肩峰下前外侧小切口入路在肱骨近端骨折治疗中的临床应用

[目的]评价应用肩峰下前外侧小切口入路治疗肱骨近端骨折的方法和临床疗效。[方法]2006年12月-2008年12月运用肩峰下前外侧小切口入路使用锁定钢板治疗42例肱骨近端骨折,其中男25例,女17例,根据AO/OTA分型,A2型5例,A3型11例,B1型7例,B2型12例,C1型3例,C2型4例。经肩前外侧小切口入路,在肱骨大结节顶端下1.5 cm左右,做一3 cm左右横切口,纵行分离三角肌,探及骨折,直视下间接和直接复位。经骨表面肌肉下隧道向骨折远端插入锁定钢板,于钢板远端做纵行切口,远近端用锁定螺钉固定。比较不同时期病例的切口长度、手术时间、出血量、骨折复位及术后1年Neer评分。[结果]42例均在小切口中完成手术,初期和后期病例切口长度分别为(4.5±1.0)cm和(4.0±0.7)cm;手术时间为(60±14.1)min和(45.4±8.7)min;出血量为(100±20.6)ml和(70.2±16.8)ml;Neer评分为(80.2±5.4)分和(86.0±6.0)分,达到影像学的解剖复位分别为6、16例。统计学分析显示以上几项指标不同时期比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]严格把握适应证和规范的手术技巧,肩峰下前外侧小切口入路可以很好的完成肱骨近端骨折的手术治疗,可以获得满意的临床效果,在大多数的肱骨近端骨折的手术治疗中可以作为首选的手术入路。     

锁骨钩钢板联合空心钉内固定治疗肩峰骨折合并肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板联合空心钉内固定治疗肩峰骨折合并肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析本院骨科自2008年1月至2018年12月收治的15例肩峰骨折合并肩锁关节脱位患者的临床资料，其中男13例、女2例；患者年龄范围18 ~ 60岁，平均年龄（34.67±15.53）岁；致伤原因：交通伤8例，摔伤2例，坠落伤3例，运动伤2例。肩峰骨折分型，OgawaⅠ型5例，OgawaⅡ型10例；肩锁关节脱位分型，TossyⅡ型7例，TossyⅢ型8例。治疗方案均为肩峰骨折采用切开复位空心钉内固定治疗，肩锁关节脱位采用切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗。术后1年根据患者患侧肩关节活动范围及肩关节Constant-Murely评分对患者进行功能评价。 结果所有患者均获得至少1年以上随访，平均随访时间（21.60±9.83）个月，术后患者切口均一期愈合，未发生伤口感染、骨折愈合不良、骨折脱位复位丢失、肩峰下撞击、钢板螺钉松动等情况。术后1年肩关节活动范围：外展90° ~ 145°，平均（114.00±19.29）°；上举100°～180°，平均（136.67±27.10）°；后伸30° ~ 60°，平均（42.00±10.66）°；外旋30° ~ 45°，平均（38.00±6.76）°。术后1年Constant-Murely评分70 ~ 96分，平均（85.73±7.26）分，优5例，良7例，可3例，优良率80％。 结论锁骨钩钢板联合空心钉内固定治疗肩峰骨折合并肩锁关节脱位操作安全、简单、疗效确切，术后患者功能恢复满意，值得在临床中应用。     

经三角肌入路PHLOS微创钢板接骨术治疗肱骨近端骨折

目的研究经三角肌入路运用微创经皮钢板接骨术(minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis,MIPO)采用PHLOS内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的疗效及特点。方法对我科2004年3月至2010年12月共收治的81例闭合性肱骨近端骨折患者进行回顾性分析,术后对骨折愈合时间、并发症情况和肩关节功能(Neer肩关节功能评分标准)进行评价。结果 79例患者获得随访,随访时间为3～24个月,平均11.5个月。Neer肩关节功能评分优良率达92.4%。所有骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间10.6周(8～17周)。结论应用经三角肌入路MIPO技术PHLOS内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折具有创伤小、固定可靠、功能恢复好的优点,是治疗老年人肱骨近端骨折的有效方法。     

Unusual combined scaphoid and lunate fracture of the wrist: a case report

All perilunate fracture-dislocations combine ligament ruptures, bone avulsions, and fractures in a variety of clinical forms. The most frequent is the dorsal trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation. In rare cases, however, these dislocations also have been associated with capitate fractures, triquetral fractures, or lunate fracture. We report a combined scaphoid and lunate fracture of the wrist that was not associated with perilunate dislocation.     

肩峰下前外侧入路治疗肱骨近端2或3部分骨折病例对照研究

目的 :探讨应用肩峰下前外侧入路治疗肱骨近端2、3部分骨折的临床疗效。方法 :回顾分析2010年1月至2014年6月收治的42例肱骨近端2、3部分骨折患者临床资料,其中男23例,女19例,年龄40~76岁,平均61.5岁;应用肩峰下前外侧入路的患者22例,其余20例采用传统的胸大肌三角肌入路。比较两组手术操作时间、术中出血量、术后住院天数、骨折愈合时间,使用VAS评分评估术后1周肩关节疼痛程度,使用肩关节Constant评分评估肩关节术后3个月及6个月以上肩关节功能水平。结果:所有患者完成至少14个月的随访。两组比较,手术时间(P=0.003)、术中出血量(P=0.001)、术后住院天数(P=0.013)、术后1周肩关节疼痛VAS评分(P=0.026)、术后3个月Constant评分(P=0.014),肩峰下前外侧入路组与胸大肌三角肌入路组间差异有统计学意义;骨折临床愈合时间(P=0.462)、术后6个月以上Constant评分(P=0.204),肩峰下前外侧入路组与胸大肌三角肌入路组间差异无统计学意义。未出现肱骨头坏死、内固定断裂的情况。结论:应用肩峰下前外侧入路治疗肱骨近端2、3部分骨折,具有手术时间短、创伤小、术后疼痛轻、功能恢复快等优点。     

肩峰骨折的分型方法及治疗

目的 探讨肩峰骨折的分型方法及治疗.方法 自2006年8月至2008年8月共收治14例肩峰骨折患者,男11例,女3例;年龄17～65岁,平均49.4岁.肩峰骨折按照Ogawa分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型4例.有5例肩峰骨折属于上肩胛悬吊带复合损伤一部分,其中复合损伤属于肩峰-肩锁关节-锁骨远端3例,锁骨中段-肩峰-肩胛骨外科颈1例,锁骨-喙突-肩胛盂上1/3和肩峰基底部三部位联合损伤1例.共8例患者接受手术治疗,其中肩峰骨折接受手术治疗5例:空心拉力螺钉固定Ⅰ型1例,3.5 mm斜T型锁定接骨板固定Ⅱ型3例,锁定重建接骨板固定Ⅲ型1例.结果 手术组8例,平均随访13.8个月(12～18个月).接受手术患者的肩峰骨折均获得解剖复位,骨性愈合,无内固定物松动等并发症发生,末次随访Constant评分平均84.7分.保守治疗组6例,平均随访15.5个月(14～18个月),肩峰骨折均获骨性愈合,末次随访Constant评分平均71.7分.结论 通过对孤立性的移位明显的肩峰骨折或肩峰骨折属于上肩胛悬吊带多重损伤一部分进行手术治疗可以取得良好疗效.Ogawa分型结合上肩胛悬吊带复合体损伤理论能指导肩峰骨折的治疗,实用性强.     

The anterolateral acromial approach for fractures of the proximal humerus

Displaced and unstable fractures of the proximal humerus are notoriously difficult to manage. Successful surgical treatment requires finding the appropriate balance between adequate exposure for reduction and rigid fixation and minimizing soft tissue dissection. The anterolateral acromial approach was developed to allow less invasive treatment of proximal humerus fractures. The plane of the avascular anterior deltoid raphe is utilized, and the axillary nerve is identified and protected. Anterior dissection near the critical blood supply is avoided, substantial muscle retraction is minimized, and the lateral plating zone is directly accessed. Over a 4-year period, 52 patients with acute displaced fractures of the proximal humerus were treated with the anterolateral acromial approach and either a locking plate or an intramedullary nail. Twenty-three patients were evaluated clinically at a minimum follow-up of 1 year (average, 28 months) by clinical examination for range of motion and nerve function and a QuickDASH score. There were no axillary nerve deficits postoperatively related to the approach, and the average QuickDASH score was 25.2 (0, best; 100, worst). This approach allowed direct access to the lateral fracture planes for fracture reduction and plate placement or safe nail and interlocking screw placement.     

The incidence of associated fractures of the upper limb in fractures of the radial head

Radial head fractures are common injuries. In American publications, one-third of the patients with these fractures have been shown to have associated injuries. The aim of this retrospective study is to describe the epidemiology of radial head fractures and associated fractures of the ipsilateral upper extremity in a European population. This study describes the epidemiology of radial head and associated fractures of the upper extremity in a Dutch population by a retrospective radiographic review of all patients with a radial head fracture between 1 January 2006 and 1 July 2007. A total of 147 radial head fractures were diagnosed in 145 patients. The incidence in the general population was 2.5 per 10.000 per year. The average age was 45.9 (SD 17.3) years and male–female ratio was 2:3. The mean age of males was significantly lower (37.1, SD 14.2 years) than of women (53.9, SD 16.4 years). Associated fracture of the upper extremity was found in 10.2%. Coronoid fractures were most common (4.1%). Associated upper limb fractures in patients with a radial head fracture are common in the European population. It is of clinical importance to suspect associated lesions and to perform a thorough physical examination and additional radiological examination on demand.     

The keeled acromion: An aggressive acromial variant—a series of 20 patients with associated rotator cuff tears

This study describes our experience with an unusual type of acromial spur. In the last 7 years, we have treated 20 patients with a previously undescribed “keeled” acromion. The keel refers to a central, longitudinal, downward sloping spur on the acromial undersurface. Patients with a keeled acromion are at significant risk of bursal-sided as well as full-thickness rotator cuff tears. All patients in this series had significant bursal-sided tears, and 12 of 20 patients (60%) had full-thickness rotator cuff tears associated with an acromial “keel.” In addition, patients with a keeled acromion are younger (average age, 52.7 years) than would be expected for patients with rotator cuff disease. Often these patients are misdiagnosed, and effective treatment is delayed. Diagnosis of a keeled acromion relies on a high level of suspicion, as well as knowledge of clinical and radiographic signs consistent with an acromial keel. We discuss the clinical presentation, radiographic findings, associated rotator cuff pathology, as well as methods to avoid intraoperative technical errors when treating patients with an acromial keel. The goal is to raise awareness of this relatively uncommon but clinically important entity and to help guide the treating surgeon’s therapeutic measures.     

Second-generation concepts for locked plating of proximal humerus fractures

Displaced fractures of the proximal humerus remain particularly difficult to treat. Because of the poor quality of cancellous bone, it seemed that locking plates would be ideally suited for fixation in this region. However, as clinical reports begin to become available, it appears that these plates are not a panacea for these fractures and may be associated with a high complication rate. Coupled with the generally poor long-term outcomes of hemiarthroplasty, new fixation methods must be sought. Several technical factors, techniques, and alternative approaches have recently been described as possibly improving fixation stability in these fractures. Specifically, the anterolateral acromial approach, which avoids vascularity exposure, allows direct access to the lateral plating zone, and minimizes soft-tissue dissection, may be useful. Mechanical support of the medial column when anatomic cortical contact is not possible is also critical to maximizing stability. This may be achieved either with purposeful inferomedial humeral head screws or endosteal fibula allograft augmentation.     

Second-generation concepts for locked plating of proximal humerus fractures.

Displaced fractures of the proximal humerus remain particularly difficult to treat. Because of the poor quality of cancellous bone, it seemed that locking plates would be ideally suited for fixation in this region. However, as clinical reports begin to become available, it appears that these plates are not a panacea for these fractures and may be associated with a high complication rate. Coupled with the generally poor long-term outcomes of hemiarthroplasty, new fixation methods must be sought. Several technical factors, techniques, and alternative approaches have recently been described as possibly improving fixation stability in these fractures. Specifically, the anterolateral acromial approach, which avoids vascularity exposure, allows direct access to the lateral plating zone, and minimizes soft-tissue dissection, may be useful. Mechanical support of the medial column when anatomic cortical contact is not possible is also critical to maximizing stability. This may be achieved either with purposeful inferomedial humeral head screws or endosteal fibula allograft augmentation.     

Minimally invasive application of the non-contact-bridging (NCB) plate to the proximal humerus: an anatomical study

OBJECTIVES: To describe a minimal anterolateral acromial approach for minimally invasive (MI) treatment of fractures of the proximal humerus (PH) with the Non-Contact-Bridging (NCB) plate. DESIGN: 1) Cadaver study and 2) clinical case series. SETTING: 1) University Institute of Anatomy and the 2) University Level I trauma center. SPECIMENS/PATIENTS: 1) Ten fresh frozen human humeri and 2) 22 patients with 22 isolated proximal humeral fractures. INTERVENTION: 1) Minimal anterolateral acromial approach with MI application of the NCB-PH plate followed by dissection of the axillary nerve and 2) MI fracture fixation using this approach and technique of plate insertion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 1) Integrity of the axillary nerve and evaluation of its relationship to the implant, and 2) early postoperative functional results. RESULTS: In the cadaver study, the nerve directly crossed over the percutaneously inserted plate in all the arms. The nerve then divided into two branches anterior to the plate in eight arms and divided into two branches directly over the plate in two arms. One branch of the axillary nerve in one arm was injured. In the clinical case series, no intraoperative complications relating to the approach or the implant occurred. No symptoms of axillary nerve lesion have been detected so far in the early follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The minimal anterolateral acromial approach is suitable for MI technique to apply the NCB-PH. The relationship of the axillary nerve to the plate is anatomically close. We recommend that strict bone contact be maintained during plate insertion and that screw insertion complies with the guidelines provided for this technique. In a small clinical cases series, the plate and screws were inserted in accordance with these guidelines and no axillary nerve lesions have yet been detected.     

Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Fractures of the Proximal End of the Femur

The purpose of this investigation was to verify a long-standing clinical observation that patients with fracture of the proximal end of the femur have less evidence of osteoarthritic changes in their hip joints than would have been expected in patients of similar age groups. The radiographs of 342 patients with fractures and those of 157 controls were examined. The statistical results gave uncontroversial evidence that the incidence of osteoarthritic joints was lower in the fracture group. The difference was even greater with severe osteoarthritic changes.

This suggests that patients with osteoarthritis have a “better quality” of bone. They are less likely to be suffering from osteoporosis and less liable to fractures of the proximal end of the femur.     

Helical plating of the proximal humerus

The ideal treatment for fractures of the proximal humerus has not been definitively agreed upon. Several recent reports have described a technique of helical plating for proximal humeral fractures, in which the proximal plate is placed laterally on the greater tuberosity, and spirals 90 degrees distally to lie on the anterior surface of the humeral shaft. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of helical plating using a less invasive surgical approach and placing screws percutaneously in the distal plate. Dissection of 10 cadaveric upper extremity specimens was performed, using an extended anterolateral acromial approach followed by percutaneous helical plating. With the plate secured, the neurovascular structures which crossed the anterior humerus superficial to the plate were exposed and identified. Only the musculocutaneous nerve crossed anterior to the plate and was at risk for percutaneous screw placement. The nerve location was found in a consistent location among the specimens. The danger zone for the nerve location was found to be at an average of 13.5 cm from the greater tuberosity (99% CI: 12.2-14.8 cm). Though clinical experience is necessary to validate this plating technique, it appears that avoiding this danger zone in which the musculocutaneous nerve crosses will allow safe percutaneous screw placement and permit minimally invasive plating of these fractures.     

The role of arthroscopy in the management of tibial plateau fractures

The value of arthroscopy in the management of tibial plateau fractures was evaluated in a series of 29 patients from 1979 to 1984. It was determined that arthroscopy is of value in the management of these fractures; acute fractures and associated soft tissue injuries can be precisely defined, allowing for timely management decisions; based on direct arthroscopic observation, selected fractures can be reduced and stabilized, and appropriate postoperative management determined; and healed but symptomatic fractures may benefit from arthroscopic surgery.     

Secondary osteochondromatosis in the subacromial bursa: a report of two cases and review of the literature

Osteochondromatosis is classified into primary and secondary lesions; primary osteochondromatosis is a tumor-like lesion, whereas secondary lesions are due to such joint or bursal disorders as osteoarthritis and osteochondral fractures. There is no clinical distinction between these two conditions. Only the pathological findings of loose bodies and synovium can clearly distinguish between them. In this report, we present two patients with secondary osteochondromatosis in the subacromial bursa. Both had shoulder pain and were treated surgically. We discuss methods of differentiating between primary and secondary lesions and elucidate the pathogenesis of osteochondromatosis in the subacromial bursa by analyzing findings for 17 shoulders with this condition reported in the literature. We also present two more cases. We reviewed the 12 cases of osteochondromatosis in the literature for histopathological findings of loose bodies and the presence or absence of acromial osteophytes. Our findings suggest that osteochondromatosis of the subacromial bursa is secondary in most cases, and that osteocartilaginous fragments from acromial osteophytes can be shed into the subacromial bursa and grow into loose bodies.     

Evaluation of alignments that can cause acromion impingement using computed tomography images after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Hypothesis and/or BackgroundWe hypothesized that in cases where the distance between the center of rotation and the greater tubercle is longer than that from the center of rotation of the glenosphere to the acromion, acromial impingement may occur, which may affect clinical results. We aimed to investigate the possibility of acromial impingement and its clinical implications using postreverse shoulder arthroplasty computed tomography images, in which the distance from the center of rotation to the acromion and the three-dimensional distance to the greater tuberosity after implant insertion were measured considering the degree of humeral lateralization.MethodsSeventy reverse shoulder arthroplasty cases were performed from April 2018 to April 2020. Of those 70 cases, eight were excluded for fracture. A total of 62 cases (20 males and 42 females; average age at surgery, 77 ± 6.1 years) were included in this study. Measurements were made on postoperative radiographs and computed tomography images for evaluation. Clinical scores, such as range of motion and pain at 1 year after surgery, were evaluated. The distance from the center of rotation to the greater tuberosity and the distance to the acromion were measured; the group with the former less than the latter was evaluated as the risk group for acromial impingement.ResultsFlexion and external rotation abduction were less in the acromial impingement risk group (both P < .001), and no significant difference in external rotation was noted between the groups. There were no complications related to dislocation, infection, or nerve palsy. The group with shorter distance from the center of rotation to the greater tuberosity than the distance to the acromion had zero cases (0%) of acromion fracture, and the risk group had four cases (17.3%) (P = .019).DiscussionThis study showed that the acromial impingement risk group had significantly more acromion fractures. This finding suggests that the collision between the acromion and humerus may be one of the causes of acromion fracture. In this study, height (short stature) and sex (female) were risk factors for acromion impingement.ConclusionsThe clinical implications of the findings were that the angles of forward and lateral elevations were significantly lower in the acromial impingement risk group. Therefore, in patients with larger distance from the center of rotation to the greater tuberosity than the distance to the acromion, decreased forward and lateral elevation angles should be suspected and appropriately managed.     

肩峰前外侧入路与胸大肌三角肌入路治疗肱骨近端Neer 2、3部分骨折的病例对照研究

目的：对比肩峰前外侧入路与胸大肌三角肌入路在肱骨近端Neer 2、3部分骨折手术治疗中的临床疗效.方法：回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年12月收治并获随访的49例肱骨近端Neer 2、3部分骨折患者的资料,其中肩峰前外侧入路组22例,男9例,女13例,平均年龄（63.2±7.6）岁;胸大肌三角肌入路组27例,男12例,女15例,平均年龄（62.9±7.0）岁.比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量与骨折愈合时间及术后并发症,术后3个月及1、2年时分别采用Constant-Murley评分和视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评定肩关节功能及患肩疼痛度.结果：所有患者术后获随访,时间24～41个月,平均34.5个月.肩峰前外侧入路组手术时间[（68.20±7.04） min]较胸大肌三角肌入路组[（75.81±13.70） min]短,术中出血量[（151.30±20.57） ml]少于胸大肌三角肌入路组[（242.10±37.25） ml],骨折愈合时间[（10.88±4.90）周]短于胸大肌三角肌入路组[（13.60±2.45）周].术后3个月,肩峰前外侧入路组Constant-Murley评分88.32±5.45,肩关节疼痛VAS评分0.41±0.63,均优于胸大肌三角肌入路组[（63.53±8.31）vs（1.65±1.02）].但术后1年及2年,两组Constant-Murley评分与肩关节疼痛VAS评分差异均无统计学意义.两组各有1例术后出现肱骨头高度丢失,胸大肌三角肌入路组另有l例肩峰下撞击、l例螺钉松动及2例骨折延迟愈合.两组均未发生腋神经损伤及肱骨头坏死和内固定断裂等并发症.结论：采用肩峰前外侧入路与胸大肌三角肌入路手术治疗肱骨近端Neer 2、3部分骨折最终均可获得满意的中期疗效,前者更具有创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、术后肩关节功能恢复及骨折愈合快等优点.     

Enhanced prediction of fracture risk combining vertebral fracture status and BMD

Summary Prevalent vertebral fractures are associated with increased fracture risk, but the magnitude of this effect across a range of BMD T-scores has not been quantified. In this analysis, for any given BMD T-score, incident fracture risk varied up to twelve fold when information regarding prevalent radiographic vertebral fracture status was considered. Background Clinical fracture risk evaluation of older women usually includes assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) but often not vertebral fracture status. In this analysis, we quantified the impact of vertebral fracture burden on two year fracture risk across a range of BMD T-scores. Methods Data were from 2,651 postmenopausal women who were assigned to the placebo groups of the Fracture Prevention Trial (median observation 21 months) and the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Trial (MORE; observation 2 years). Using the Genant visual semiquantitative criteria, we defined prevalent vertebral fracture status as: a) presence or absence of fracture; b) fracture number; c) maximum semi-quantitative (SQ) score (normal=0, mild fracture=1, moderate fracture=2, severe fracture=3); and d) spinal deformity index (SDI) score (sum of SQ scores of T4 to L4 vertebrae). Incident fractures over two years were identified via lateral spine radiographs and outside the spine by questioning of patients and review of radiographs or radiographic reports. Results Femoral neck BMD T-score provided significant information regarding fracture risk. Across the range of T-scores, vertebral fracture status provided additional prognostic information. The risk increased with increasing number and severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and SDI, a summary measure of spine fracture burden. Across a range of BMD values, prevalent spine fracture burden as assessed by SDI increased the risk of incident vertebral fractures by up to 12-fold, nonvertebral fractures by about twofold, and any fractures by up to sevenfold. Conclusions These findings indicate that at any given BMD T-score, the risk of incident vertebral, non-vertebral, and any fracture depended heavily on prevalent radiographic vertebral fracture status. Assessment of vertebral fracture status, in addition to BMD, provides practical and relevant clinical information to aid in predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women. This study was supported by Eli Lilly and Company.     

胫骨平台骨折手术疗效影响因素分析

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折手术疗效的影响因素。方法根据Rasmussen膝关节功能评分标准将356例手术治疗的胫骨平台患者分为优良组(n=288)与中差组(n=68),对比两组临床资料,探讨其手术疗效的影响因素。结果两组患者在骨折类型、膝关节周围合并伤、骨折复位情况、术后并发症及术后康复等方面比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);经多因素Logistic回归分析发现,上述因素均为胫骨平台骨折手术疗效的影响因素(P0.05或P0.01)。结论骨折类型、膝关节周围合并伤、复位情况、术后并发症、术后康复情况均为胫骨平台手术效果的独立影响因素,了解这些影响因素对于胫骨平台骨折患者的临床手术治疗具有重要的指导意义。