人眼虹膜组织力学特性的实验研究

利用我们创建的将瞳孔水密缝合后，模拟眼内前后房压强差，对虹膜整体进行加压的实验方法，对人眼虹膜的力学特性进行了实验研究。结果表明：人眼虹膜是典型的粘弹性物质；面积模量与前后房压强差之间基本成线性关系。实验结果可为青光眼致盲机制解释和瞳孔阻滞力的估算提供参考。     

兔眼虹膜组织力学特性的实验研究

利用我们创建的将兔眼蝉孔水密缝合后，模拟眼内前后房压强差，对虹膜整体进行加压的实验方法，对兔眼虹膜的力学特性进行了实验研究。结果表明：兔眼虹膜是典型的粘弹性物质；面积模量与前后方压强差之间基本成线性关系。实验结果可为青光眼致盲机制解释和瞳孔阻滞力的估算提供参考。     

虹膜组织力学特性研究的实验方法探索

创建了将眼瞳孔水密缝合后，在不破坏其正常功能作用的几何形态条件下，模拟眼内前后房压强差，对虹膜整体进行加压的实验方法。首次使眼虹膜整体力学特性的认识成为可能，本方法的实验结果将另文报道。     

基于立体视觉的虹膜膨隆三维信息的实验方法探索

目的设计一种基于立体视觉技术的虹膜组织膨隆变形研究的实验系统,并在系统保持虹膜环状形态结构和组织活性条件下,通过测量计算出虹膜组织在模拟前后房压强差变化的情况下发生膨隆变形的三维信息。方法利用模拟瞳孔阻滞和虹膜膨隆的实验设备获得兔虹膜组织随前后房压强差增加而膨隆变彤的二维图像,再利用立体视觉技术计算虹膜组织发生膨隆变形的三维信息。结果本研究得到模拟前后房压强差分别为100Pa、200Pa时虹膜膨隆的二维曲线和三维信息。结果证实随着前后房压强差增大,虹膜发生膨隆变形。虹膜膨隆的二维曲线的切线和虹膜径向之间的夹角越大,房角越小,此时发生闭角型青光眼的可能性越大。     

基于立体视觉的虹膜膨隆三维信息的实验方法探索

目的设计一种基于立体视觉技术的虹膜组织膨隆变形研究的实验系统,并在系统保持虹膜环状形态结构和组织活性条件下,通过测量计算出虹膜组织在模拟前后房压强差变化的情况下发生膨隆变形的三维信息。方法利用模拟瞳孔阻滞和虹膜膨隆的实验设备获得兔虹膜组织随前后房压强差增加而膨隆变形的二维图像,再利用立体视觉技术计算虹膜组织发生膨隆变形的三维信息。结果本研究得到模拟前后房压强差分别为100Pa、200Pa时虹膜膨隆的二维曲线和三维信息。结果证实随着前后房压强差增大,虹膜发生膨隆变形。虹膜膨隆的二维曲线的切线和虹膜径向之间的夹角越大,房角越小,此时发生闭角型青光眼的可能性越大。     

虹膜膨隆变形及房角开放度的实验研究

目的对原有实验系统进行改进,并对兔眼虹膜在不同前后房压强差产生的膨隆变形及房角开放度进行实验研究。方法在保持虹膜环状形态结构和组织活性特征的前提下,搭建模拟完全瞳孔阻滞和虹膜膨隆的实验平台,获得兔眼虹膜随前后房压强差变化时的膨隆变形二维图像;再利用立体视觉技术得到膨隆变形的三维信息,并计算出膨隆曲线上虹膜根部所在点的切线斜率和虹膜膨隆最高点的曲率半径,由此对房角开放度进行衡量。结果当前后房压强差在50～200Pa之间时,虹膜根部斜率在0.29～0.55范围内逐渐增大,曲率半径在16.13～6.67的范围内迅速减小,房角在30°～15°的范围内变化;而当前后房压强差增大到200～600Pa之间时,虹膜根部斜率在0.55～0.76的范围内逐渐增大,曲率半径在6.67～4.25的范围内逐渐减小,房角在15°～10°的范围内缓慢减小。结论本文提出了一种可行的定量研究虹膜膨隆变形及房角开放度的理论和实验方法,研究结果与临床观察及研究相一致。     

正常兔眼后房压强及前后房压强差值的在体监测

目的 寻求一种眼后房穿刺方法,并在体测量兔眼的前、后房压强差.方法 利用高精度压力传感器与空气差压传感器,采用＂从角巩膜缘外周1～1.5mm处进针穿透巩膜,使针水平滑行于虹膜下而进入后房＂的扎针方法,实现在体连续监测正常兔眼麻醉状态下的后房压强与前后房压强差值.结果 麻醉状态下兔眼后房压强的范围在839.93～2662.48Pa;前、后房压强差范围是46.15～85.52Pa,均值为59.73Pa,变化周期为11.17min.结论 扎针方法测量兔眼后房压强及前后房压强差值对眼球损伤较小,监测到的正常兔眼后房压强及前后房压强差值均在合理可信的范围内.监测方法的可行性为青光眼前后房压强差值的在体监测提供了新的思路.     

猪眼虹膜力学特性的实验研究

研究猪眼虹膜的生物力学特性.通过模拟闭角型青光眼发生时眼睛前后房的力学环境,设计了一种实验方法并建立了闭角型青光眼的动物模型,在不破坏虹膜组织的完整性并尽量保持其活性的前提下,对猪眼虹珑膜的力学特性进行测试,得到了猪眼虹膜的面应变与前后房压强差之间的关系,可表示为δ=b0 b1ln△P,它具有黏弹性性质.实验结果还可为解释青光眼致盲机理和临床分析青光眼的病理状况提供理论和实验基础.     

基于整体膨隆实验的虹膜弹性模量求解方法

目的求解虹膜材料的弹性模量。方法采用自行研制的实验装置,对完整的离体兔眼虹膜试件进行0Pa到600Pa的压力加载,获取虹膜加压膨隆的数据,计算虹膜膨隆高度。然后以实测数据为基础,利用ANSYS12.0进行虹膜有限元分析,反推计算虹膜线弹性区间的弹性模量。结果虹膜在载荷为100Pa时的弹性模量为6.1kPa。结论虹膜在前后房压强差较小的情况下可以简化为线弹性材料。     

眼内前后房压强差在体连续测量的实验研究

为了探讨兔眼前节内前后房压强差随时间变化的规律,设计了一套前后房压强差在体测量装置。利用连通器原理,搭建在体测量眼内前后房压强差的平台。通过注射复方卡波姆升高眼压的方法构建高眼压兔眼模型,实现正常和高眼压兔眼的前后房压强差的在体24小时连续测量。设计的本装置对于眼内微小的压强差会产生比较敏感的反应。正常兔眼前后房压强差随时间变化,一天的变化范围为5.84~96.84 Pa,反映出生理性规律的存在。高眼压性兔眼多呈现前房压强高于后房压强的状况,符合自适应性调整学说。本文所设计的方法和装置可以较好地实现眼内前后房压强差的测量,且前后房压强差在一天当中随时间呈规律性变化。     

A boussinesq model of natural convection in the human eye and the formation of Krukenberg's spindle

The cornea of the human eye is cooled by the surrounding air and by evaporation of the tear film. The temperature difference between the cornea and the iris (at core body temperature) causes circulation of the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye. Others have suggested that the circulation pattern governs the shape of the Krukenberg spindle, a distinctive vertical band of pigment on the posterior cornea surface in some pathologies. We modeled aqueous humor flow the human eye, treating the humor as a Boussinesq fluid and setting the corneal temperature based on infrared surface temperature measurements. The model predicts convection currents in the anterior chamber with velocities comparable to those resulting from forced flow through the gap between the iris and lens. When paths of pigment particles are calculated based on the predicted flow field, the particles circulate throughout the anterior chamber but tend to be near the vertical centerline of the eye for a greatest period of time. Further, the particles are usually in close proximity to the cornea only when they are near the vertical centerline. We conclude that the convective flow pattern of aqueous humor is consistent with a vertical pigment spindle. © 2002 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC2002: 4266Ew, 8710+e, 8719Pp     

Elastic modulus and collagen organization of the rabbit cornea: Epithelium to endothelium

The rabbit is commonly used to evaluate new corneal prosthetics and study corneal wound healing. Knowledge of the stiffness of the rabbit cornea would better inform the design and fabrication of keratoprosthetics and substrates with relevant mechanical properties for in vitro investigations of corneal cellular behavior. This study determined the elastic modulus of the rabbit corneal epithelium, anterior basement membrane (ABM), anterior and posterior stroma, Descemet’s membrane (DM) and endothelium using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, three-dimensional collagen fiber organization of the rabbit cornea was determined using nonlinear optical high-resolution macroscopy. The elastic modulus as determined by AFM for each corneal layer was: epithelium, 0.57 ± 0.29 kPa (mean ± SD); ABM, 4.5 ± 1.2 kPa, anterior stroma, 1.1 ± 0.6 kPa; posterior stroma, 0.38 ± 0.22 kPa; DM, 11.7 ± 7.4 kPa; and endothelium, 4.1 ± 1.7 kPa. The biophysical properties, including the elastic modulus, are unique for each layer of the rabbit cornea and are dramatically softer in comparison to the corresponding regions of the human cornea. Collagen fiber organization is also dramatically different between the two species, with markedly less intertwining observed in the rabbit vs. human cornea. Given that the substratum stiffness considerably alters the corneal cell behavior, keratoprosthetics that incorporate mechanical properties simulating the native human cornea may not elicit optimal cellular performance in rabbit corneas that have dramatically different elastic moduli. These data should allow for the design of substrates that better mimic the biomechanical properties of the corneal cellular environment.     

Some differences in uveal reactions between cats and rabbits

1. Miosis was observed after enucleation in unopened eyes from normal or atropinized, atropinesterase-free rabbits. Such a phenomenon was not seen in enucleated cat eyes, in which the pupils remained widely dilated, whether atropine had been administered or not.2. Pre-treatment of the animals with reserpine did not alter this difference between the species.3. The difference does not appear to be due to absence of irins from the cat iris, since aqueous extracts of cat irides contained a smooth-muscle-contracting activity (cat irin) extractable into ether at pH 3 and therefore consisting of lipid acid(s).4. The difference is not due to insensitivity of the cat sphincter pupillae muscle to irins, since injections of ether-purified cat or rabbit irins into the anterior chamber of enucleated cat eyes kept at room temperature constricted the pupil; injections of histamine were ineffective.5. In experiments on animals treated with atropine +/- mepyramine I.V., photographic measurements revealed a further difference, namely in the speed of miosis after stroking the iris in vivo. The response started later in the cat, and developed more slowly, but often to a fuller extent than in the rabbit.6. In a proportion of cat eyes there was little or no change in intraocular pressure after irritation of the iris adequate to induce maximum pupillary constriction; this was so whether mepyramine had been administered or not.7. Possible reasons for the above species differences are discussed.     

A case of Peters' anomaly in a springer spaniel.

An 8-week-old springer spaniel presented with a large central corneal opacity of the left globe, which was accompanied by cords of tissue spanning from the iris collarette to the posterior cornea. A posterior cortical cataract was noted in the right eye. At the owner's request the puppy was humanely destroyed, and a necropsy was performed. Upon sectioning the left globe in the vertical plane, a circle of pigmented strands of tissue was observed spanning the anterior chamber from the iris to the posterior aspect of the cornea. The right globe appeared normal when inspected grossly. Histologically, a membrane of pigmented tissue covered the posterior aspect of the broad central corneal leukoma of the left globe. This membrane and the cords traversing the anterior chamber were composed of vascular uveal tissue. Descemet's membrane and the corneal endothelium were reduced or absent in the zone of corneal opacity. Other than the changes associated with cataract, the right globe was histologically normal. The clinical and histological findings in the left globe were identical with those described for Peters> anomaly in human beings.     

Angioarchitecture of rabbit iris

We made a scanning electron-microscopic study of the angioarchitecture of the rabbit iris using vascular resin casts, and compared the vascular structure in miosis to that in mydriasis. There were three vascular layers in the iris: the anterior capillary layer, arteriolo-venular layer and posterior capillary layer. The anterior capillary layer was a network which covered the anterior surface of the iris. The posterior capillary layer was a peculiar network composed of many capillary folds, which were arranged radially. The arteriolo-venular layer was sandwiched between the two capillary layers. In this layer, arterioles and venules ran radially toward the pupil. The peripupillary region lacked the posterior capillary layer. In miosis, the vessels of the peripheral iris were straightened radially, while those in the peripupillary region were folded. In mydriasis, the vessels were very tortuous in the peripheral region, while those in the peripupillary region were stretched laterally. The change in the angioarchitecture of the iris was suited to pupillomotoric activity.