary device would be expected to retain good knee movements since it avoids soft tissue transfixation. To ascertain this we looked at the knee movements recorded in 27 patients before, during and after bilateral simultaneous femoral lengthening using Albizzia nails. The mean gain was 6.2 cm and the mean follow-up 28.6 months. No significant difference was noted between the mean preoperative and final knee flexions (148.3 degrees vs. 148.4 degrees) and the mean preoperative and final knee extensions (2.3 degrees vs. 3.4 degrees). By their last visit, all patients were flexing to at least 120 degrees and only one patient had a flexion deformity over 5 degrees. Thus maintenance of good knee motion and early return to activities is possible when an intramedullary device like the Albizzia nail is used for femoral lengthening.     

Sagittal knee kinematics after hamstring lengthening

The purpose of this study was to analyze sagittal knee kinematics after hamstring lengthening. A retrospective analysis was performed of 16 children (32 knees) with cerebral palsy who underwent hamstring lengthening as an isolated surgical procedure. Gait analysis was performed before surgery and at a minimum of 1 year after surgery. Decreased stance maximum knee flexion, stance minimum knee flexion, swing maximum knee flexion, and swing minimum knee flexion were noted. Total knee excursion increased. The present study confirmed the previously reported increased total knee excursion with decreased stance minimum and swing maximum knee flexion.