应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的总结应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法1999年2月至2002年12月,采用METRx椎间盘镜行髓核摘除术,治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症14例,均为单间隙突出,其中男性10例、女性4例,年龄41-55岁,平均49岁。突出间隙：L4,5 6例、L5-S1 8例。突出类型：椎间孔突出型6例,椎间孔外侧突出型8例。结果14例随访12—46个月,平均26．5个月。疗效：优10例、良3例、可1例。术后4例遗留感觉障碍,无神经根损伤、椎问盘炎、硬膜囊撕裂、椎间盘突出复发等并发症。结论应用METRx椎间盘镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,手术创伤小、神经根减压彻底和术后恢复快,适用于极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗,选择正确的手术入路和术中仔细的操作是手术成功的关键．     

内窥镜下单神经孔入路腰椎减压、植骨融合内固定术42例近期临床结果

目的 探讨内窥镜（METRx）下经X-Tube单侧神经孔入路行椎间盘摘除、椎间植骨融合的疗效。方法 对2004年6月至2006年3月完成的42例内窥镜（METRx）下经X-Tube单侧神经孔入路行椎间盘摘除、椎间植骨融合的近期疗效进行总结分析。42例患者中,男17例,女25例,平均年龄51．6岁。均为腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎不稳和腰椎弓根峡部嵌裂伴滑脱的患者。结果 平均手术时间240min;平均出血量140ml;平均手术切口长度3cm;术后平均住院时间12．5d;按照Nakai分级,优23例（62．2％）,良11例（29．2％）,可3例（8．6％）。椎间植骨融合率91．9％。5例患者（11．9％）发生并发症。结论 内窥镜（METRx）下经X—Tube单侧神经孔入路行椎间盘摘除术具有手术切口小、腰骶肌肉剥离轻、出血少、术后手术伤口疼痛较轻等优点,是临床上可供选择的一种微创新术式。     

经椎间孔显微内窥镜下手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨在显微内窥镜辅助下椎管外经椎间孔手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法：2005年2月～2007年4月对29例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者采用显微内窥镜下经椎管外椎间孔入路切除突出椎间盘．松解神经根，解除脊髓压迫；7例合并腰椎失稳者除切除椎间盘外，同期行内窥镜下椎间自体骨植骨、cage融合术。应用Macnab标准评价临床疗效，术后每3个月复查一次X线片，采用Brantigan X线法评价椎间融合情况。结果：所有手术均顺利完成，手术时间45～110min，平均55min；出血量60～140ml，平均110ml；术中、术后均无任何并发症发生。随防6～22个月，按照Macnab标准评定，本组优25例，良4例；7例腰椎失稳患者按Brantigan X线法评价，均获得椎间融合，平均融合时间7．5个月（6～9个月）。结论：采用显微内窥镜下经椎管外椎间孔入路手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症具有效果良好、不进入椎管、不干扰椎管内环境、可行镜下椎间融合等优点。     

Wiltse人路联合传统入路治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨Wiltse入路联合传统入路经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术（transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF）治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法对行手术治疗的34例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者,随机分组采用Wiltse入路联合传统入路17例,单纯传统后正中入路17例,均应用TLIF技术治疗。所有患者术后均随访1年,记录手术时间、术中出血量,术后引流量。比较术前术后的疼痛视觉模拟（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分、日本骨科协会（Japanese orthopaedic association,JOA）腰痛评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数、MRI所示的健侧多裂肌残存率。结果 34例患者经1年的随访,各项比较指标除术后1年下肢痛VAS评分之外,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 Wiltse入路联合传统入路经椎间孔椎体间融合术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症可达到与单纯传统后正中入路治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症相同的手术效果,但它对椎旁肌的损伤更小,更利于患者的术后恢复。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾分析1999年1月～2004年1月收治16例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者资料。其中椎间孔型8例，椎间孔外型2例，椎间孔内外混合型6例。L2.3 1例，L3,4 5例，L4,5例，L5、S1 2例。CT扫描显示在相应椎间孔内、椎间孔外、椎间孔内外有与椎间盘相同的CT值密度影像。手术采用椎板间入路10例，椎板侧方入路3例，椎板间和椎板侧方联合入路3例。结果术后16例均获随访6个月～5年，平均9个月。根据中华骨科学会脊柱组腰背痛手术评定标准：优8例，良5例，可3例。术后CT显示相应节段椎间盘突向椎间孔或椎间孔外的占位消失，同节段神经根压迫解除。结论CT是目前诊断腰椎间盘突出症的较好方法。手术入路应依突出椎间盘组织占位、病理类型及是否合并椎管内病变而定。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的手术方式及其疗效观察

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症（far lateral lumbar disc herniation,FLLDH）的术式选择并观察其术后疗效。方法选取自2005年1月至2007年2月间收治的极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者11例为研究对象,其中7例为椎间孔型,椎间孔型合并椎间孔外侧型1例,椎间孔外侧型3例。分别采用经半椎板—关节突关节切除入路及经小关节突外手术入路治疗。结果 11例患者均获得随访,随访4～18个月,平均9个月。根据Macnab分级,优9例,良1例,总优良率91%。结论采用经半椎板—关节突关节部分切除入路及经小关节外入路治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症术后效果较好,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

极外型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗

[目的]研究极外型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗，尤其是L5／S1间隙孔外突出的治疗。[方法]单纯椎间孔外突出经后正中旁切口椎板外侧入路，伴有椎管内病变者经后正中切口加行椎板间入路。L5／S1间隙均行骶骨翼，L5横突，椎板外缘部分切除。[结果]经2～5年随访，优19例；良3例；可3例；差0例，优良率88．9％。[结论]极外型腰椎间盘突出症，手术治疗效果可靠，L5／S1间隙必须切除部分骶骨翼，L5横突，椎板外缘（骶上关节突外缘）才能良好显露。     

经皮内窥镜下腰椎间盘切除术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的：评价经皮内窥镜下腰椎间盘切除术（PELD）治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的可行性和有效性。方法：2006年10月～2007年12月采用PELD治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症患者17例，其中椎间孔内型11例，椎间孔外型6例；男10例，女7例，年龄27～69岁，平均41．3岁。于术前、术后1个月及末次随访时进行视觉模拟疼痛评分（VAS），末次随访时按改良Macnab标准评价临床疗效。结果：手术时间45～110min．平均68min。术后住院时间2—7d，平均4．6d。无手术并发症及转为开放手术者。随访2～13个月，平均6．7个月．术前VAS评分为7．85±1．13分，术后1个月及末次随访时分别为2．24±0．57分和1．16±0．31分，与术前比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。改良Macnab标准评价临床疗效优6例，良9例，可2例。结论：经皮内窥镜下腰椎间盘切除术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症可获得良好的近期效果．且安全、微创。     

显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症

目的介绍显微内镜手术治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的方法,分析其临床效果。方法16例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症(椎间孔内型7例,椎间孔外型9例)接受显微内镜手术。5例椎间孔内型采用常规显微内镜椎间盘髓核摘除术入路,切除部分椎板、椎弓峡部和小关节。2例椎间孔内型采用经关节突入路,使用X-tube工作通道,切除大部分关节突。9例椎间孔外型采用横突间入路,工作导管置于横突间,部分切断横突间韧带。所有手术均需找到受压神经根并松解,切除突出椎间盘。结果术后平均随访8·3个月,采用改良MacNab标准评定临床结果,优12例,良3例,可1例。平均住院日13·8d,平均手术时间78min,平均术中出血68ml。结论显微内镜手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症具有小切口和组织损伤轻的优点,能够充分直接探查松解神经根压迫。     

微创可扩张通道辅助经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症

[目的]评价微创可扩张通道辅助下经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果及手术技巧。[方法]2008年1月～2010年12月,42例极外侧型椎间盘突出症患者,男18例,女24例;平均年龄57.4岁。其中椎间孔内突出型24例,椎间孔外突出型18例。均采用经横突间入路微创可扩张通道辅助下的椎间盘切除手术治疗。手术前后行下肢疼痛VAS评分,术后采用改良MacNad标准进行临床疗效评定。[结果]平均手术时间86 min,平均失血82 ml,与同时期相同入路但未使用微创通道的12例患者相比,两项指标均明显减少(P<0.05)。42例患者平均随访时间28个月。VAS评分术前平均为7.6,术后2周平均为2.3,术后半年为1.3。术后半年MacNad评定结果:优26例、良10例、可6例;优良率85.7%。椎间孔内型组和椎间孔外型组术后优良率分别为83.3%和88.9%。两组间优良率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后并发症为1例术后伤口血肿。[结论]应用微创可扩张通道辅助下经横突间入路手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症创伤小、安全性好,近期效果良好,可以作为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症微创手术方式的选择之一。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.