Quantitative analysis of bone trabecular structural change using X-ray bone morphometric analysis: a correlation between structural change and structural parameters

Objectives To develop an X-ray bone morphometric analysis method using a combination of morphological filter processing and bone histomorphometry.Methods Phantoms for the evaluation were prepared from a 10 × 10 × 10mm block of cancellous bone removed from a human lumbar spine and cut into five sections, each 2mm thick. Also prepared were 1.5-mm-thick phantoms of either cortical bone or soft tissue (X-ray tube side 10mm, imaging plate side 5mm). Standardized digital radiography was performed at each of five thicknesses of the cancellous bone without changing the total thickness. This was accomplished by serially replacing the 2-mm sections of the bone blocks with the soft-tissue phantoms. After morphological filter processing of the digital images, the skeletal patterns of the bone trabeculae were extracted and quantitatively assessed by bone histomorphometric analysis. The accuracy of the correlations between the trabecular structures prepared by changing the cancellous bone thickness and several structural parameters were evaluated.Results Each parameter obtained by the bone histomorphometric analysis showed a correlation coefficient ® of more than 0.89 between the cancellous bone thickness and the analytic value. Star volume analysis demonstrated a close correlation (r = 0.97) between the skeletal star volume and the bone thickness. Node-strut analysis indicated that the correlation coefficients of all of the parameters were larger than 0.93.Conclusion X-ray bone morphometric analysis that combines morphological filter processing and bone histomorphometry is clinically applicable as a computer-aided diagnosis for the evaluation of trabecular structures.     

Stimulation of guanylate cyclase in rat parotid membranes by phosphate

The natriuretic peptide receptor guanylate cyclases are members of the membrane-bound guanylate cyclase family. Atrial natriuretic pepticle (ANP) stimulates guanylate cyclase A, which is predominantly expressed in the rat parotid gland. ATP is well known to increase ANP-stimulated guanylate cyclase, with Mg²⁺ as a cofactor. We investigated the regulation of guanylate cyclase activity in rat parotid membranes with Mn²⁺ as a cofactor, because enzyme activity was much higher with Mn²⁺ than with Mg²⁺. ANP (10^–7M) stimulated guanylate cyclase activity to 120%–130% of the control level, and ATP (0.1–1.0mM) depressed its activity, with or without ANP, to 70%–80% of the control. Enzyme activity was increased by the addition of phosphate (5–20mM). In the presence of phosphate (5mM), guanylate cyclase with and without ANP was maximally stimulated to 5- and 6.6-fold of the control, respectively. The net stimulation of guanylate cyclase by ANP was increased at ATP concentrations between 0.2 and 0.5mM in the presence of phosphate (5mM or 10mM), but no change was observed in the absence of phosphate. Phosphate not only stimulated guanylate cyclase in the absence of ATP but altered the ATP regulation of ANP-stimulated guanylate cyclase. The stimulation of guanylate cyclase by phosphate may depend on a peculiarity of rat parotid membranes.     

Usefulness of measuring plasma cytokines in oral and maxillofacial surgery

We determined the intra- and postoperative plasma concentrations of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-, interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, and IL-8) in oral surgery patients with procedures ranging in duration from 20 to 375min and investigated their relationship to the intensity of the surgical stress over time. No significant differences from baseline levels were observed in the levels of TNF-, IL-1, and IL-8. By contrast, increased IL-6 levels were noted only on the first postoperative day, when they reached 1500% of the baseline level, after which they decreased to preoperative levels by the third postoperative day and tended to reflect the intensity of surgical stress.     

Heat curing of UTMA-based hybrid resin: effects on the degree of conversion and cytotoxicity

This study was designed to determine the effects of the heat curing time on a urethane tetramethacrylate (UTMA)-based hybrid resin and specifically on the degree of conversion (DC) and cytotoxicity. The materials used in this study were Estenia, a new-generation hybrid resin, and an experimental fiber reinforcement, Br-100. The DC values of the hybrid resin samples were measured using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer after 180s of light curing followed by heat curing (0, 15, 30, and 60min). A method comparing intensities of C = C and N—H vibrations of the sample was used to calculate the final DC values. FTIR spectra were measured both inside and on the surface of the sample. The calculated DC values increased by increasing the heat curing times. After light curing only and after 15-min heat curing, the DC values inside the samples were smaller than the corresponding DC values at the surfaces of the samples. After 60min of heat curing, the samples achieved homogeneous polymerization (DC% = 65). The cytotoxicity of the material was studied from the glass fiber-reinforced hybrid resin samples, which were first light cured and then heat cured (15, 30, and 60min). Cytotoxicity was tested using both direct contact and extract methods. For the extract tests, the test specimens were incubated in a cell culture media at 37°, 54°, or 72°C for 24h. The heat curing times used had no effect on cytotoxicity. The incubation temperature, however, did have a significant effect. The extract obtained from 72°C incubation showed a cytotoxic effect whereas the others did not. The direct contact test did not show cytotoxicity.     

Effects of a supplement containing vitamin K<Subscript>2</Subscript> (MK7) and calcium phosphate (salmon bone powder) on the femur trabecular structure in ovariectomized mice: a study using three-dimensional imaging analysis

Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of a supplement containing vitamin K₂ (VK₂) and salmon bone powder (SBP) in improving bone trabeculae.Methods Using ovariectomized (OVX) female mice, the effects of a supplement containing naturally occurring SBP (calcium phosphate) and VK₂ (menaquinone 7) were examined. Three test groups were given SBP supplements with concentrations of 2% calcium (Ca), 5% Ca, or 2% Ca + VK₂ (50µg/100g). The control group received calcium carbonate (CC) at a concentration of 2% Ca, and a sham-ovariectomized group was given CC at a concentration of 1.2% Ca. Each group was maintained on its respective diet for 3 months. The femora were then extracted and analyzed three-dimensionally by microcomputed tomography with regard to bone structural parameters.Results No significant difference was observed in the serum Ca concentration among the five groups. The bone trabecular structure was better preserved in the OVX-2% Ca and OVX-5% Ca groups; a significantly difference (P 0.05) was observed in trabecular thickness as compared with the control group. In the OVX-2% Ca + VK₂ group, significant improvements were observed in bone volume, bone surface area, trabecular number, trabecular thickness, fractal dimension, and connectivity density (P 0.05, P 0.01). The state of the bone trabecular structure in the OVX-2% Ca + VK₂ group was better than that in the OVX-2% Ca group with a significant difference in bone surface area (P 0.05).Conclusions The results indicate that a supplement of VK₂ and SBP is effective in preventing deterioration of the bone trabecular structure in OVX mice.     

Radioprotection of the murine submandibular gland by isoproterenol: autoradiography study with <Superscript>3</Superscript>H-leucine

Irradiation of the salivary glands results in the generation of free radicals from metal ions present in the secretory granules of acinar cells, a process that is believed to exacerbate radiation damage to the salivary glands. We therefore conducted a comparative investigation of radiation damage to the acinar cells of murine submaxillary glands in which granule secretion had been induced, and used autoradiography to visualize the pathological changes. Male BALB/c mice, at 8 weeks of age, were divided into four groups: a no-isoproterenol (IPR) and no-irradiation group (group I), a no-IPR, irradiated group (group II), an IPR, no-irradiation group (group III), and an IPR, irradiated group (group IV). Intraperitoneal injections of IPR were used, and 3h later, the submaxillary region was irradiated with X-rays at a dose of 10Gy. Three days after the irradiation, ³H-leucine was administered, and submaxillary glands were removed at predetermined times. Thin sections were prepared, and light- and electron-microscope autoradiography was performed. The number of reduced silver particles per unit acinar cell area was determined by light-microscopic autoradiography, and the proportion of reduced silver particles in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and secretion granules was determined by electron-microscopic autoradiography. The result indicated that the effects of the radiation on the secretory potential of the submaxillary glands were diminished in acinar cells with a higher secretory granule content.     

Intracellular production and extracellular release of oxygen radicals by PMNs and oxidative stress on PMNs during phagocytosis of periodontopathic bacteria

In this study we investigated intracellular and extracellular oxygen radical production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) during the phagocytosis of periodontopathic bacteria. In in vitro assays, bacteria of the species Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum were phagocytosed at 37°C for 4h by purified peripheral human PMNs from healthy subjects (n = 6). Superoxide production during phagocytosis was determined by flow cytometry and with a fluorescence/luminescence microplate reader. After phagocytosis, oxidative stress was determined by flow cytometry. Both the intracellular and extracellular oxygen radical production by PMNs phagocytosing F. nucleatum was significantly greater than that of PMNs phagocytosing P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans (P 0.01 by the Mann-Whitney test). Moreover, after 4h of incubation, the oxidative stress of PMNs phagocytosing F. nucleatum was significantly greater than that of PMNs phagocytosing P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. We conclude that a high level of superoxide production by PMNs may damage not only periodontopathic bacteria but also PMNs themselves, and may be correlated with the destruction of periodontal tissue.     

Zur Frage der Indikation der festsitzenden und herausnehmbaren Apparate in der Kieferorthopädie

Ohne ZusammenfassungEinführungsvortrag zum Verhandlungsthema II auf der wissenschaftlichen Jahrestagung 1963 der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kieferorthopädie in Freiburg i. Brsg.     

Three-dimensional analysis of dentist’s eye movements

We measured the eye movements of a dentist while a pediatric patient walked toward a dental chair. Bilateral eye movements were measured and analyzed three-dimensionally based on the angle of convergence. The frequency of fixation points registered in each test ranged from 2 to 11, with an average of 6.6. No significant differences were observed when the experiments were grouped according to the age of the observed child. In 13 out of 74 experiments, the calculated distances between the observer and the fixation points corresponded to the actual distances. According to the patterns of where the fixation points occurred, 13 experiments had an inside-outside pattern and 61 had an outside-only pattern. None of the experiments had an inside-only pattern. The outside-only group was further subclassified into 50 behind-only patterns, 5 in front-only patterns, and 6 in-front-and-behind patterns. As far as depth perception is concerned, the angle of convergence determined by the eye movements would rarely correspond to the actual distance between the observer and the fixation point.     

Short-term and long-term results after early treatment with the castillo morales stimulating plate

The present study is divided into 2 parts: The first explains the concept of stimulating plate therapy at the Muenster Clinic and the second presents a longitudinal study of mouth and tongue posture in trisomy 21 children treated with this concept.47 children underwent a pre-treatment examination (Rec1), and 38 attended a first follow-up examination (Rec2) after an average of 4 months of stimulating plate treatment. The second follow-up examination (Rec3) was on average 53 months after the end of treatment and covered 18 patients. Data acquisition was based on standardized parent questionnaires and standardized clinical examination records. Rec2 showed in part a highly significant improvement in orofacial appearance. These results were confirmed by the parent interview, according to which the mouth and tongue posture improved in 76.3% of the children during the time they were wearing the plate. Even when the plate was not in place, the result remained stable in 65.8% of the patients. Up to Rec3, further improvement was recorded in some results. The symptoms: mouth mostly wide open and tongue mostly protruding way over lips were reduced. The number of children whose tongue was mostly in the oral cavity increased correspondingly.At Rec3, the parents also rated the mouth posture in 88.9% and the tongue posture in 77.7% of the children as stable or further improved.It can be concluded from the results of this study that stimulating plate treatment in combination with physiotherapy provides a long-term improvement in the mouth and tongue posture of children with Down's syndrome.     

Verteilung pathologischer Wurzelresorptionen an Molaren der 1. Dentition und ihrer lokalen Folgen

Zusammenfassung In einer Querschnittsuntersuchung waren mittels röntgendiagnostischer Methode an einer selektierten Probandengruppe von 225 männlichen und 234 weiblichen Patienten (802 bzw. 855 noch vorhandene Milchmolaren) die Erkrankungsverteilung und Modalitäten pathologischer Wurzelresorptionen an Unterkiefer-Molaren der 1. Dentition festzustellen und statistisch zu prüfen. Die Ergebnisse beziehen sich auf das patienten-, geschlechts-und zahnspezifische Vorkommen. Die röntgenologischen Merkmale einer pathologischen Milchzahnwurzelresorption Rarefizierende Ostitits mit und ohne Unterbrechung der Lamina dura oder Milchmolarenverlust und okklusale Knochenbrücke sind etwa je zur Hälfte vertreten. Der Status praesens Rarefizierende Ostitis ohne Unterbrechung der Lamina dura kann bei weiterer Unterhaltung des pathologischen Prozesses zur Eröffnung des Perikoronarraumes des Ersatzzahnkeimes oder zum Verlust des Molaren der 1. Dentition und zur okklusalen Knochenbrücke führen. Ein Viertel der Milchmolaren zeigt eine rarefizierende Ostitis mit Destruktion der Lamina dura des Ersatzzahnkeimes. Dies bedeutet die vorzeitige Vertikalentwicklung des Prämolarenkeimes. Beim männlichen Geschlecht ist das Symptom Milchmolarenverlust und okklusale Knochenbrücke signifikant häufiger (p<0,05). Damit ist bei Knaben die verzögerte Vertikalentwicklung der Prämolarenkeime nach vorzeitigem Milchmolarenverlust öfter zu erwarten. Darüber hinaus bedingen pathologische Wurzelresorptionen der 2. Molaren signifikant häufiger eine okklusale Knochenbrücke als 1. Molaren der 1. Dentition (p<0,05). Die Stützzone ist von distal gefährdeter. Bei der pathologischen Milchzahnwurzelresorption handelt es sich um ein lokales Phänomen. Die Rarefikation betrifft den Alveolarfortsatz-Knochen und die Hartgewebe der Milchzahnwurzel; sie ist intraradikulär, periapikal und interradikulär zu diagnostizieren. Nur in demselben Kieferquadranten kann die rarefizierende Ostitis auf den periapikalen Bereich des benachbarten Milchzahnes übergreifen. Die Durchbruchsfolge der Prämolaren kann eine Änderung erfahren. Die Folgen der pathologischen Milchmolarenwurzelresorption sind nicht nur Anomalien der Zahnstellung, sondern auch solche der Okklusion und Kieferlage. Das männliche Geschlecht ist der Gefahr der erworbenen Dysgnathien häufiger ausgesetzt.

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Summary The results refer to patient-specific, sex-specific and tooth-specific incidence. The X-ray evidence of a pathological resorption of primary tooth roots or: rarefying osteitis with or without interruption of the lamina dura, or the symptom of a loss of molars of the primary dentition and occlusal bony bridge occur in equal numbers. One fourth of the molars of the primary dentition show a rarefying osteitis with the destruction of the lamina dura of the succeeding tooth. This demonstrates the premature vertical development of the premolars. In males the symptom loss of molars of the primary dentition and occlusal bony bridge occurs significantly (p<0,05) more often. As a consequence, the delayed vertical development of premolars in boys after the premature loss of molars of the first dentition must be expected more frequently. In addition the pathological resorption of roots of the second molars brings about an occlusal bony bridge significantly (p<0,05) more often than do the first molars of the primary dentition. The supporting area is affected from the distal side. The pathological resorption of primary tooth roots is a local phenomenon. The rarefication affects the bone of the alveolar process and the hard tissues of primary tooth roots; it can be seen to be intra-radicular, periapical and inter-radicular. The rarefying osteitis can only spread to the periapical area of a neighbouring primary tooth in the same quadrant. The sequence of the eruption of the premolars may change. The consequences of resorption of the roots of primary molars are not only anomalies in the position of teeth but also in the occlusion and the position of the jaws. These acquired anomalies occur more frequently in boys.

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Résumé Une étude transversale radiologique, effectuée sur un groupe de patients résunissant 225 sujets masculins et 234 féminins (possédant encore respectivement 802 et 855 molaires temporaires) a permis de constater et à prouver statistiquement la répartition et les modalités des résorptions radiculaires pathologiques observées sur des molaires temporaires inférieures. Les résultats se répartissent selon les patients le sexe et les dents. La moitié des cas comprend des résorptions radiculaires pathologiques et dents lactéales type osteite raréfiante avec ou sans interruption de la lamina dura ou des pertes de molaires de lait avec pont osseux occlusal. Le type osteite raréfiante sans interruption de la lamina dura peut conduire, par suite du maintien du processus pathologique, à l'ouverture de l'espace péricoronaire du germe de remplacement ou à la perte de la molaire temporaire avec formation d'un pont osseux occlusal. Un quart des molaires de lait présente une osteite raréfiante avec destruction de la lamina dura du germe de remplacement; cette situation provoque une accélération du déplacement vertical du germe de la prémolaire. Le symptôme perte de la molaire lactéale et formation d'un pont osseux occlusal est significativement plus fréquent (p<0,05) dans le sexe masculin. Aussi doit-on s'attendre à trouver plus fréquemment chez les garçons un retard dans le développement vertical des germes de prémolaires après perte prématurée de molaires temporaires. Les résorptions radiculaires pathologiques des secondes molaires occasionnent davantage un pont osseux occlusal que celles des premières molaires de lait (p<0,05). Le danger pour la zone latérale est distal. Le phénomène de la résorption radiculaire pathologique reste localiseé. La raréfaction se limite à l'os alvéolaire et aux tissus durs de la dent de lait: elle est intraradiculaire, périapicale et interradiculaire. L'osteite raréfiante ne peut s'etendre à la zone périapicale d'une dent lactéale voisine que dans le même secteur du maxillaire. L'éruption des prémolaires peut en être alors modifiée. Les conséquences de ces résorptions radiculaires pathologiques n'affectent pas que la position des dents mais peuvent créer des anomalies d'occlusion et des maxillaires. C'est le sexe masculin qui est le plus fréquemment exposé à ces dysgnathies.

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Mit 8 Abbildungen     

Die Tabellen zur Kombinationsprognose der Transversaldurchmesser des Zahnbogens als Hilfsmittel zur Stellung der Extraktionsindikation aus konstitutionellen Gründen

Zusammenfassung Die Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen der äußeren Ramustransversalen und den summierten mesiodistalen Kronendurchmessern der 10 Zähne des anterioren Zahnbogens, untersucht an 53 Fällen mit Idealokklusion, betragen r=+0,38–0,44. Auf den Tabellen zur Kombinationsprognose der posterioren Transversaldurchmesser des oberen und unteren Zahnbogens mit den oben erwähnten zwei Variablen als Ausgangsgrößen läßt sich, gestützt auf Berechnungen der Regressionsgeraden und ihrer ±2 Standardabweichungsbereiche, ein Band abgrenzen, das 95% dieser Idealokklusionen umfaßt. Jenseits dessen ist Idealfallbildung offenbar nur noch schwer möglich. Per exclusionem entsteht außerhalb der einen Seite des Bandes ein Engstandbereich, in dem Extraktionen aus konstitutionell begründeter Dysrelation Zahngröße/Gesichts-Kiefergröße indiziert, transversale Dehnungen dagegen kontraindiziert erscheinen; auf der andern Seite bildet sich ein Weitstandbereich, bedingt durch kleine Zahnbreiten, kombiniert mit großen Gesichts/Kieferbreiten, der durch Mesialisierungsmaßnahmen gemildert werden kann. Die Grenzen sind indessen unscharf und Interferenzen von weiteren Engstandursachen mit den konstitutionell bedingten Faktoren sowie ihre Folgen auf die Behandlungsplanung werden diskutiert.

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Summary Charts for prediction of the anterior and posterior arch widths in the upper and lower jaw out of the Sum of the ten anterior teeth of each dental arch and the Distance between the outer contour of both rami mandibulae at the level of the tips of the mastoid processes taken from a frontal headplate are discriminating, too, areas of disrelations between face width and teeth widths due to constitutional reasons. The combinations large teeth/small face with its tendency to crowding and small teeth/large face, bound to get probably some spacing, are marked on the charts.

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Résumé Les deux variables Transversale extérieure du ramus mandibulae sur la téléradiographie frontale et Somme des diamètres mesio-distaux des 10 dents de l'arcade antérieur rendent possible un prognostic du diamètre transversal antérieur et postérieur des arcades dentaires. Leurs coefficients de corrélation, pris sur 53 cas avec une occlusion idéale varient entre r=+0,38 et –0,44.Sur les tableaux de prognostic pour la mâchoire inférieure et supérieure apparait une zone qui comprend 95 % de ces occlusions idéales. En dehors de cette zone sont les deux extrêmes dûs à une dysrelation constitutionnelle dento-faciale, d'un côté les cas graves d'encombrement où l'extraction est indiquée, du côté opposé les cas avec diastèmes.

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Mit 1 Abbildung     

Zusammenhänge zwischen dentalen Parametern und elektronischen Axiographiebefunden

Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung soll versucht werden, mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen dentalen Parametern und der horizontalen Kondylenbahnneigung aufzustellen. Dazu wurden zwei Probandengruppen mit unphysiologischen Frontzahnbeziehungen, eine Gruppe mit vergrößerter, eine mit umgekehrter Frontzahnstufe, ausgewählt und bei allen Probanden die horizontale Kondylenbahnneigung mit einer optoelektronischen Registrierapparatur gemessen sowie verschiedene dentale Parameter am Patienten bzw. am Modell bestimmt. Die Kondylenbahnneigung sowie die Parameter Frontzahnkontakte bei Protrusion, Überbiß, resultierende Stufe, sagittaler und vertikaler Nullinienabstand zeigten für beide Gruppen signifikante Verteilungsunterschiede. Ein statistischer Zusammenhang zwischen dentalen Parametern und der horizontalen Kondylenbahnneigung konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Der Einfluß der muskulären Führung ist in hohem Maße für die große Variabilität bei der Registrierung der Kiefergelenkfunktion, speziell der quantitativen Auswertung, auch bei mehrmaliger Wiederholung der Aufzeichnung beim selben Patienten, verantwortlich.Summary The purpose of the present study was to discern possible relationships between dental parameters and the horizontal inclination of the condyle path. Two test groups of orthodontically untreated individuals with non-physiological incisor relationships, one group with enlarged and the other with reverse overjet, were selected for the study. An opto-electronic apparatus was employed to measure the horizontal inclination of the condyle path. The dental parameters were set by clinical examination and by measuring plaster casts. Both groups exhibited significant distribution deviations in the inclination of the condyle path and in the following parameters: occlusal contacts of the front teeth during protrusion, overbite, resulting overjet, and sagittal and vertical distance of the incisal edge of the lower incisors to the zero point of the upper incisors. Statistically no correlation between the dental parameters and the inclination of the condyle path was discerned. The influence of muscular guidance is in large measure the determining factor for the large variations in the TMJ-registrations, and especially in their quantitative evaluation. The results were the same even when tracings were repeated a number of times with the same patient.

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Vortrag, gehalten auf der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kieferorthopädie 1991 in Aachen.     

Das Kinnproblem in kieferorthopädischer Sicht

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 24 Abbildungen in 36 EinzeldarstellungenEinleitendes Referat zum Thema Kinnproblem, gehalten auf der Wissenschaftlichen Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kieferorthopädie vom 21. bis 24. 5. 1964 in Salzburg.     

Neue Gesichtspunkte zur Ätiologie der Progenie

Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung unseres Progeniematerials haben wir die Folgen von drei deutlich unterscheidbaren Typen von systematischen Wachstummstörungen finden können. Die erste von diesen ist die sogenannte micro-rhine-Dysplasie, durch die die Nasen- und Zwischenkieferregion betroffen wird und die zu einer Reduktion der Gesichtshöhe mit einer kompensatorischen Hyperflektion des Unterkiefers führt. Unter gewissen Umständen kann diese Kompensation des Höhendefizits im Mittelgesicht auch zu einem progenen Kreuzbiß führen. Die zweite Wachstumsstörung wird microte Dysplasie genannt und betrifft die temporale und okzipitale Region der Schädelbasis und führt zu einem Gelenkvorstand und daraus folgend zu einer Klasse III-Verzahnung. Diese beiden Wachstumsstörungen können als leichte Manifestationen von kranio-fazialen Mißbildungen aufgefaßt werden, die in der Embryologie als Arhinenzephalie und Otozephalie bekannt sind. Schließlich wird ein dritter Typ einer Wachsstumstörung unter dem Namen leptoide Dysplasie beschrieben, bei der das sagittale Wachstum des Gesichts im allgemeinen herabgesetzt ist, wogegen das Vertikalwachstum betont gefunden wird. Von dieser Wachstumsanomalie wird besonders auch der Unterkieferknochen als Einzelelement betroffen und läßt diesselben hypo- und hyperplastischen Abweichungen von der normalen Wunschform erkennen.

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Summary In our class III material we have seen the sequelae of three distinct types of systemic growth disturbances. The first of these is called micro-rhinic dysplasia and involves the nasal and premaxillary region and results in a reduction of facial height with compensatory overclosure of the mandible. Under certain circumstances this deficiency in the vertical dimension leads to an anterior crossbite.The second is called microtic-dysplasia and involves the temporal and occipital regions of the base of the skull and results in a forward position of the TM joints and consequently in a class III malocclusion. The two of them can be regarded as slight manifestations of craniofacial malformations known in Embryology as Arhinencephaly and Otocephaly.Finally a third type is described under the name of leptoid dysplasia in which the sagittal growth of the face in general is reduced while the vertical growth is pronounced.The mandible is likewise involved showing at the same time hypo- and hyperplastic deviations from the normal growth.

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Mit 15 Abbildungen

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Herrn Professor Dr. E. Hausser zum 60. Geburtstag     

Mastikationseffekt bei unterschiedlichen Gebißformen

Zusammenfassung An Hand von Kaufunktionsprüfungen wurden bei 86 Patienten die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen dem Zerkleinerungsvermögen von Pinienkernen und dem Gebißzustand untersucht. Die Beurteilung des Zahnsystems erfolgte nach folgenden Kriterien: Ausprägungsgrad der Anomalie, Zahl der Kaueinheiten und Antagonistenbeziehungen. Es konnte ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen dem Zerkleinerungsvermögen des Gebisses und den obigen Kriterien festgestellt werden. Als besonders eindeutig in der Beurteilung erwies sich die Klassifikation nach Antagonistenbeziehungen.

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Summary Basing on experiments of the masticatory function 86 patients chewed stone-pine kernels into small pieces and the results, with the state of the occlusion were analysed. The assessment of the occlusion was carried out according to the following criteria: 1. degree of anomaly, 2. number of masticatory units and 3. relationship between opposing teeth. A significant difference was revealed between the degree of pulverization of the kernels and the above criteria. In the analysis the classification of the relationship between antagonists proved to be particularly obvious.

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Résumé On a examiné sur une base fonctionnelle la corrélation entre la capacité de mâcher des noyaux de pin et l'état des mâchoires de 86 patients. Le système dentaire est étudié selon les critères suivants: degré de l'anomalie, nombre d'unités masticatrices, relation des antagonistes. Une différence importante est apparue entre la capacité de mastication et les critères énoncés précédemment. C'est la classification selon les relations des antagonistes qui a été particulièrement déterminante dans cette dissemblance.

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Mit 11 Abbildungen     

Effects of low-concentrated chlorhexidine on growth of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Streptococcus sobrinus</Emphasis> and primary human gingival fibroblasts

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of low concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) on the proliferation of Streptococcus sobrinus (ATCC 33478) and primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Liquid cultures of bacteria or human gingival fibroblasts were exposed to CHX concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 40 M in microtiter plates at 37°C for 24 h. Bacteria or cells grown without CHX served as controls. The effects of CHX were determined either by measurements of the optical density (OD) of bacterial cultures or by evaluation of cell growth with the DNA-intercalating fluorescent stain H33342 in comparison to untreated controls. Results were evaluated calculating means and standard deviations. Data were statistically analyzed by an ANOVA using Post Hoc tests (p<0.005). No growth inhibition of S. sobrinus was found at concentrations between 0.07 and 0.15 M CHX, whereas 0.3 M CHX led to an elongated (2 h more) lag phase and 0.6 M CHX induced a lag phase of 4 h more and a minor inclination of the curve in the log phase. Concentrations of CHX1.25 M completely inhibited growth of S. sobrinus. On the contrary, CHX showed no significant effect on growth of HGF at concentrations 5 M. A slight growth inhibition was only observed at a concentration of 5 M. CHX-concentrations of 10 and 20 M reduced cell growth to 88 or 75% of control assays. Data analysis showed that overall treatment effects were highly significant (p<0.005). Our data reveal that chlorhexidine inhibits proliferation of S. sobrinus even at very low concentrations while concentrations of CHX5 M are not cytotoxic to human gingival fibroblasts.     

An experimental study of the esthetic effect of facial profiles

In this study good-looking male and female as well as ugly facial profiles were shaped by 104 lay persons using an especially constructed device according to specific instructions. These profiles were photographed and subsequently evaluated using a series of parameters from soft tissue profile analyses. Although some significant mean value differences were found between the good-looking and ugly profile variants, they were not substantial. In contrast, markedly significant differences were revealed between the variances of all variables. In some instances the variance of the ugly profiles was more than 3 to 4 times higher than that of the good-looking profiles. These findings were convicingly confirmed when statistical distribution of the data was established and compared. This implies that perception of beauty is associated with regularity of facial features and is conveyed by measurement values which are located close to the mean. Ugliness is associated with extreme deviations from the latter in either direction. Apart from the facial proportions, the degree of convexity or concavity of facial profile and their sequence seem to be important for the esthetic effects. Male profiles in contrast to female profiles exhibited more conspicuous facial features such as pronounced convexity and concavity.     

One-year clinical evaluation of a flowable resin liner associated with a microhybrid resin in noncarious cervical lesions

The aim of this study was to compare the clinical performance over 1 year of a microhybrid composite resin for class V restorations both lined and not lined with a flowable composite resin. Nineteen patients having at least two pairs of cervical noncarious lesions under occlusion were enrolled in this study. A total of 38 restorations were placed, half for each group (Single-Bond + Filtek-Flow + Filtek Z250, and Single-Bond + Filtek Z250). Two calibrated operators placed all restorations according to the manufacturers instructions. Two other independent examiners evaluated the restorations at baseline and after a 12-month period according to the USPHS criteria and modified criteria for color match. The classic alpha score was divided into A1 for not detectable and A2 for slightly discernible filling. Statistical analysis was conducted using Fishers exact test and McNemars test (P=0.05). One restoration was lost after 12 months for each group (retention rate 95% for each group). After 12 months, 18 restorations showed a trend towards dark yellowing (color match A2). The use of Filtek Flow as a liner under Filtek Z250 restorations did not improve the clinical performance of class V restorations after 6 and 12 months of evaluation.     

Das Göttinger Fotostatverfahren

Zusammenfassung Methode zur Anfertigung exakt auswertbarer Fotos ohne Zephalostatgerät, auch für enge räumliche Verhältnisse geeignet. Verwendet wird Polizei-Adapter für Planfilm in Verbindung mit Linhof-Technika; die Orientierung erfolgt über eine Mattscheiben-Horizontale nach neuartigen Gesichtsmarkierungen. Es wird empfohlen, gegebenenfalls verschiedene Lippenhaltungen zu dokumentieren.

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Summary A method is described of making clinical photos without any cephalostatic instrument. Police Adapter for flat film together with Linhof-Technika is used; the orientation is given by means of a horizontal focusing screen in accordance with new face markings. It is advisable to document different lip postures.

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Résumé Il s'agit d'une méthode permettant de faire des photographies exactes sans l'aide d'un céphalostat et dans des conditions spatiales réduites. Le Polizei-Adapter pour film plat est utilisé avec la Linhof-Technika. L'orientation est donné par un verre dépoli horizontal en relation avec de nouveaux marquages faciaux. Il est recommandé de noter le cas échéant, différentes postures des lèvres.

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Mit 8 Abbildungen

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. Th. Kirsch zum 60. Geburtstag