微创经椎间孔椎体间融合术治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳

目的:通过与传统开放手术进行比较,探讨微创经椎间孔椎体间融合术(mini-open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,mini-TLIF)治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳的临床效果.方法:2011年1-10月,采用经Mast Quadrant通道下减压联合经皮椎弓根螺钉固定(Sextant)微创治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳19例,传统开放手术治疗24例.比较两组手术出血量、手术前后腰腿痛VAS评分、JOA评分、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis angle,LLA)及腰椎活动度(range of movement,ROM).结果:本组所有病例都得到5～ 12个月随访,平均8.9个月,其中,微创组手术出血量为50～380 mL,平均177 mL,开放组手术出血量为400～1 240 mL,平均706 mL,差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.001);两组术后一周及末次随访时腰、腿痛VAS评分与治疗前比较均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.001),术后一周及末次随访时微创组腰痛VAS评分较开放组更低(P＜ 0.001),术后1周及末次随访时两组腿痛VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),末次随访时两组JOA评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),微创组末次随访时腰椎前凸角及腰椎活动度均大于开放组(P＜0.05).结论:经Quadrant通道下减压联合经皮椎弓根螺钉固定(Sextant)微创治疗腰椎间盘突出症伴腰椎不稳具有创伤小、手术出血少、术后疼痛轻、更好的保留腰椎曲度及活动度等特点,是一种有效的方法.     

脊柱内镜下经腰椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术联合膨胀式椎间融合器治疗单节段腰椎退行性疾病的临床效果

目的 探讨脊柱内镜下经腰椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术（Endo-TLIF）联合膨胀式椎间融合器治疗单节段腰椎退行性疾病的临床效果。方法 收集2019年9月－2021年5月该院收治的单节段腰椎退行性疾病患者73例,根据不同手术方式,分为Endo-TLIF组（32例）和经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术（TLIF）组（41例）,比较两组患者的围手术期资料和临床疗效。结果 Endo-TLIF组手术时间长于TLIF组,术中出血量和术后引流量少于TLIF组,术后卧床时间短于TLIF组（P < 0.05）。两组患者术后腰腿痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）和Oswestry功能障碍指数（ODI）明显低于术前,日本骨科学会（JOA）评分明显高于术前,出院时,Endo-TLIF组腰痛VAS明显低于TLIF组,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;术后1个月至末次随访时,两组患者腰腿痛VAS比较,差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）;出院时和术后1个月,Endo-TLIF组JOA评分高于TLIF组,ODI低于TLIF组,差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;术前、术后3个月至末次随访时,两组各时间点JOA评分和ODI比较,差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 传统TLIF和Endo-TLIF治疗单节段腰椎退行性疾病,两者近期临床疗效相当,Endo-TLIF具有出血少和术后恢复快的优势,但手术时间较长。     

1007-1989（2016）01-0032-05

目的探讨经皮椎间孔镜治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法选择2013年2月-2014年1月收治的60例采用经皮椎间孔镜治疗的单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者,根据术前、术后1 d、术后3及6个月患者疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及改良的MacNab标准评价临床疗效。结果 60例患者手术均顺利完成,手术时间平均(65.00±12.00)min,无硬膜囊破裂、神经根及血管损伤、感染等并发症。术后1例患者症状改善不明显,改行开放性手术后缓解。余病例腰腿痛症状较前均明显缓解,并获6~12个月随访,术后2个月行腰椎磁共振成像(MRI)检查证实突出髓核组织均切除彻底,神经根及硬膜囊受压解除。术后6个月随访,腰痛VAS评分术前术后差值的均数及标准差为(4.42±1.45)分,腿痛VAS评分术前术后差值的均数及标准差为(6.49±1.67)分,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。根据改良的MacNab标准,优31例;良20例;可7例;差1例,优良率86.4%。结论经皮椎间孔治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症具有手术时间短、创伤小和临床效果确切等优点。     

OLIF与TLIF治疗L4—5单节段退行性腰椎滑脱的疗效对比

目的比较斜外侧腰椎椎间融合术(oblique lumbar interbody fusion,OLIF)与经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)治疗退行性腰椎滑脱的临床和影像学结果。方法对45例有症状的Ⅰ—Ⅱ度L4—5单节段退行性腰椎滑脱患者进行减压融合手术,其中OLIF组20例,TLIF组25例。记录并比较2组的切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后3 d引流量、术后住院时间等;对术前,术后1、3个月腰腿痛VAS评分和Oswestry功能障碍指数进行评估;同时对术前和末次随访时的腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、椎间隙高度(disc height,DH)、椎间孔高度(intervertebral foramen height,FH)等腰椎矢状位参数进行评估。结果45例患者均获得完整随访,随访平均时间14.3个月。2组患者均未出现大血管损伤、神经根损伤、内固定松动或断裂现象。所有患者均获得骨性融合。与TLIF组比较,OLIF组切口长度、手术时间更短,术中出血量、术后3 d引流量更少,术后住院时间更短,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。2组患者术后1、3个月腰腿痛VAS评分、ODI指数均优于术前,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),而2组间各观察项目比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。末次随访时OLIF组的LL、DH、FH均大于TLIF组,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05);末次随访时TLIF组LL与术前相比改善不明显,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于L4—5单节段退行性腰椎滑脱患者,OLIF能够取得与TLIF手术相似的临床效果,但OLIF在改善腰椎矢状位参数方面优于TLIF,同时OLIF具有手术伤害小、手术时间短、术中及术后失血量少、术后住院时间短等近期优势。     

椎间盘切除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症腰痛的疗效观察

目的:观察腰椎间盘突出伴有或不伴有腰椎退变Modic改变腰痛患者行椎间盘切除术后的疗效.方法:38例行椎间盘切除术的单节段椎间盘突出症腰痛患者,1组17例患者伴有腰椎退变Modic改变,包括8男,9女,平均年龄35.8岁(22～55岁),Modic I型10例,ModicⅡ型7例.2组21例患者没有腰椎退变Modic改变,包括11男,10女,平均年龄35.5岁(21～60岁).在术后3、6、12个月通过VAS疼痛评分评估疼痛改善情况,术后12个月通过JOA量表进行失能评估.结果:术前1组和2组VAS评分和JOA评分没有明显差异(P<0.05).术后1组和2组患者腰痛和失能情况均明显改善(P<0.05).在3、6、12个月,1组VAS评分分别是1.9±0.6、2.1±0.8和2.3±0.9,2组V.AS评分分别是1.9±1.0、2.2±0.6和2.4±0.8;在术后12个月,1组和2组JOA评分分别是13.3±1.1和12.1±2.1,较术前明显改善(P<0.05).结论:对于单节段伴有或不伴有Modic改变的椎间盘突出症腰腿痛患者,椎间盘切除术是一种良好的治疗方法.     

经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱的效果观察

目的探讨单节段退变性腰椎滑脱行Wiltse入路微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术的治疗效果。方法选取收治的单节段退变性腰椎滑脱患者82例,按照手术入路不同分为研究组和参照组各41例。参照组行正中入路微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术,研究组行Wiltse入路微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术。术前、术后7d、术后随访12个月以视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)评估两组下肢痛、腰痛情况,以日本骨科协会评估治疗(JOA)评估腰椎功能,比较两组手术相关指标(术中出血量、手术时间、下地活动时间、住院时间)、术后随访12个月椎间融合情况。结果与参照组相比,研究组术中出血量较少,手术时间、下地活动时间、住院时间较短(P<0.05);术后7d,研究组JOA评分高于参照组,下肢痛、腰痛VAS评分低于参照组(P<0.05);研究组融合率(92.68%,38/41)与参照组(90.24%,37/41)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论单节段退变性腰椎滑脱行Wiltse入路微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术治疗,能减少术中出血量,减轻术后下肢、腰痛,缩短手术时间及术后恢复时间,促进腰椎功能恢复,且椎间融合效果确切,值得推广。     

经皮椎间孔镜联合经皮网袋成形技术治疗伴有神经根压迫症状的脊柱转移瘤

目的评估经皮椎间孔镜联合经皮网袋成形技术(PMCP)治疗腰椎单节段伴有神经根压迫症状的脊柱转移瘤的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2012年9月-2016年12月应用经皮椎间孔镜联合PMCP治疗腰椎单节段伴有神经根压迫症状的脊柱转移瘤患者19例。观察手术时间、术中出血量和住院时间,采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)及MacNab标准评估手术疗效。按MacNab标准评定疗效优良率。结果患者手术时间(105.52±14.25)min、术中出血量(35.58±6.76)ml、住院时间(8.25±2.14)d,术后第3天VAS评分(3.18±1.96)分、术后第3个月VAS评分与术前相比[(1.67±1.05)和(8.45±1.35)分],差异均具有统计学意义(P 0.05);按MacNab标准评定疗效优良率为84.21%。结论经皮椎间孔镜联合PMCP具有手术时间短、术中出血少、创伤小及术后恢复快等诸多优点,是治疗腰椎单节段伴有神经根压迫症状的脊柱转移瘤安全、有效的微创手术。     

经Quadrant通道微创单侧椎弓根固定椎体间融合与开放TLIF治疗腰椎退行性疾病的对比研究

目的:分析经Quadrant通道微创单侧椎弓根固定椎体间融合与开放TLIF治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效差异。方法:选取2015年10月～2017年7月我院收治的腰椎退变性疾病患者150例,随机分成传统开放TLIF组(接受开放双侧TLIF术治疗)和Quadrant微创组(接受经Quadrant通道微创单侧椎弓根固定椎体间融合术治疗)各75例。比较两组手术效果。结果:Quadrant微创组手术切口长度、术中出血量、手术时间及术后引流量、下床活动时间明显低于传统开放TLIF组(P0.05);术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年,Quadrant微创组VAS评分均低于传统开放TLIF组(P0.05);术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年,Quadrant微创组ODI评分均低于传统开放TLIF组(P0.05);两组椎体间融合率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:经Quadrant通道微创单侧椎弓根固定椎体间融合术是一种有效、微创的腰椎手术方法,安全可靠,适用于1～2节段腰椎退行性疾病患者。     

可扩张通道结合经皮椎弓根钉内固定微创 TLIF治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症20例近期疗效分析

【目的】探讨可扩张通道结合经皮椎弓根钉内固定经椎间孔腰椎椎间植骨融合术（TLIF）治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症（LSS）的可行性及短期临床疗效,并与开放 TLIF对比。【方法】2012年1月至2013年7月,43例多节段LSS患者接受手术治疗,其中20例行微创TLIF（A组）,23例行开放TLIF（B组）,比较两种手术方式的临床疗效,记录手术时间、术中出血量和平均住院天数,随访术后腰腿痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）和功能障碍评分（ODI）的改善情况。【结果】两组患者术后腰腿痛症状均得到较好的缓解,两组术后末次随访 ODI、腿痛 VAS评分均无统计学差异（P＞0．05）,A组手术切口长度、平均手术时间、术中出血量、术后末次随访腰痛 VAS评分明显优于B组（P＜0．05）。【结论】可扩张通道结合经皮椎弓根钉内固定微创TLIF治疗多节段 LSS能达到有效的减压效果,且具有损伤小、出血量少、术后腰痛症状轻的优点。     

经皮内镜下腰椎间盘切除术与微创经椎间孔入路腰椎融合术治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果

目的 比较经皮内镜下腰椎间盘切除术(PELD)与微创经椎间孔入路腰椎融合术(MIS-TLIF)治疗单节段腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法 随机选取2018年9月至2020年12月该院收治的90例单节段腰椎间盘突出症患者为研究对象,根据手术方案的不同分为两组,其中行PELD共45例(PELD组),行MIS-TLIF共45例(MIS-TLIF组)。比较两组围术期指标、手术前后腰腿疼痛改善效果、腰椎影像学参数变化及腰椎功能。结果 PELD组的手术时长、住院时间、术中出血量均少于MIS-TLIF组(P<0.05)。术前,两组腰痛、腿痛评分比较,差异无统计意义(P>0.05);术后1个月,PELD组腰痛、腿痛评分低于MIS-TLIF组(P<0.05),但术后3个月,两组腰痛、腿痛评分比较,差异无统计意义(P>0.05)。术前,两组腰椎影像学参数(腰椎曲度指数、椎间隙高度、椎间盘后缘高度、Cobb角)及腰椎功能[Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、日本骨科协会(JOA)评分]比较,差异无统计意义(P>0.05);术后3个月,两组腰椎影像学参数及ODI、JOA评分均较...     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.