Interaction between the Circadian Clock and Chronic Stress

正Life on Earth, ranging from single-celled organisms to more complex mammals, has evolved an internal circadian clock system that allows living organisms to coordinate their physiological processes and biological activities with the environmental day-night cycle~([1]). Therefore, the circadian clock system plays a critical role in     

Effect of Maternal DEHP Exposure on Lipid Metabolism in Adult Male Rats and the Antagonistic Effect of Genistein

<正>Lipid metabolism refers to the biochemical processes involved in synthesising, storing, utilising,and breaking down lipids in living organisms. Lipids are essential for various physiological functions,including energy storage, insulation, protection of organs, and the formation of cell membranes.Aberrations in lipid metabolism can lead to a number of health issues, such as atherosclerosis,     

Exposure to a 2.5 GHz Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Field Alters Hematological Profiles,Biochemical Parameters,and Induces Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats

<正>Modern technology has witnessed milestone achievements in the telecommunication industry.However, the widespread application of telecommunication technology is believed to heighten electromagnetic field (EMF)‘pollution’in our environment~([1])and subject living organisms to various sources of electromagnetic emissions. These emissions include; microwaves, electromagnetic     

Living alone, health and preventive care use among the elderly in Shanghai, China

Objective:The purpose of the study was to compare the preventive care use and health between the elderly living alone and living with other individuals and identify strategies to improve the preventive care use among the elderly living alone.Methods:A questionnaire including socioeconomic characteristics,preventive care use,health status and Social Support Rate Scale was administered to 240 elderly living alone and 244 elderly living with other individuals in Shanghai,China.Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the predictors of preventive care use.Results:The elderly living alone were more likely to be single(never married,divorced,separated and widowed),have lower social support and income,utilize less routine physical check-up and blood glucose screenings,have worse self-reported health and have limitations in IADL compared to the elderly living with other individuals.Women,old age,high education,income and social support and close to medical institutions were positively associated with routine physical check-up among the elderly.Conclusion:Living alone was associated with less preventive care use and worse health.It was important to provide more social support and economic support for the elderly living alone to increase their preventive health care service utilization and improve their health status.     

Comparison of the results of T-Test from different versions of Epi Info

Objective： To take advantage of Epi Info to manage and analyze disease data. Methods： After selecting the living examples for independent sample T-Test, Epi Info 5.00, 5.01a（Chinese）, 6.00, 6.04 b, 6.04 d, 2000, 2002（Chinese）were used to do the independent sample T-Test on the two living examples. Then, Intercooled StataT, Microsoft Excel（2002） and SPSS 10.0 for Windows were used to verify the results. Results： The statistical results from the Epi Info 5.00, 5.01a（Chinese） and 6.00 were the same while that from Epi Info 6.04 b, 6.04 d, 2000,2002 （Chinese）, Intercooled StataT, Microsoft Excel（2002） and SPSS 10.0 for Windows were identical In independent sample T-Test,. But the former result is different with the latter. Conclusion： There was an error in the result of T-Test from Epi Info 6.00 and former versions. Thus, it＇s important to be alert to select the versions of Epi Info to manage and analyze disease data. On the other hand, it＇s also quite pivotal to distinguish the adopted Epi Info versions when referring to the articles ane use the statistical results.     

A Re-understanding on the Safety Matters of Chinese Herbal Medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a very important role in Chinese people ' s health-keeping, enjoying an position of the same significance with Western medicine and drugs. Entering into the 21 century, and due to the swift and drastic development in economy and elevation in living quality, the public have come to pay much more     

Investigation of Direct Causes of Drug Relapse and Abstainers＇ Demands in a Compulsive Detoxification Center in Wuhan City of China

Objective To identify the direct causes of drug relapse and abstainers’ demand, and to develop programs for the prevention of drug relapse. Methods Abstainers in a Compulsive Detoxification Center in Wuhan City, capital of Hubei Province were randomly selected. An investigation on the direct causes of drug relapse and abstainers’ demands was conducted with multiple-choice questionnaires and face to face interviews. Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0. Results The direct causes leading to drug relapse included： temptation to use drug again by themselves or by their drug mates, seeking pleasure and ecstasy from drug use, relatively well off living, mental stress, irritation, demoralization, family conflicts, unemployment, feeling distrusted by the family, lack of care and love from the family, and discrimination by others. abstainers’ demands after detoxification and returning to the society included： care and support from the family, employment assistance, changing living environment, understanding by others, support from the society, and keeping far away from drugs. Conclusions Environmental factors are the direct causes of drug relapse, and negative irritation is its predisposing causes. Leaving former residence, more care and help given by both the family and the society and raising their overall quality of life are the demands of abstainers.     

Investigation of Direct Causes of Drug Relapse and Abstainers’ Demands in a Compulsive Detoxification Center in Wuhan City of China

Objective To identify the direct causes of drug relapse and abstainers’ demand, and to develop programs for the prevention of drug relapse. Methods Abstainers in a Compulsive Detoxification Center in Wuhan City, capital of Hubei Province were randomly selected. An investigation on the direct causes of drug relapse and abstainers’ demands was conducted with multiple-choice questionnaires and face to face interviews. Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0. Results The direct causes leading to drug relapse included: temptation to use drug again by themselves or by their drug mates, seeking pleasure and ecstasy from drug use, relatively well off living, mental stress, irritation, demoralization, family conflicts, unemployment, feeling distrusted by the family, lack of care and love from the family, and discrimination by others. abstainers’ demands after detoxification and returning to the society included: care and support from the family, employment assistance, changing living environment, understanding by others, support from the society, and keeping far away from drugs. Conclusions Environmental factors are the direct causes of drug relapse, and negative irritation is its predisposing causes. Leaving former residence, more care and help given by both the family and the society and raising their overall quality of life are the demands of abstainers.     

Distribution and Susceptibility of Anti-microbial Urinary E.coli in Nonhospitalized Patients

To describe the susceptibility of anti-microbial urinary E.coli in nonhospitalized patients from Jan 2003 to Dec 2004, as the predictability of the organisms and the in vitro susceptibilities of common UTI pathogens are an important consideration for empiric therapy of UTIs. Isolates identification and susceptibilities of E.coli isolates were determined by the MIC determination using Microscan. Of the organisms that did not produce ESBLs, 115（100%） were susceptible to imipenem, 107（93%） were susceptible to amikacin and 97（84%） were susceptible to cefotaxime, while the susceptibility to SXT and ciprofloxacin were much lower---only 52% and 22% respectively. And ESBLs demonstrated the lowest rates of susceptibility to cefotaxime, cefazoline, etc. （almost no effect）. They demonstrated lower susceptibility （24%, 23% and 12% respectively） to SXT, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Besides imipenem, amikacin remained high susceptibility （63%）. Physicians should be aware of current antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for E, coli in the local communities, for acute uncomplicated bacterial infection amikacin and cefotaxime were recommended. In areas where infections due to ESBLEC are occurring, it might be prudent, imipenem or amikacin were recommended.     

Joint of Traditional Medical Science and Modern Medical Science——Medical Science of the Smell

Serving health of the human is the only purpose of any school of medical science. Traditional medical science is a summary of ancient medical science and modern medical science is an achievement of latter-day medical science, and both of them need developing, but it is impossible to run parallel with each other, so merging them should be done. Medical science is the natural science, which would be affected by region, nationality and culture that affected social science more greatly. Natural science has differences but not repels each other and not set contradictorily against. What is science？ Science is an inherent rule of development of nature; understanding to it has been always limited unavoidably. Regard the animal, plant and micro organism on the earth as a biosphere, struggle each other, will inevitably find the smell is the tie of binding three circles of living beings in interdependence, because the smell is the three circle only biological language that can all be understood of living beings, every living beings release smell as tool of information interchange, it＇s a pity that the view of ＂any life entity have sense of smell＂ is unknown to the public.     

SINO-MONICA-BEIJINGSTUDY: REPORT OFTHE RESULTSBETWEEN 1983-1985

In 1981, a World Health Organization (WHO) working group on cardiovascular disease (CVD) pro- posed an international long-term prospective study of trends and determinants of CVD (MONICA pro- ject). Chinese government designated the Beijing Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Medical Center (BHLBC) to be a collaborating unit to this study in 1982. Our study has been carried out in Beijing and named as Sino-MONICA-Beijing. After a pilot study for 2 years, the project formally started on January 1, 1984. This paper presents the organization and methodology of the study, with results of CVD monitoring for 1983-1985. Sources of case-finding used in community surveillance for CVD are dis. cussed in detail. Preliminary experience has shown that the Sino-MONICA-Beijing study is a well standardized project of Iong-term surveillance of CVD in the communities of Beijing.     

The survival of extremely-low-birthweight infants in Victoria: 1982-1985

A population-based survey of mortality in extremely-low-birthweight (500- to 999-g) infants was carried out in Victoria for the years 1982 to 1985. No increase in the number of extremely-preterm births occurred during that time. The still-birth rate fell from 498 still births per 1000 births in 1982-1983 to 403 still births per 1000 births in 1984-1985. The neonatal mortality in 1982-1985 was 638 deaths per 1000 live births, with no significant decline from that of the 1978-1981 cohort. The small increase in neonatal survivors was not associated with any change in the postneonatal death rate. Delivery in a level-3 unit was associated with a significantly better outcome. Multiple births made a major contribution to the extremely-low-birthweight group of infants.     

SINO-MONICA-BEIJINGSTUDY: REPORT OFTHE RESULTSBETWEEN 1983-1985

In 1981, a Worad Health Organization (WHO) working group on cardiovascular disease (CVD) pro posed an international Iong-term prospective study of trends and determinants of CVD (MONICA pro ject). Chinese government designated the Beijing Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Medical Center (BHLBC) to be a collaborating unit to this study in 1982. Our sktdy has been carried out in Beijing and named as SinoMONICA-Beijing. After a pilot study for 2 years, the project formally started on January 1, 1984. This paper presents the organization and methodology of the study, with results of CVD monitoring for 1983-1985. Sources of case-finding used in community surveillance for CVD are dis cussed in detail. Preliminary experience has shown that the Sino-MONICA-Beijing study is a well standardized project of long-term surveillance of CVD in the communities of Beijing.     

1982～2009年广西西南灭疟联防区抗疟效果评价

目的评价广西西南地区20个市、县灭疟联防区基本消灭疟疾前后防治效果。方法收集灭疟联防区各市县1982~2009年当地居民和流动人口疟疾监测资料,采用Excel软件进行统计分析。结果 1982~2009年该区域发现疟疾病人共11 464例,基本消灭疟疾前当地居民疟疾血检阳性率为0.67%,期间阳性率为0.05%,前后共发现恶性疟及混合感染患者共79例,1995年后未发现恶性疟患者,2003年后未发现疟疾患者。基本消灭疟疾前流动人口疟疾血检阳性率为14.75%,期间阳性率为2.55%,之后阳性率为0.31%,前后发现恶性疟及混合感染患者共260例。结论当地居民疟疾流行得到有效控制,流动人口疟疾患者一直存在,但未发现当地继发疟疾病例,因此,加强该区域疟疾监测尤为重要。     

Trends in the specialist workforce in internal medicine in Australia, 1981-1995

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends over the period 1981 to 1995 in the supply of consultant physicians in adult medicine in Australia, and to project these trends into the early part of the 21st century. DESIGN: Analysis of workforce data collected by the Royal Australasian College of Physicians in censuses of Fellows in 1981, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1993 and 1995. MAIN OUTCOME: Number of physicians and ratio of population aged 50 years and older per physician. RESULTS: The workforce increased linearly from 1641 in 1981 to 2701 in 1995, while the population/physician ratio fell from 2180:1 to 1720:1, with a decreasing rate of decline. The ratio is projected to rise after 1996 to 1780:1 in 2016. Among the State and Territories, the higher the population/physician ratio in 1981 the greater the rate of subsequent decline. The proportion of women physicians rose linearly from 4.8% in 1981 to 10.6% in 1995. The age structure changed from a youthful triangular profile in 1981 towards a rectangular profile characteristic of an aged population. All specialty fields displayed a decreasing rate of decline in the population/physician ratio. The proportion of physicians practising in regional centres increased steadily from 9.3% in 1981 to 12.9% in 1995. CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of physicians has risen markedly since 1981 and the ratio of population aged 50 years and older per physician has fallen, trends suggest that the ratio will rise again early in the 21st century. Any deliberate attempt to limit the growth of the physician workforce might result in a deficit in the future when the demand for physicians is growing rapidly due to population ageing.     

Chlamydial infection in female prostitutes in Singapore

Three studies conducted in 1982, 1985 and 1988 investigated chlamydial infections in female prostitutes. In 1982, 115 prostitutes with culture-positive gonorrhoea were studied; 8% were coinfected with Chlamydia trachomatis. In 1985, 86 female prostitutes and in 1988, 100 female prostitutes attending for routine tests were examined. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated in 12% and 9% of the cases, respectively. Gonorrhoea was detected in 10% and 11% of the cases. In the 1988 study, one (9%) of the 11 women with gonorrhoea had concomitant chlamydial infection. Syphilis was diagnosed in 3% of the female prostitutes investigated in 1988. Our findings indicate that concomitant chlamydial infection occurs in about 8-9% of female prostitutes with gonorrhoea and that 9-12% of the female prostitutes screened harboured Chlamydia trachomatis in their endocervices. A chlamydial control programme in prostitutes is desirable.     

Changes in quality of care for five diseases measured by implicit review, 1981 to 1986

We measured quality of care before and after implementation of the prospective payment system. We developed a structured implicit review form and applied it to a sample of 1366 Medicare patients with congestive heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, pneumonia, cerebrovascular accident, or hip fracture who were hospitalized in 1981-1982 or 1985-1986. Very poor quality of care was associated with increased death rates 30 days after admission (17% with very good care died vs 30% with very poor care). The quality of medical care improved between 1981-1982 and 1985-1986 (from 25% receiving poor or very poor care to 12%), although more patients were judged to have been discharged too soon and in unstable condition (7% vs 4%). Except for discharge planning processes, the quality of hospital care has continued to improve for Medicare patients despite, or because of, the introduction of the prospective payment system with its accompanying professional review organization review.     

天津市近20年女性乳腺癌患者临床病理特点及预后变化趋势分析

目的 比较1981-2000年近20年间不同时期乳腺癌临床病理特点及预后情况,了解其发病和预后变化趋势。方法 从天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院1981-2000年20年间收治的11400例乳腺癌病例中随机抽取1678例,对其临床病理及预后资料进行回顾性分析和比较。结果 1991-2000年（1990年代）和1981-1990年（80年代）相比,收治的乳腺癌病例数增加237％,平均每年上升11．8％;患者发病年龄未见明显变化,中位年龄为46～47岁;早期乳腺癌（0-I期）的检出率提高,由1981-1985年的12％上升到1996-2000年的15．5％,而Ⅲ期乳腺癌的比例明显降低,由24．9％降至16．5％,原位癌比例由3．7％上升到4．4％;同时腋淋巴结转移率和局部复发及远处转移几率降低,分别由51．8％和27．8％下降到46．3％和13．5％;生存分析显示,患者术后5年及10生存率分别从1980年代的76％、63％提高到1990年代的86％和74％。结论 近20年来乳腺癌发病率呈明显上升趋势,早期乳腺癌检出比例增加,腋淋巴结转移率和局部复发及远处转移几率降低,患者预后得到改善,5年、10生存率均有提高。     

Interim report of Sino-Monica-Beijing for the years 1985-1989.

Interim results of Sino-Monica-Beijing for the 5 year period 1985-1989 are reported. The cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors increased between the surveys carried out in 1984-1985 and 1988-1989, especially blood cholesterol and body mass index.     

Surveillance study on bacteriological etiology of 8371 children with diarrhea]

The results of stool cultures from 8371 children of 0-13 years old with diarrhea during the years of January 1981 to December 1989 in Shanghai area are reported. 2906 strains of enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated, with total detection rate of 34.72%. Shigella were still the most common pathogens in 1981-1984, and Campylobacter jejuni took second place, whereas from 1985 on Campylobacter exceeded Shigella as the first pathogenic bacteria of children's diarrhea. Except in 1987 and 1988 Shigella sounei predominated over Shigella flexneri in detection rate within the past nine years, the detection rates of EPEC and Salmonella were lower. It was significant that Salmonella typhimurium was about half the number for Salmonella non typhi. During 1986 and 1987 we specially isolated and identified Vibrionaceae bacteria with 130 strains of Vibironaceae detected, occupying third place among pathogens of children's diarrhea in these two years, and among which aeromonas were the most common. This article analyses in detail the distribution of enteropathogenic bacteria with respect to their species, genus and serum type.