Outcomes of pseudophakic retinal detachment

Purpose: To provide data on the outcome of pseudophakic retinal detachment (PRD). Methods: In a retrospective case–control study, we identified a consecutive series of 63 298 cataract extractions (45 520 patients) performed in a single institution between 1994 and 2003. We included 249 cases with PRD and 845 controls that had cataract surgery on the same day as cases but without PRD. Outcome measures were the risk of impaired vision (6/18–6/60) or blindness (<6/60). A multinomial logistic regression model evaluated risk factors for impaired vision or blindness, while multivariable regression models measured the relative risk of poor visual outcome for posterior capsule tear (PCT) and PRD. Results: Primary pars plana vitrectomy was performed on 207 (84.5%) of the 245 cases treated with surgery, of which 175 (71.4%) needed one procedure. The final acuity was <6/60 in 62 cases (24.9%) and 34 controls (4.0%). After PRD, the relative risk for a final visual outcome <6/60 was 6.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.3–10.6; p < 0.001], and we estimated that the proportion of blindness attributable to PRD was 1.1% (CI 0.7–1.9%). A PCT prior to a PRD was not associated with an increased risk of macular detachment (p = 0.165), but it did carry an increased risk of blindness [odds ratio 4.8 (CI 2.2–10.2; p < 0.001]. Conclusion: Although a PCT has an adverse effect on visual outcome after cataract surgery, a PRD is the foremost surgery‐related risk for a poor visual outcome. Patient education of symptoms and prompt treatment may limit the visual consequences.     

Simultaneous choroidal melanoma and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

A case is reported of a 30-year-old man who presented with the unusual combination of a unilateral inferonasal choroidal melanoma and an unassociated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment attributable to a large horseshoe tear in the superotemporal quadrant. Over 20 cases of simultaneous occurrence of these two phenomena have now been reported but this patient appears to be the youngest. The reports of this uncommon association are reviewed.     

儿童孔源性视网膜脱离的病因及临床特点分析

目的探讨儿童孔源性视网膜脱离的病因及临床特点。设计回顾性、非对照病例研究。研究对象99例12岁以下孔源性视网膜脱离的患者。方法回顾性总结2002年6月至2006年3月在北京同仁眼科中心接受手术治疗的12岁以下孔源性视网膜脱离患者共99例119眼,记录患者就诊原因、裂孔形状和视网膜脱离特点,对儿童孔源性视网膜脱离的病因及临床特点进行分析。主要指标病史、患眼屈光度、视网膜脱离的形态和特点。结果27例27眼有眼部钝挫伤史。26例37眼屈光度数>-4.0D,13例14眼有既往白内障手术史,5例7眼伴先天性脉络膜缺损,还有29例34眼原因不明。患者就诊时60眼(50.4%)视网膜全脱离,66眼(55.5%)发生C级以上增生性玻璃体视网膜病变。结论近视和眼部顿挫伤是儿童孔源性视网膜脱离发生的主要危险因素,患儿就诊时视网膜脱离范围常较大、且多伴有较严重的增生性玻璃体视网膜病变,故应加强对具有危险因素患儿的随访观察。     

Chandelier-assisted scleral buckling using wide angle viewing contact lens for pseudophakic retinal detachment repair

AIM: To evaluate a modified technique for scleral buckling (SB) in pseudophakic retinal detachment (RD). METHODS: A retrospective non-comparative study included 21 consecutive eyes with uncomplicated pseudophakic RD that was repaired by chandelier assisted SB using wide angle viewing (WAV) contact lens. Segmental tire alone was used in 5 eyes (23.81%), and combined with encircling band in 7 eyes (33.33%). Radial sponge alone was used in 3 eyes (14.29%) and combined with encircling band in 6 eyes (28.57%). RESULTS: Primary success rate was (90.48%). External drainage of subretinal fluid was performed in 8 eyes (38.1%). Intraoperative complications included vitreous prolapse at chandelier sclerotomy site in 4 eyes (19.05%) and localized subretinal hemorrhage at drainage site in one eye (4.76%). No case of intraocular lens (IOL) displacement, retinal incarceration or iatrogenic retinal tear was detected. Postoperative complications included choroidal detachment in one eye (4.76%), elevated intraocular pressure in 2 eyes (9.52%), epiretinal membrane formation in one eye (4.76%) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy in 3 eyes (14.29%). Mean postoperative corrected distance visual acuity was 0.7±0.3 logMAR units. CONCLUSION: Chandelier-assisted SB using WAV contact lens is a reliable technique for repairing selected cases of simple pseudophakic RD.     

孔源性视网膜脱离后视网膜新生血管的实验研究

目的：观察孔源性视网膜脱离（RRD）后新生血管的形成及形态学改变。方法：采用玻璃体手术制备25只眼RRD模型,排除失败的5只眼后,将20只眼分为5组,每组4只兔（眼）。分别在RRD第1,4,7,14和28天,观察新生血管的形态学改变。结果：RRD1和4天,未见新生血管。7天可见视备用新生血管。14天眼底荧光造影可见新生血管末梢渗漏。但主干枝无渗漏。14-28天,以视盘为中心的新生血管范围逐渐扩大,部分新生血管已发育成熟。虹膜无新生血管形成。结论：随着RRD时间的延长,视网膜新生血管范围逐渐扩大,并逐渐发育成熟,新生血管是一种视网膜缺氧的代偿性反应。     

孔源性视网膜脱离235例临床分析

目的:探讨孔源性视网膜脱离(rhegmatogenous retinal de-tachment,RRD)的疾病特征、手术疗效及治愈关键。方法:对近两年间我院收治的235例(240眼)RRD病例做回顾性分析。结果:30岁以上患者168例占71.5%、其中合并高血压31例占18.5%,高度近视89眼占37.1%。临床脱离时间平均49d,裂孔中圆孔占43.0%,分布于颞上象限占46.6%。一次手术成功率91.3%,总治愈率达93.8%。结论:本地区RRD主要特征:好发于中老年患者、与高度近视密切相关、临床脱离时间长、合并高血压比例高。裂孔以圆孔为主,颞上象限分布居多。目前手术治疗仍是治疗RRD最有效的方法。对于复杂及复发的病例应首选玻璃体切割治疗。     

Formation of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the only cause of ultimate failure following retinal detachment surgery. This study aimed to review the rate of postoperative PVR in a series of 186 consecutive patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. All 186 detachments were repaired with a scleral buckling procedure combined with cryotherapy. Drainage of subretinal fluid was done at the discretion of the surgeon. The mean follow-up was 12 months. In this series 152 (82%) of primary detachments were repaired succesfully with a single operation. Sixty-eight percent of patients regained 0.3 or better visual acuity, and 3% of patients were left with visual acuity of 1/60 or less. After two or more operations the retina was attached in 96% of the cases. In 12 (6%) eyes PVR was responsible for the initial surgical failure. In 4 cases PVR (grade B and limited C) was present prior to surgery. In 3 cases PVR developed within 2 days postoperatively, in 3 cases after 3–6 weeks and in another 2 cases after 8–l0 months. Eight out of 12 (66%) PVR patients had undergone cataract surgery. One PVR case had preoperative intraocular inflammation. An association between the duration of retinal detachment, or drainage of subretinal fluid and the development of PVR could not be demonstrated. In conclusion, the rate of postoperative PVR in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments was low. PVR preoperatively present and pseudophakia may be risk factors.     

玻璃体切割术治疗人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离的结果分析

目的探寻人工晶状体眼裂孔性视网膜脱离(pseu-dophakicretinaldetachment,PRD)玻璃体切割术后视网膜再脱离和视力差的原因。方法106例PRD患者均选择玻璃体切割作为首选手术,其中术前27例未发现裂孔,26例曾行Nd:YAG激光后囊膜切开术。术后随访6~94.8月,平均20.8月。结果术后视网膜首次复位77例,29例视网膜再脱离的原因主要是视网膜新裂孔出现和增生性玻璃体视网膜病变。术后视力>0.3者63例,≤0.3者43例。视力≤0.3的主要原因是术后黄斑功能异常(13例)、黄斑前膜(8例)、黄斑水肿(3例)和视神经萎缩(3例)。结论PRD玻璃体切割术后视网膜再脱离的原因主要是新裂孔出现和增生性玻璃体视网膜病变,而视力差的主要原因是术后黄斑功能异常、黄斑前膜、黄斑水肿和视神经萎缩。     

维吾尔族裂孔性视网膜脱离57例的治疗

目的:探讨维吾尔族裂孔性视网膜脱离的特点、治疗方法及疗效。方法:对57例(58眼)根据视网膜裂孔的大小、分布范围、数目、分级而采用不同术式,冷凝、单纯外加压3眼;冷凝、环扎、外加压22眼;冷凝、环扎、外加压、玻璃体注入500mL/LSF6或空气17眼;冷凝、环扎、外加压术后补激光3眼;冷凝、环扎、玻璃体切割13眼(注硅油6眼,注气7眼)。结果:本组57例,男性占70.1%,高度近视占41.4%,远视眼占39.6%。裂孔在1个象限占73.5%,裂孔中以圆孔多见,占61.5%,牵拉孔占29.6%,黄斑裂孔占0.5%,锯齿缘截离占8.6%,未发现1例巨大裂孔,另有5例术前未发现裂孔者均在术中找到裂孔。58眼中一次手术成功55眼,占94.8%,复发3眼,再次手术复位,术后视力明显提高。结论:裂孔性视网膜脱离手术前是否发现全部裂孔是手术成功的关键,术式应根据裂孔的大小、数目、形态、位置、分布的范围、周边视网膜是否存在变性及玻璃体牵拉膜形成的情况而决定。     

Results of scleral buckling operations in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Within the scope of a Retinal Fellowship of one year, we evaluated the anatomic and functional results of scleral buckling operations in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Eighty Consecutive non-selected patients with a primary retinal detachment were operated by one surgeon (Retinal Fellow-ELH). In 55 eyes an encircling band and radial buckle(s) were placed, the other 25 eyes were treated with a segmental buckle or a combination of both. In 62 eyes subretinal fluid was drained, and in 57 eyes air or SF-6 gas was injected. The anatomic success rate after one operation was 81% (65/80 eyes) and the final success rate was 99%. 38/65 (58%) of the eyes obtained a best corrected post-operative visual acuity of 0.4. The most important cause of re-detachment was Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR; 11%). Pre-operative variables that yielded an unfavourable outcome in this study were: PVR, pseudophakic eye, larger breaks, more than one break, longer duration of the detachment, and 3 or more quadrants of detachment. Our anatomic success rate and risk factors are in agreement with findings described in the literature, yet we had a high rate of PVR and many patients with a low visual acuity (58% 0.3) pre-operatively.     

Management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a full-term pregnancy

Although exudative retinal detachments have been well documented to occur during pregnancy, reports of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments occurring during pregnancy are rare. A case is presented herein of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurring during pregnancy. Some of the challenges arising from this uncommon clinical scenario are discussed.     

巩膜外手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离的临床分析

探讨两种巩膜外手术方式治疗孔源性视网膜脱离的效果。 方法：选取我院孔源性视网膜脱离（RRD）患者220例220眼,其中复杂性视网膜脱离70例70眼,非复杂性视网膜脱离150例150眼。分别实施巩膜环扎+外加压+冷凝+放液（或不放液）术及巩膜外加压+冷凝+放液（或不放液）术。 结果：两种手术方式对复杂性RRD和非复杂性RRD的效果均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但非复杂性视网膜脱离患者一次性成功率为89.3％,而复杂性视网膜脱离患者一次性成功率仅为72.9％。 结论：巩膜外手术对非复杂性视网膜脱离是一种行之有效的手术。而巩膜环扎在视网膜脱离手术中并非完全必要     

未发现裂孔的人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离的治疗

目的回顾玻璃体切割联合巩膜扣带术治疗未发现裂孔的人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离的结果。方法5例（5眼）未发现视网膜裂孔的人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离患者应用标准的三通道经睫状体扁平部的玻璃体切割、液-气交换、内引流、眼内激光和巩膜扣带术治疗,术后随访6～12个月,观察术前、术后视力,术后视网膜复位状态及手术并发症。结果所有患眼在施行一次手术后视网膜均获复位,应用对数视力表检查3眼视力增进至少3行,视力不变和减退者各有1眼,后者都有黄斑病变。结论对未发现裂孔的人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离患者联合应用玻璃体切割、液-气交换、内引流、眼内激光和巩膜扣带术治疗,显示有良好的解剖和功能效果。     

Multimodal imaging of eyes with metamorphopsia after vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Purpose:To assess the retinal features in eyes with postoperative metamorphopsia (POM) following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair using multimodal imaging (MMI).Methods:In this cross-sectional; case-control study, patients after successful RRD repair following 25-gauge vitrectomy, clear vitreous cavity, and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA)>20/200 were categorized using Amsler chart: cases with POM and controls without POM. MMI was performed on swept-source platform (Triton, Topcon Inc) and the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope system (Spectralis HRA, Heidelberg). The measures assessed were CDVA, morphological features on optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence, and multicolor imaging (MCI).Results:Thirty-nine eyes were included in each group. Cases had greater number of eyes with total RRD (P = 0.029) preoperatively; abnormal foveal contour (P = 0.036), ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption (P < 0.001) and poorer postoperative CDVA (P = 0.046) as compared to controls. Outer retinal folds and retinal shift (unintentional translocation of retina after reattachment surgery for RRD) did not differ significantly between the groups (P = 0.48 and 0.35, respectively). On MCI, the distribution of detected ERM was similar between the groups (P = 0.25). Postoperative CDVA was significantly worse in eyes with POM.Conclusion:POM is affected by extent of RRD, postoperative foveal contour, and EZ status but not by retinal shift.     

Management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment without detectable breaks

Purpose: To evaluate the causes of failure to find retinal breaks, the anatomical and functional outcomes of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) without detectable breaks (Group I), to compare the results with detectable breaks (Group II). Methods: Forty‐five out of 258 eyes that had RD without detectable breaks were analysed retrospectively. Results: The causes of failure to find retinal breaks were aphakia/pseudophakia in 22 eyes, small pupil without any eye disease in four eyes, corneal opacity in two eyes, cataract in two eyes, vitreous haze in two eyes, choroidal detachment in one eye, and unknown cause in 12 eyes. After a single scleral buckling procedure, anatomical re‐attachment of the retina successfully occurred in 62.2% of group I and 78.9% of group II patients. After repeated surgery, final anatomical success rates were 87.2% and 90.2%, respectively. The best corrected visual acuity was 6/60 or better in 53.9% in Group I and 52.5% in Group II. Conclusion: The main cause of failure to find the retinal break was aphakia or pseudophakia. Although the rates of retinal reattachment in eyes without detectable breaks in primary buckling surgery was lower than detectable breaks and reoperations were required more frequently, final success rates were satisfactory and similar in both groups.     

Nomogram for predicting non-proliferative vitreoretinopathy probability after vitrectomy in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

AIM: To identify the risk factors for postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and develop a nomogram for predicting postoperative PVR-free probability.METHODS: A total of 741 patients (741 eyes) diagnosed with primary RRD who underwent first surgery in the same hospital were retrospectively reviewed and randomly assigned with 521 to the training set and 220 to the validation set. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed in the training cohort to determine risk factors to construct a nomogram for predicting the 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-month postoperative PVR-free probabilities. Nomogram performance was estimated by the concordance index (C-index), calibration plot, and the area receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.RESULTS: A nomogram was constructed based on the preoperative PVR, silicone oil tamponade time (SOTT), photocoagulation energy (PE), retinal tear size (RTS), and hypertension. In the training set, the C-index of the nomogram was 0.896, 0.936, 0.961, and 0.972 at 3, 4, 5, and 6mo, respectively. The C-index values in the validation set were 0.860, 0.936, 0.951, and 0.965 at 3, 4, 5, and 6mo, respectively. Decision-curve analysis indicated that only the 4-, 5-, and 6-month nomograms had significant net benefits over a large threshold probabilities interval.CONCLUSION: Preoperative PVR, SOTT, PE, RTS, and hypertension are significant risk factors for postoperative PVR formation in patients with primary RRD. The proposed nomogram can effectively predict the 4-, 5-, and 6-month PVR-free probabilities after surgery and assist in making clinical decisions during follow-up.     

Combined 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and clear corneal phacoemulsification for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair

AIM: To assess the outcomes of combined 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and clear corneal phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. METHODS: This was a retrospective, consecutive, non-comparative, interventional case series of 30 eyes of 30 patients who underwent combined sutureless vitrectomy and clear corneal cataract surgery for the repair of RRD. The principal outcome measures were primary anatomical success rate, reasons for redetachment, final visual acuity, and surgical complications. RESULTS: Primary reattachment was achieved in 27 eyes (90.0%). The reasons for redetachment (3 eyes, 10%) were incomplete laser retinopexy, persistent chronic subretinal fluid, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, respectively. The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity (mean±SD) improved from 0.76±0.74 preoperatively to 0.21±0.37 6 months’ postoperatively (P<0.0001). Postoperative hypotony was not detected, but 1 eye (3.3%) had increased intraocular pressure (30mmHg) with spontaneous resolution. No endophthalmitis developed during follow-up. Macular pucker was detected in 3 eyes (10.0%). CONCLUSION: Combined 23-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and clear corneal phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation for RRD repair was proven safe and effective. It may provide not only the known advantages of conventional combined surgery, but also additional advantages such as less conjunctival fibrosis and the maintenance of stable intraocular pressure with low risks of postoperative hypotony and intraocular pressure elevation.     

后房型人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离的研究进展

视网膜脱离是白内障超声乳化吸出联合人工晶状体植入术后严重并发症之一。人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离的发生与多种因素相关,其发病机制至今尚未完全阐明。目前国内外对于人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离治疗方式的选择有多种认识,但尚无定论。本文就有关人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离的研究进展作一综述,以期提高对该疾病的认识,为人工晶状体眼视网膜脱离临床诊治提供一些建议。     

孔源性视网膜脱离治疗体会

目的:探讨巩膜外加压联合不放液手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离的疗效性和安全性。方法:选择2009-01/2013-01我院收治的88例88眼孔源性视网膜脱离的患者作为观察对象,所有病例均行巩膜手术,随机分为巩膜外加压联合不放液手术组(A组)44例44眼;巩膜外加压联合放液手术组(B组)44例44眼,比较两组患者的视网膜复位率、术后视力恢复情况以及术后并发症发生情况。结果:A组44眼解剖复位率为93%,B组44眼解剖复位率为89%,两组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);A组手术后视力改善37眼(84%),B组手术后视力改善34眼(77%),A组较B组在视力恢复方面明显较好,两组比较差异显著(P<0.05);A组术后并发症发生率为11%,低于B组术后并发症发生率32%,但两组比较差异无显著性(P<0.05)。结论:巩膜外加压联合不放液手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离疗效显著,安全性较稳定,值得临床广泛推广。     

23G微创玻璃体切割术在孔源性视网膜脱离中的应用

目的：评估23G经结膜无缝线玻璃体切割手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离的安全性及有效性。 方法：前瞻性选择2010-03/2011-06共26例26眼不伴有严重增生性病变的孔源性视网膜脱离病历,均行23G切割手术。记录术前、术后的最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、眼压,术中及术后并发症。 结果：一次性复位视网膜21例（81%）,最终复位视网膜25例（96%）。术后3mo最佳矫正视力较术前提高21例（80%）,不变3例（12%）,下降2例（8%）。术后1d眼压较术前下降,此差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。低眼压（≤6mmHg）2例,持续2wk,但未发生脉络膜脱离。 结论：23G手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离解剖复位率满意,术后视力改善明显。但23G微创手术的优势并没有在孔源性视网膜脱离的手术中得到充分体现,反而要面临更高的手术失败的风险。