以海马神经元为靶细胞Ad-Easy系统快速构建携带PTEN基因的重组腺病毒表达载体

摘要：目的：应用Ad-Easy腺病毒载体系统快速构建携带PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten)基因的重组腺病毒表达载体,为应用基因技术研究PTEN对缺血性脑损伤后的神经保护作用奠定基础。方法：采用RT-PCR法从大鼠海马神经元扩增获得目的基因PTEN, 克隆入pAdTrack-CMV穿梭质粒（含绿色荧光蛋白（Green fluorescence protein,GFP）基因）形成转移载体pAdTrack-CMV-PTEN,将其在大肠杆菌BJ5183内与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1同源重组;重组子酶切鉴定正确后转染HEK293细胞,PCR分析鉴定扩增情况及Western blot检测受腺病毒感染的海马神经元内PTEN蛋白的表达。结果：荧光显微镜检测到受腺病毒感染的HEK293细胞表达GFP,出现明显的细胞病变效应（Cytopathic effect,CPE）,经3轮扩增得到了病毒所需滴度。PTEN蛋白在受感染腺病毒神经元内表达显著增强。结论：利用Ad-Easy系统成功快速的构建了携带PTEN基因的腺病毒表达载体,为研究基因治疗缺血性脑损伤奠定了基础。     

绿色荧光蛋白基因体外转染骨髓源性血管内皮祖细胞

背景：寻找合适的标记分子作为血管内皮祖细胞谱系追踪观察的标志成为其体内、外诱导分化机制研究中的一项重要课题。 目的：体外研究绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)基因转染骨髓源性血管内皮祖细胞的方法,并检测基因转染后细胞的生物学特性。 设计、时间及地点：细胞基因工程对照观察,于2007-07/2008-05在苏州大学附属第二医院实验中心完成。 材料：3周龄清洁级Wistar大鼠15只用于制备骨髓源性血管内皮祖细胞, 绿色荧光蛋白基因及重组腺病毒由苏州大学附属第二医院李晓强教授惠赠。 方法：体外分离培养Wistar大鼠血管内皮祖细胞,EGM-2MV培养基培养大鼠骨髓中的单个核细胞。以腺病毒为载体,293A细胞为包装细胞,介导GFP转染血管内皮祖细胞,与未转染的同期细胞作对照。 主要观察指标：在荧光显微镜下观察GFP表达效率。酶联免疫吸附法检测培养上清中血管内皮生长因子蛋白水平评价GFP转染血管内皮祖细胞后对细胞功能的影响,MTT法评价GFP转染血管内皮祖细胞后对细胞活性的影响。 结果：成功构建了携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的重组腺病毒(Ad-GFP),成功培养了大鼠骨髓源性内皮祖细胞,重组Ad-GFP可高效率转染血管内皮祖细胞,病毒感染组阳性细胞与未感染组细胞血管内皮生长因子蛋白水平表达相当,Ad-GFP转染后对血管内皮祖细胞的增殖没有影响。 结论：构建了带有GFP的缺陷型重组Ad-GFP,转染Wistar大鼠血管内皮祖细胞得到了高效表达,且感染细胞的生物学特性和增殖能力未受影响。     

构建人热休克蛋白70基因重组腺病毒载体及鉴定

背景：腺病毒载体作为低毒高效的基因载体已被广泛应用,但是人热休克蛋白70基因腺病毒载体较为少见。 目的：构建重组人热休克蛋白70基因的腺病毒载体,鉴定外源基因在真核细胞中的良好表达。 方法：采用AdMax腺病毒系统将外源基因人热休克蛋白70基因重组入腺病毒载体中,转染人胚肾293细胞并重组包装出毒,检测外源基因的表达和病毒滴度。 结果与结论：观察转染后的人胚肾293细胞出现明显细胞病变效应后,收获并纯化重组病毒;荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白表达情况良好,Western blot检测人热休克蛋白70蛋白表达良好,收获病毒的滴度为1×1011 efu/mL,证明实验已成功构建携带人热休克蛋白70基因的重组腺病毒载体。     

构建睫状神经营养因子和绿色荧光蛋白基因转导的重组腺病毒载体

目的 以重组腺病毒(rAd)为载体构建腺病毒-睫状神经营养因子-内部核糖体进入位点-绿色荧光蛋白(Ad-CNTF-IRES-GFP).方法 先构建Psp-CNTF-IRES-GFP质粒,再制备PDC316-CNTF-IRES-GFP质粒,然后在脂质体的作用下,用构建好的PDC316-CNTF-IRES-GFP质粒与骨架质粒PBHG在293-LP细胞中构建Ad-CNTF-IRES-GFP腺病毒,并扩增、纯化,鉴定病毒活性.最后,将Ad-CNTF-IRES-GFP转染人源性骨髓间充质细胞(MSCs),观察MSCs的CNTF表达情况.结果 成功扩增CNTF基因,扩增后的CNTF基因与基因文库序列完全相符;成功制备PDC316-CNTF-IRES-GFP质粒及Ad-CNTF-IRES.GFP腺病毒,测得Ad-CNTF-IRES-GFP腺病毒的病毒活性单位(pfu)为2.3x1011;构建好的Ad-CNTF-IRES-GFP成功转染MSCs,而凡转染后的MSCs表达CNTF的量为未转染MSCs表达量的20倍.结论 本方法能够成功构建Ad-CNTF-IRES-GFP腺病毒载体,而且转染后的MSCs高度表达CNTF.     

骨髓间充质干细胞中突变型人低氧诱导因子1α真核表达载体的表达

背景：转基因小鼠体内实验证实,重组的低氧诱导因子1α可以促进皮肤形态功能正常的血管新生。 目的：构建能够在常氧条件下同时表达突变型低氧诱导因子1α目的蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白报告分子的新型腺病毒真核表达载体,并转染SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,检测该基因在细胞中的表达情况。 方法：利用Lipofectamine 2000介导将构建成功的重组腺病毒真核表达载体pAd-HIF1αmu- IRES-hrGFP-1转染HEK293A细胞,包装病毒,以最佳感染指数=50将重组腺病毒转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,并设3个对照组,即阳性对照组：转染Ad-CMV-HIF1α-IRES-hrGFP-1;阴性对照组：转染Ad-CMV-IRES-hrGFP-1组;空白组：未转染病毒。 结果与结论：①腺病毒载体成功转染HEK293A细胞,包装成功,细胞内有大量绿色荧光表达。②转染突变型低氧诱导因子1α腺病毒表达载体的细胞在常氧条件下蛋白表达量明显高于转其他3组,3个对照组间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示突变型腺病毒真核表达载体Ad-HIF1α-IRES-hrGFP-1在HEK293A内成功包装;突变后低氧诱导因子1α基因能够在常氧条件下大量且高效表达。     

大鼠GLUT3基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的构建携带大鼠葡萄糖转运体3（GLUT3）基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体，为研究GLUT3的生物学功能提供工具。方法采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）的方法获取大鼠GLUT3基因全长cDNA片段，将其克隆至穿梭质粒pShuttle中构建穿梭质粒pShuttle-GLUT3，经酶切后与线性化的腺病毒骨架质粒pAdeno-X体外连接并转化大肠杆菌DH5α，构建重组腺病毒质粒pAd-GLUT3，酶切线性化重组腺病毒质粒后转染293细胞包装成重组病毒颗粒，重组腺病毒在293细胞中反复扩增数代后，分别用聚合酶链反应（PCR）及免疫印记法（western blot）的方法从基因和蛋白表达水平鉴定重组的腺病毒。结果经DNA测序和PCR分析显示GLUT3 cDNA序列正确。成功筛选出重组腺病毒质粒pAd-GLUT3后在HEK293细胞中成功包装出重组病毒，包装后冻融细胞行PCR及western blot检测表明重组腺病毒包装成功。结论本研究成功构建了携带大鼠GLUT3基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体。     

REST/NRSF基因shRNA慢病毒载体的构建与鉴定***☆◆

背景：神经元限制性沉默因子(REST/NRSF)能负向调控神经元及胰岛细胞分化相关基因的表达。 目的：构建并筛选能高效沉默大鼠REST/NRSF基因的shRNA慢病毒载体。 方法：针对REST/NRSF基因设计4组特异性siRNA靶点,合成靶序列的寡核苷酸序列,退火形成双链DNA,与经Hpa Ⅰ 和Xho Ⅰ双酶切后的pFU-GW-RNAi载体连接产生L-shREST/NRSF慢病毒载体,PCR筛选阳性克隆,测序鉴定。包装产生慢病毒颗粒,随后将其感染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,采用 Real-time PCR方法检测靶基因在 mRNA 水平的沉默效率。 结果与结论：PCR和测序证实,构建出了REST/NRSF shRNA的慢病毒载体L-shREST/NRSF,并能稳定转染大鼠间充质干细胞,感染效率达100%。4组shRNA序列均有基因沉默效果,并以第3组shRN序列效果最为明显。结果表明,该慢病毒表达载体能够在细胞水平有效沉默靶基因。     

tMfn2基因诱导血管平滑肌细胞的凋亡

背景: 线粒体融合素2蛋白,主要通过磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B诱导血管平滑肌细胞凋亡。去除穿膜区序列的线粒体融合素2蛋白,相对分子质量减小41%,诱导凋亡作用可能更强。 目的：观察比较去除穿膜区序列的大鼠线粒体融合素基因2对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞凋亡的影响及其相关的信号通路。　 设计、时间及地点：基因水平的对比观察实验。于2008-01/10在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院分子心脏病中心实验室完成。 材料：大鼠血管平滑肌细胞及携带半乳糖甘酶基因、携带线粒体融合素2基因和携带去除穿膜区序列线粒体融合素2基因的重组腺病毒均由陈光慧教授惠赠。 方法：将大鼠血管平滑肌细胞传代培养3~10代后随机分为4组,①空白对照组：不加干预。②携带半乳糖甘酶基因的对照组：感染携带半乳糖甘酶基因的重组腺病毒。③携带线粒体融合素2基因的实验组：感染携带线粒体融合素2基因的重组腺病毒。④携带去除穿膜区序列线粒体融合素2基因的实验组：感染携带去除穿膜区序列线粒体融合素2基因的重组腺病毒。 主要观察指标：①重组腺病毒感染血管平滑肌细胞24 h后观察完整的和去除穿膜区序列的线粒体融合素2基因的表达情况。②感染后24,48和72 h采用流式细胞术、酶联免疫吸附法观察细胞凋亡情况。③免疫印迹分析病毒感染血管平滑肌细胞24 h后磷酸化蛋白激酶B表达变化。 结果：①感染后完整的和去除穿膜区序列的线粒体融合素2基因在血管平滑肌细胞中均有表达。②去除穿膜区序列的线粒体融合素2基因诱导血管平滑肌细胞凋亡的作用显著增强,且呈时间依赖性(P < 0.01)。③两个实验组中磷酸化蛋白激酶B水平均明显降低,但去除穿膜区序列的线粒体融合素2基因实验组更显著(P < 0.01)。　 结论：去除穿膜区序列的线粒体融合素基因2诱导血管平滑肌细胞凋亡的作用更强,其机制与抑制蛋白激酶B磷酸化有关。     

Nesprin基因RNAi慢病毒载体的构建*

背景：Nesprin蛋白缺失将影响细胞骨架组织和动态平衡,引起细胞骨架刚性丧失或导致细胞过早成熟老化,其对间充质干细胞的作用如何？ 目的：构建Nesprin蛋白siRNA慢病毒载体,并转染骨髓间充质干细胞。 方法：针对Nesprin靶基因序列设计并合成4对miRNA oligo,将4种miRNA干扰质粒转入大鼠血管平滑肌细胞,筛选最有效干扰序列;将最佳干扰序列和pDONR221载体进行重组反应,获得含干扰序列的入门载体,再将入门载体和慢病毒表达目的载体pLenti6/V5-DEST进行重组反应,获得含干扰序列的慢病毒表达载体,转染包装细胞293T细胞,包装慢病毒,以293T细胞GFP蛋白水平测定病毒滴度。慢病毒转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞。 结果与结论：测序证实合成的4对miRNA oligo正确,RT-PCR和western-blot筛选出最佳干扰miRNA质粒为SR-3,成功构建了Nesprin siRNA的慢病毒载体LV-siNesprin。包装慢病毒,浓缩病毒悬液的活性滴度为106 TU/mL。慢病毒成功了转染骨髓间充质干细胞细胞。     

hBDNF-GFP基因转染神经干细胞后hBDNF的表达及生物学特性研究

目的 探讨慢病毒载体介导入脑源性神经营养因子(hBDNF)和绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因转染大鼠神经干细胞(NSCs)后hBDNF的表达及其生物学特性的变化.方法 构建hBDNF和GFP基因共表达的慢病毒载体并转染NSCs(hBDNF-GFP-NSCs组),同时设GFP转染NSCs组(GFP-NSCs组)和未转染的NSCs组(NSCs组).应用RT-PCR和Western blot法分别检测3组细胞中hBDNFmRNA和蛋白的表达:ELISA检测hBDNF-GFP-NSCs组细胞转染前后培养液中hBDNF含量的变化:使用上述3组细胞的上清液培养背根神经节(DRG)与NSCs,观察DRG的生长情况并应用流式细胞法检测NSCs分化为神经元的比例.结果 RT-PCR、Western blot结果显示转染后7 d hBDNF-GFP-NSCs组hBDNF mRNA和蛋白的表达均明显强于GFp-NSCs组和NSCs组;EUSA检测显示hBDNF-GFP转染NSCs后上清中hBDNF含量增加,第5天分泌达最高峰,与转染前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);使用hBDNF-GFP-NSCs组上清液培养DRG和NSCs,4 d后DRG很快伸出突起,流式细胞法检测显示NSCs分化为神经元的比例高于其他两组.结论 NSCs可作为基因转染载体,被hBDNF-GFP基因重组慢病毒转染后仍可保持原有生物学特性,并稳定表达和分泌有生物学活性的hBDNF和GFP.     

Adeno-associated viral vector gene expression in the adult rat spinal cord following remote vector delivery

The current investigation tests whether adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) undergo remote delivery to the spinal cord via peripheral nerve injection as previously demonstrated with adenoviral vectors. The sciatic nerves of adult rats (n = 10) were injected with either an rAAV (rAAVCMV-lacZ) or adenoviral (AdCMV-lacZ) vector (1.4 x 10(7) particles/ml). After 21 days, the rAAV group demonstrated significantly higher spinal cord viral expression than the adenoviral group (P < 0.024). A second group of rats was injected with rAAV expressing the green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter gene. GFP was detected 21 days after unilateral sciatic nerve injection in the neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. The codistribution of the viral genome and transgene in CNS neurons was confirmed with in situ hybridization. In summary, rAAV genes are expressed in CNS neurons following peripheral nerve injection at levels exceeding those seen following remote adenovirus injection.     

Sindbis viral-mediated expression of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors at hippocampal CA1 synapses and induction of NMDA receptor-independent long-term potentiation

Gene manipulation in order to artificially express a particular gene in neurons in the central nervous system is a powerful tool for the analysis of brain function. Sindbis viral vectors have been developed to express high levels of foreign genes in postmitotic brain neurons with little transfection of glial cells. In this study, we expressed the gene encoding the unedited GluR2 (GluR-B) subunit of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor that forms inwardly rectifying and Ca2+-permeable channels, in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons in slice cultures using Sindbis viral vectors. The pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 region was injected with recombinant Sindbis viruses encoding both enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) and unedited GluR2. The GFP fluorescence from CA1 neurons could be detected as early as 6 h and reached a maximal level about 48 h postinfection. The inwardly rectifying and Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors were expressed in most CA1 pyramidal cells expressing GFP. These AMPA receptors expressed by gene transfer were involved in fast excitatory neurotransmission elicited by electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals in the stratum radiatum. Tetanic stimulation of Schaffer collaterals induced NMDA receptor-independent, long-term potentiation due to Ca2+ influx through the newly expressed AMPA receptors in the area densely stained with GFP. Thus, the combined use of Sindbis viral vectors with the GFP reporter allowed physiological examination of the roles of a specific gene product in synaptic function in well-characterized brain neurons.     

Analysis of Events Leading to Neuronal Death after Infection with E1-Deficient Adenoviral Vectors

Although recombinant adenoviral vectors are being widely used to target genes to the nervous system, the cellular and genetic effects of recombinant adenoviral infection on neuronal function have not been well characterized. Using sympathetic neuronal cultures, we analyzed the effect of adenoviral infection on viral and neuronal gene expression and on neuronal function and viability. While a delayed cytotoxicity occurred 5 days after infection, numerous biochemical and genetic perturbations occurred within the infected cell prior to this time. This study demonstrates that numerous cellular alterations were produced by recombinant adenoviral vectors and, therefore, emphasizes the need for an analysis of the effects of these viral vectors on neuronal function in the interpretation of data regarding transgene expression induced by these vectors in neurons. It also suggests that continued improvements made to the viral vectors themselves might decrease this direct cytotoxicity and lead to improved safety and function of recombinant adenovirusin vivo.     

Livin基因短发卡RNA表达质粒的构建及其对胶质瘤Livin基因表达的影响

目的构建凋亡抑制基因livin基因的特异性短发卡RNA（siRNA）真核表达载体,并观察其在人脑胶质瘤细胞中对livin基因表达的抑制。方法设计有小发夹结构的2条livinβ siRNA对应的DNA序列,将其克隆入pSliencer 3.1质粒,构建重组质粒pSliencer-livinβ,对重组质粒进行酶切分析和DNA序列测定。以脂质体法将pSliencer-livinβ转染人胶质瘤细胞。采用RT-PCR和Western-blot检测Livinβ蛋白的表达,筛选最有效的一组pSliencer-livinβ质粒。结果酶切及测序证实质粒pSliencer-livinβ构建成功。转染后胶质瘤细胞livinβmRNA和蛋白表达均受到明显抑制。结论成功构建livinβ基因的特异性短发卡RNA（siRNA）真核表达载体能够显著抑制人胶质瘤细胞livinβ基因的表达。     

High-efficiency adenovirus-mediated in vivo gene transfer into neonatal and adult rodent skeletal muscle

Several methodological limitations have emerged in the use of viral gene transfer into skeletal muscle. First, because the nuclei of mature muscle fibers do not undergo division, the use of strategies involving replicative integration of exogenous DNA is greatly limited. Another important limitation concerns the maturation-dependent loss in muscle fiber infectivity with adenoviral vectors. In this study, we investigated the possibility that high-titer infections with recombinant adenovirus, expressing a foreign marker gene under the control of a strong viral promoter, can significantly improve the efficiency of gene transfer in vivo into neonatal and adult rat skeletal muscle. High-titer (2 x 10(10) plaque forming units) intramuscular injection of replication-defective adenovirus vector, expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of cytomegalovirus promoter, resulted in GFP expression in 99 +/- 0.34% of fibers in the adult soleus muscle and in approximately 85 +/- 1.44% of fibers in the adult tibialis anterior muscle. Interestingly, reduction in injected adenoviral dose significantly reduced the number of GFP-positive fibers in the adult tibialis anterior muscle, but not in the soleus muscle. However, in neonates, adenoviral infection resulted in GFP expression in 96-99% of the fibers in the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles regardless of administered adenoviral dose.     

Oligodendrocyte-specific gene expression in mouse brain: use of a myelin-forming cell type-specific promoter in an adeno-associated virus

To explore the feasibility of cell type-specific gene expression in oligodendrocytes as a possible therapeutic approach for demyelinating diseases, the cell specificity, tissue specificity, and duration of gene expression were investigated using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV) carrying a green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene. Recombinant AAV vectors carrying either the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter (rAAV-MBP-GFP) or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter (rAAV-CMV-GFP) were semistereotactically injected into the brain of C57BL/6J mice. Injection of the rAAV-MBP-GFP vector into or near the corpus callosum resulted in high levels of GFP expression in white matter regions. Double immunostaining with cell- specific markers proved that these GFP-expressing cells were oligodendrocytes. Injection of the rAAV- MBP-GFP vector into gray matter rarely produced GFP expression. In contrast, injection of the rAAV-CMV-GFP vector resulted in few GFP-expressing cells in the white matter, with most of the GFP-expressing cells being neurons located in the cerebral cortex along the needle track. The expression of the GFP driven by the MBP promoter persisted for at least 3 months.     

Replication-Deficient Adenovirus Vector Transfer ofgfpReporter Gene into Supraoptic Nucleus and Subfornical Organ Neurons

The present studies used defined cells of the subfornical organ (SFO) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) as model systems to demonstrate the efficacy of replication-deficient adenovirus (Ad) encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) for gene transfer. The studies investigated the effects of both direct transfection of the SON and indirect transfection (i.e., via retrograde transport) of SFO neurons. The SON of rats were injected with Ad (2 × 10⁶pfu) and sacrificed 1–7 days later for cell culture of the SON and of the SFO. In the SON, GFP fluorescence was visualized in both neuronal and nonneuronal cells while only neurons in the SFO expressed GFP. Successfulin vitrotransfection of cultured cells from the SON and SFO was also achieved with Ad (2 × 10⁶to 2 × 10⁸pfu). The expression of GFP inin vitrotransfected cells was higher in nonneuronal (approximately 28% in SON and SFO) than neuronal (approximately 4% in SON and 10% in SFO) cells. The expression of GFP was time and viral concentration related. No apparent alterations in cellular morphology of transfected cells were detected and electrophysiological characterization of transfected cells was similar between GFP-expressing and nonexpressing neurons. We conclude that (1) GFP is an effective marker for gene transfer in living SON and SFO cells, (2) Ad infects both neuronal and nonneuronal cells, (3) Ad is taken up by axonal projections from the SON and retrogradely transported to the SFO where it is expressed at detectable levels, and (4) Ad does not adversely affect neuronal viability. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using adenoviral vectors to deliver genes to the SFO–SON axis.     

Adenoviral gene transfer to the injured spinal cord of the adult rat

We have investigated gene transfer to the injured adult rat spinal cord by the use of a recombinant adenovirus. 105 or 5 x 106 plaque-forming units (pfu) of a replication-defective adenoviral vector carrying the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene were injected into a dorsal hemisection lesion at spinal level T8. Gene expression and inflammatory responses were studied 4, 8 and 21 days after surgery. Numerous cells within 3 mm on each side of the lesion were found to express high levels of GFP at 4 days after infection as shown by GFP fluorescence and immunohistochemistry. At 8 days, expression was still strong although weaker than at 4 days. After 21 days, transgene expression had almost ceased. Expression was neither higher nor more prolonged in animals that had received the higher vector dose. Delayed injection 1 week after spinal injury also did not increase transgene expression. Infected cell types were identified immunohistochemically. The most prominent transduced cells were spinal motoneurons. Additionally, we could identify other neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and peripheral cells infiltrating the lesion site. The glial and inflammatory reaction at and around the lesion was studied by cresyl violet histology, alpha-GFAP, OX42 and alpha-CD-8 immunohistochemistry. No significant differences from controls were found in the low virus group; in the high virus group a strong invasion of CD-8-positive lymphocytes was found. Open-field locomotion analysis showed virus-infected animals performing as well as control animals. Adenoviral gene transfer may be an efficient way to introduce factors to the injured spinal cord in paradigms of research or therapy.