ProTaper和ProTaper Universal机用镍钛器械在模拟根管内成形能力的研究

目的：利用树脂模拟根管比较机用ProTaper和ProTaper Universal在弯曲根管内的成形能力。方法：使用机用ProTaper和ProTaper Universal预备两组模拟树脂根管,记录预备时间、树脂切割量、外形改变等,并对预备前后模拟根管形态改变、弯曲内外侧去除树脂量的多少进行分析和比较。结果：两组器械在预备时间上、器械变形方面无显著性差异,但预备后根管中下段均有部分偏移。ProTaper Universal F1、F2在弯曲内侧切割的树脂量多于ProTaper,而F3的树脂切割量少于ProTaper F3。结论：两组器械均能较好地完成根管预备,但是在预备根管中下段时,都会造成一定程度上的偏移。     

R-相热处理镍钛锉预备S形树脂根管成形能力的体外研究

目的 比较TF、K3和EndoWave 3种机用镍钛锉预备S形树脂模拟根管的成形能力.方法 120个S形树脂模拟根管,随机分为3组,每组40例,使用TF、K3和EndoWave 3种器械分别进行根管预备,记录预备时间;数码显微镜获取预备前、后根管图像,使用Photoshop和ImageJ软件进行图像重叠,测量预备后根管冠方弯曲角度和根方弯曲角度的变化值;从根尖止点开始,每隔1 mm测量根管内、外侧壁树脂去除量,共10个测量点.以外弯量减去内弯量,表示中心定位能力.单因素方差分析进行统计学检验,显著性水平0.05.结果 TF预备时间为(14.00 ±4.56)s,显著短于K3和EndoWave[(59.53±35.92)s和(44.00±14.38)s] (P ＜0.05).3种器械预备后根管冠方和根方弯曲角度变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3种器械预备后,根尖弯曲处,TF在内侧壁树脂去除量显著小于EndoWave和K3(P＜0.05);冠部弯曲处,TF在外侧壁去除量显著小于K3(P＜0.05);根管直线段,TF在内侧壁的去除量显著小于EndoWave和K3(P＜0.05).中心定位能力方面,TF在距根尖孔L 5～ 9mm位点均显著优于EndoWave(P＜0.05);除距根尖止点6mm位点以外,其他位点TF均与K3差异无统计学意义.结论 TF预备S形树脂模拟根管效率高,不良预备形较少且根管偏移较小.     

不锈钢K锉和镍钛K锉预备弯曲根管效果的比较研究

目的：比较手动不锈钢K锉与手动镍钛K锉预备弯曲根管的能力。方法：选取40个下颌磨牙近中颊侧弯曲根管，随机分为两组，每组20个根管。分别采用手动不锈钢K锉与手动镍钛K锉预备。采用双曝光技术比较两种器械预备弯曲根管后的根管偏移发生率。结果：两组根管偏移发生率存在显著性差异。结论：手动镍钛K锉能较好的维持根管原有形态。     

两种镍钛器械联合预备弯曲根管的效果评价

目的：评价联合使用K3和TF两种不同镍钛器械预备弯曲根管的效果。方法：选择离体下颌前磨牙及磨牙各40颗,依根管弯曲度分为轻度及中重度弯曲组,每组再随机分为两组,分别采用K3联合TF、单独K3进行根管预备。记录并分析各组单根管预备时间、并发症、根管直化角度、器械中心定位能力。结果：轻度弯曲组采用K3联合TF进行根管预备仅预备时间明显短于K3组（P<0．05）;中重度弯曲组采用K3联合TF进行根管预备,预备时间、术中并发症、根管直化角度、自根尖孔1～4 mm观测点的器械中心定位能力与K3组相比均有统计学差异（ P<0．05）。结论：K3联合TF预备弯曲根管,可节省操作时间,减少并发症,更好地维持根管原有形态,尤其适用于中重度弯曲根管的预备。     

两种机用镍钛根管预备器械在树脂模拟弯曲根管内的成形能力

目的 利用树脂模拟弯曲根管,研究K3和Hero642两种机用镍钛根管预备器械的成形能力.方法 使用K3和hero642分别预备两组树脂模拟弯曲根管至06锥度25#,运用扫描仪采集根管预备前后图像,Image ProPlus软件测量根管预备后的根管宽度和预备前后的弯曲度,使用SPSS13.0统计软件对预备前后树脂模拟弯曲根管宽度和弯曲度变化进行统计学分析.结果 K3组和Hero642组根管预备前后角度的变化分别为（4.11±0.18）°和（4.05±0.23）°,两者差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组器械预备后根管宽度的比较在根尖1/3、根中1/3和根管口处都无显著性差异（P＞0.05）.结论 两种机用镍钛根管预备器械均能较好地完成根管预备.     

结合锥形束CT评价两种镍钛器械预备老年人磨牙弯曲根管的效果

目的：比较镍钛器械Twisted Files（TF）和ProTaper在老年人磨牙弯曲根管预备中的临床应用效果。方法：选择2011年8月至2013年8月在我科门诊就诊的有弯曲根管的牙髓炎或根尖周炎的老年患者磨牙90颗,随机分成三组,每组30颗,T组和P组分别采用机用镍钛器械Twisted Files（TF）和ProTaper以冠向下技术预备根管,K组采用手用不锈钢K锉以逐步后退法预备根管,全部患牙均采用冷牙胶侧方加压技术充填。记录三组病例根管预备时间和器械折断数,根据治疗前、中、后的X线片评价根管预备和充填情况,通过锥形束C T记录预备前后距离根尖3mm处根管偏移值。结果：T组、P组均能保持原根管的弯曲和走向,根管预备的锥度和流畅度好,根管充填质量高,T组的偏移量比P组和K组的偏移量小,三组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。T组的操作时间比P组和K组短,三组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。预备过程中T组未发生器械折断,P组3例发生器械折断。结论：TF相对与Protaper用于预备老年人磨牙弯曲根管,效率较高,成形效果佳,较安全,更适合于狭窄弯曲的老年根管。     

不同根管器械预备弯曲根管的实验研究

目的比较手用不锈钢K锉、手用ProTaper锉、机用ProTaper锉在预备中、重度弯曲根管时的成形能力及其对根尖孔形态特征的影响。方法将40个树脂根管模型分为A、B、C、D组，A、B、C组各12个树脂根管模型，其中每组20°根管和30°根管各6个；D组4个树脂根管模型，均为小于5°根管。分别以手用不锈钢K锉、手用ProTaper锉、机用ProTaper锉预备根管，数码相机摄片，运用专业图像分析软件Auto-CAD比较根管偏移及根尖孔形态。结果B组中轴偏移明显高于A组和C组（P<0.05），其中C组与A组在个别根管段有显著差异（P<0.05）。预备后根尖孔B组各项值均显著高于其他各组，B3组根管值显著高于B2组（P<0.05）。相同根管弯曲度下C组值高于A组；不同弯曲度下30°根管值高于20°根管值，但均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论两种镍钛器械均产生根管偏移，根管弯曲度是偏移产生的主要原因；与不锈钢器械相比，镍钛器械能较好地保持原根管走向及根尖孔形态。     

HyFlex、S3、K3XF以及ProTaper在树脂模拟根管中成形能力的比较研究

目的 通过树脂模拟根管比较HyFlex、S3、K3XF以及ProTaper的成形能力.方法 40个单弯树脂模拟根管随机分为4组,分别使用HyFlex、S3、K3XF以及ProTaper预备根管,数码相机采集预备前后根管的形态,采用图片处理软件Photoshop CS5将其重叠,通过分析软件AutoCAD 2010计算10个观测点的根管树脂去除量并计算中心定位能力,采用SPSS 17.0对数据进行单因素方差分析.结果 HyFlex无器械分离,其他3种器械各发生1例.在距根尖2、3 mm处HyFlex的中心定位能力最好(P<0.05),在4~6 mm处则是K3XF最好(P<0.05).结论 4种器械预备后的树脂根管都保持着较好的根管形态,没有明显的偏移、台阶出现.HyFlex在根尖段的成形能力最好,K3XF则在根管中段更有优势.     

5种机用镍钛锉预备根管成形能力的比较研究

通过预备树脂模拟根管,比较5种不同机用镍钛器械预备重度弯曲根管的成形能力,为临床应用提供实验依据。将50个单弯模拟树脂根管随机分成5组,每组10个,分别使用ProTaper(组1),Reciproc(组2),Twisted File Adaptive(TFA,组3)、WaveOne Gold(组4)和M3(组5)进行预备,并记录预备时间。扫描透明树脂根管预备前后的墨水染色图像,并通过计算机图像分析软件重叠,测量分析根管弯曲度变化值和中心定位力值等指标,使用SPSS软件处理数据。预备时间组3最短。组1的根尖偏移明显大于其他组;根管弯曲段组3和组5显著小于其他组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。TFA可快速有效地预备根管;M3具有很好根管成形能力;ProTaper的偏移最大。     

TF与ProTaper在树脂根管中成形能力的比较研究

目的：通过树脂模拟根管比较TF与ProTaper的成形能力。方法：选取统一规格的透明树脂模拟根管20个,每组10个,分别采用TF和ProTaper预备。记录预备前后的形态,使用图像处理、分析软件测量各观测点去除树脂的量及计算中心定位能力,并记录和分析器械变形、折断及预备时间等参数。结果：TF较ProTaper所需预备时间短,效率较高（P〈0．05）;TF在预备平均5个根管后变形,ProTaper出现1例器械折断;TF基本无根管偏移,在多个测量点的中心定位能力好于ProTaper（P＜0．05）。结论：在预备树脂弯曲根管中,TF较ProTaper能更好地维持根管原有的形态,且相对安全、效率更高。     

新型镍钛器械循环疲劳抗性的研究

目的:运用金属模拟弯曲根管观察四种镍钛器械循环疲劳抗性能力的差异,为临床治疗提供参考资料。方法:将30/.06Hyflex CM、TF、K3XF和K3各30支,放入弯曲度为60°,曲率半径为3 mm的金属弯曲根管内,体外模拟器械抗疲劳折断的过程,计算折断时器械旋转的圈数,并用扫描电镜观察器械断面的特征。结果:Hyflex CM、TF、K3XF的循环疲劳折断旋转圈数显著高于K3。结论:经过热处理的新型镍钛器械Hyflex CM、TF、K3XF较传统镍钛器械K3在抗循环疲劳能力方面有明显优势。     

可变锥度镍钛锉在树脂弯曲根管中成形效果的观察

目的 比较不锈钢K型锉与可变锥度ProTaper镍钛锉在仿制树脂弯曲根管中的成形效果。方法 将30个仿制树脂根管随机分为3组,分别使用不锈钢K型锉、手用ProTaper锉、机用ProTaper锉预备,记录预备后根管全长内外侧树脂去除量、预备后根管宽度、根管弯曲度变化、根管偏移。结果 与不锈钢K型锉相比,手用和机用Pro Taper锉预备后的根管在根尖外侧和弯曲起始部内侧的树脂去除量较少（P＜0.05）,根管直化度较小（P＜0.05）,无明显根管偏移。结论 ProTaper锉成形效果优于不锈钢K型锉,预备后能形成一个与原形相似、流畅的锥形根管。     

Comparison of canal transportation and changes in canal curvature of two nickel-titanium rotary instruments

Introduction

The aim of this study was to compare the canal transportation and changes in canal curvature after canal preparation with 2 nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments, Twisted (TF) and K3 file systems.

Methods

Forty mandibular molar canals with angles of curvature between 25 and 35 degrees were randomly divided into 2 groups. Canals in K3 group were instrumented by using K3 rotary system. Canals in TF group were instrumented by using TF rotary system. All canals were instrumented with crown-down methodology to working length at a speed of 350 rpm and a torque-control level of 3 by using an 8:1 reduction handpiece. The final apical preparation was set to #30 in both groups. By using a radiographic platform, reproducible preinstrumentation and postinstrumentation radiographs were taken. The difference between the preinstrumentation and postinstrumentation angles was calculated and statistically analyzed by using unpaired t test.

Results

TF recorded statistically significant lower percentage of change in canal curvature (-2.99%) than K3 group (P < .05).

Conclusions

TF system produced significantly less transportation and preserved the original canal to a greater degree than did the K3 system.     

4种机用镍钛器械预备模拟弯曲根管的效果评价

目的:比较4种机用镍钛器械预备模拟弯曲根管的成形效果。方法:40个单弯(弯曲度38.5°)树脂根管,随机编号分4组(Hero642、Protaper、K3及Mtwo)。按厂家推荐方法预备,记录预备时间,扫描仪获取图像,使用图像分析、测量软件将预备前、后的图像重叠,测量根管内、外侧壁树脂去除量、弯曲度及弯曲半径等的变化。采用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析。结果:K3预备速度最慢,Mtwo最快(P<0.05)。在根管弯曲起始点(BC)、根管口(O)和两者中点(HO)处内侧壁以及弯曲最凸点(AC)、HO和O处外侧壁的预备量4组间差异显著,Protaper预备后根管锥度变化最大,Hero642最小(P<0.05)。Protaper在根管弯曲段的中心定位能力最差;越接近根管下份偏移增大。K3与Protaper各1例断针,K3有2例台阶,安全性能、不良形态、根管弯曲角度及半径的改变方面,4种器械无显著差异,但预备后根管工作长度缩短,略有被拉直趋势。结论:Mtwo能快速预备根管;Protaper预备后根管锥度最明显;4种机用镍钛器械均具备良好的切屑力且维持原始根管走向。     

Shaping ability of ProFile and K3 rotary Ni-Ti instruments when used in a variable tip sequence in simulated curved root canals

AIM: To compare the shaping ability of ProFile and K3 rotary Ni-Ti instruments when used in a variable tip sequence in simulated curved root canals with different curvature and radius. METHODOLOGY: ProFile or K3.06 taper instruments were used to prepare simulated canals of 20 degrees curvature and 5 mm radius (n = 10) and 30 degrees curvature and 3 mm radius canals (n = 10) in resin blocks. All canals were prepared to an apical size 40 at 0.5 mm from the canal terminus using a variable tip crown-down sequence. Pre- and postinstrumentation digital images were recorded, and an assessment of the canal shape was determined using a computer image analysis program. The material removal from the inner and outer wall of the canal was measured at 28 measuring points, beginning 0.5 mm from the end-point of the canal and the data compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: In 20 degrees and 30 degrees canals both instruments significantly removed more (P < 0.05) material on the outer wall than the inner wall in the apical half of the canal. For ProFile files there was no significant difference in the amount of material removed on the outer canal wall between the 20 degrees and 30 degrees canals. However, in the K3 groups significantly more (P < 0.05) outer canal wall was removed in the apical area in 20 degrees canals. When comparing both instruments the results showed that in 20 degrees canals K3 instruments removed more outer and inner canal wall than ProFile instruments (P < 0.05) but that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the instruments in 30 degrees canals. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this study, both rotary nickel-titanium instruments prepared a well-shaped root canal with minimal canal transportation.     

3种机用镍钛器械在重度弯曲根管预备中根管成形能力的研究

目的：比较机用镍钛Protaper、K3、iRaCe在重度弯曲根管预备中的根管成形能力。方法：收集新鲜拔除的人恒磨牙60颗,要求其中一个根管的弯曲角度为25°～45°,分为Protaper组、K3组和iRaCe组,每组20颗。每颗牙分别在根管预备前后拍摄标准化的平行投照片,通过影像分析来记录根管弯曲度的变化值和根尖偏移量,同时记录折断的器械和根管预备的时间。结果：实验过程中3个组均无器械折断。K3组、iRaCe组在根管预备后根管弯曲角度的变化小于Protaper组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,K3组和iRaCe组之间差异也具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Protaper组、K3组的根尖偏移量大于iRaCe组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,Protaper组和K3组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。三组在操作时间上的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：iRaCe和K3在重度弯曲根管预备中的根管成形能力较Protaper要好,更适合用于重度弯曲根管预备。     

In Vitro Comparison in a Manikin Model: Increasing Apical Enlargement with K3 and K3XF Rotary Instruments

Introduction

The aim of the study was to compare the K3 and K3XF systems (SybronEndo, Glendora, CA) after 1 and 2 uses by evaluating apical transportation, working length loss, and working time in a manikin model.

Methods

Mesial canals of 40 extracted first mandibular molars were instrumented. Radiographs taken after instrumentation with #25, #30, #35, and #40 files were superimposed on the preoperative image in both mesiodistal and buccolingual angulations. AutoCAD (Autodesk Inc, San Rafael, CA) was used to measure working length loss and apical transportation at 0, 0.5, and 1 mm from the working length (WL). The working time was measured. Group comparison was analyzed using post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference tests (P < .05).

Results

No significant differences were found in apical transportation, working length loss between K3 and K3XF systems, or between the number of uses. Significant differences were found when canal enlargement was performed to a #35–40 (P < .05). K3 instrumentation performed significantly faster (29.6 ± 15.4) than with the K3XF system (40.2 ± 17.7) (P < .05). No differences were observed in working time when comparing the number of uses.

Conclusions

K3 and R-phase K3XF rotary systems shaped curved root canals safely with minimal apical transportation, even up to a 40/04 file.