分割照射对肝癌移植瘤小鼠脾脏免疫细胞的影响

目的探讨肝癌皮下移植瘤小鼠的分割照射对远端脾脏组织的影响。方法构建荷瘤C57BL/6 J小鼠模型,取对数期生长的小鼠肝癌细胞Hepa 1-6接种于小鼠右侧皮下(1×10^7/只),荷瘤小鼠按随机数表法分为荷瘤对照组和照射组,每组20只。另设10只健康小鼠作为健康对照组。照射组皮下肿瘤给予8 Gy×3次X射线局部照射,剂量率为0.883 Gy/min。照射后第7、14天检测小鼠肿瘤脏器指数、脾脏脏器指数、脾脏病理学改变,以及脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群、B淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞的变化。结果与荷瘤对照组相比,照后7、14 d,照射组小鼠肿瘤脏器指数显著降低(t=4.649、26.34,P<0.05),脾脏中NK细胞显著升高(t=3.952、3.633,P<0.05),CD3+、CD4+、CD3+CD4+淋巴细胞以及CD4+/CD8+比值在照后7 d显著降低(t=3.193、3.656、3.219、2.641,P<0.05),CD3+淋巴细胞在照后14 d显著降低(t=3.031,P<0.05),其余指标脾脏脏器指数、B淋巴细胞、CD3+CD4+淋巴细胞、CD8+淋巴细胞变化不显著。结论肿瘤局部照射可引起远隔器官内淋巴细胞比例失衡,导致机体免疫力下降,为放疗免疫损伤提供了新的诠释。     

藤黄霖对微波诱发大鼠脾脏淋巴细胞损伤的影响

目的观察藤黄霖对微波诱发的大鼠脾脏T、B淋巴细胞亚群损伤的影响,并探讨其对微波辐射致大鼠免疫功能损伤的防护作用及相关机制。方法清洁级雄性SD大鼠80只,随机分为正常对照组(CON组)、辐照组(RAD组)、安多霖组(ADL组)和藤黄霖组(THL组),每组20只。照射前灌胃给药,1次/d,连续给药7d。随后RAD组、ADL组和THL组大鼠经功率密度为30m W/cm2的微波全身辐照15min,CON组行假照射。辐照后7、14d检测大鼠脾脏CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞亚群和CD45RA+B细胞亚群的变化。结果微波辐照后7d,RAD组大鼠脾脏系数明显低于CON组及THL组(P<0.05),脾脏CD4+T细胞比例明显低于CON组(P<0.05),CD8+T细胞比例明显高于CON组(P<0.05),而THL组脾脏CD3+T细胞、CD4+T细胞比例均明显高于RAD组和ADL组(P<0.05)。辐照后14d,RAD组脾脏CD8+T细胞和THL组脾脏CD3+T、CD4+T细胞比例明显高于CON组(P<0.05)。辐照后7d,R AD组脾脏CD4+/CD8+比值低于CON组(P<0.05),辐照后14d恢复到CON组水平;辐照后7d,THL组脾脏CD4+/CD8+比值明显高于RAD组(P<0.05),辐照后14d,THL组脾脏CD4+/CD8+比值明显低于ADL组,而与CON组及RAD组比较未见明显差异。辐照后7d,RAD组脾脏CD45RA+B细胞比例明显低于CON组及ADL组(P<0.05),而辐照后14d各组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论微波辐照早期大鼠脾脏T、B淋巴细胞显著减少,由于CD4+T淋巴细胞比例迅速降低,导致CD4+/CD8+比值下降而引发机体免疫失衡。中药复方藤黄霖能够提高微波辐照大鼠脾脏T、B淋巴细胞比例并改善CD4+/CD8+比值失衡状态。     

西咪替丁对胸部分割照射小鼠脾脏损伤的治疗作用

目的探究西咪替丁(CMTD)对局部分割照射小鼠的治疗作用。方法雄性C57BL/6小鼠30只,随机单位组设计分为对照组、单纯照射组和照射给药组(CMTD,100 mg/kg),每组10只;采用X射线局部分割照射小鼠右胸腔,8 Gy/d照射,连续3 d,累积照射剂量为24 Gy,剂量率为0.883 Gy/min。照射后连续7 d给予照射给药组小鼠灌胃CMTD(100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),对照组和单纯照射组给予生理盐水。照射后第7天检测小鼠体重、脏器指数、脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群、B淋巴细胞亚群、NK细胞亚群变化以及脾脏组织病理学改变。结果分割照射对小鼠体重影响不大,但可诱发远端效应,使脾脏脏器指数降低为(0.369±0.011),与对照组的(0.396±0.022)比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.978,P<0.05);改变脾脏病理结构,脾脏CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+淋巴细胞比例显著降低(t=5.754、3.570、4.442、5.281、4.570,P<0.05)。而照射给药组小鼠体重恢复明显,脾脏组织损伤缓解,脾脏淋巴细胞亚群比例恢复,CD3+、CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+淋巴细胞显著升高(t=3.523、2.706、2.520,P<0.05),但仍低于正常水平。结论CMTD可有效改善X射线分割照射对小鼠脾脏的损伤,提高照后小鼠的免疫功能,可作为潜在的抗辐射治疗药物。     

白藜芦醇对辐射诱导调节T细胞紊乱的调节作用

目的观察电离辐射及白藜芦醇对调节T细胞的影响,探讨其对细胞因子TGF-β及IFN-γ的影响,阐明白藜芦醇对辐射诱导免疫抑制的改善作用。方法将24只C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分为对照组、照射组和照射给药组,每组8只。照射组和照射给药组接受137Cs源γ射线全身照射(6.0 Gy),对照组小鼠接受伪照射。照射前7 d及照射后28 d,每日予白藜芦醇(20 mg/kg)灌胃。末次给药后1 d,检测各组小鼠外周血CD4+CD25+细胞数量,CD4+CD25+细胞内Fox P3表达水平,脾淋巴细胞TGF-β分泌水平,以及CD8+细胞及脾淋巴细胞TNF-γ表达水平。采用单因素方差分析对3组间的细胞比例及细胞因子表达水平进行比较,组间多重比较采用LSD-t检验。结果与正常小鼠比较,电离辐射可以增高CD4+CD25+细胞在外周血单核细胞和CD4+中的比例125.0%和57.2%,增高脾细胞TGF-β水平31.4%,降低脾细胞IFN-γ表达水平26.9%,组间差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05);白藜芦醇干预可以降低单纯照射组小鼠调节T细胞在外周血单核细胞和CD4+中的比例32.3%和27.8%,降低CD4+CD25+细胞的Fox P3阳性比例26.6%,以及脾淋巴细胞TGF-β水平62.9%,增加CD8+T细胞及脾淋巴细胞生成的IFN-γ水平133.0%和87.4%,组间差异均具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论白藜芦醇可以抑制调节T细胞,改善受照小鼠的免疫功能。     

γ射线胸部照射小鼠早期肺组织的免疫细胞反应

目的 探索γ射线胸部照射小鼠早期肺组织免疫相关T淋巴细胞反应。 方法 将112只C57BL/6 雄性小鼠[6~8 周龄,（20±2） g]采用随机数字表法随机分为14组（照射组和对照组各7组）,每组8只。照射组小鼠进行单次20 Gy 60Co γ射线胸部照射,分别在照射后第3 、12 小时和第1 、2 、3 、7 、14 天用流式细胞仪检测肺组织的白细胞、T淋巴细胞（CD3+）及其CD4+和CD8+亚群、调节性T细胞（Treg）等免疫细胞比例的变化。两组间比较采用 t 检验。 结果 照射后的小鼠肺组织白细胞显著降低（t=3.446~7.781,均P<0.01）;CD3+T细胞在照射后早期（第3小时至第2天）降低明显（t=4.413~15.430,均P<0.01）;Treg （CD4+CD25+Foxp3+）显著升高（t=2.813~4.406,均P<0.05）;CD4+在照射后早期（第3小时和第12小时）减少（t=5.019、4.912,均P<0.01）,1 d后恢复至对照组水平;CD8+在照射后早期（第3小时和第12小时）无明显变化,第1天和第3天降低明显（t=6.736、4.738,均P<0.01）,第7 天后升高（t=7.537、3.903,均P<0.01）;CD4+/CD8+比值在照射后12 h内降低（t=5.624、4.083,均P<0.01）,第1天和第3天升高明显（t=13.410、5.702,均P<0.01）,但7 d后又下降（t=5.505、3.928,均P<0.01）。 结论 胸部照射小鼠早期肺组织免疫相关细胞呈现各种不同变化,这可能与辐射导致免疫细胞损伤以及机体应激反应产生的免疫应答有关。     

不同剂量60Co γ射线对小鼠淋巴细胞及其调节性T细胞亚群的影响

目的 分析不同剂量照射对小鼠淋巴细胞及其调节性T细胞亚群数量和表型的影响。方法 用不同剂量⁶⁰Co γ射线全身照射小鼠,分离胸腺和脾脏中的淋巴细胞,计数各样本细胞数后利用流式细胞仪分析CD4+T细胞和CD4+FOXP3+CD25+Treg细胞亚群的比例。结果 小鼠受照后胸腺细胞和脾脏细胞呈剂量依赖性减少,在照后4 d降至最低(F=118.08、144.01,P<0.05)。较高剂量照射后,胸腺中Treg细胞数随时间逐渐减少,而脾脏中该细胞亚群逐渐恢复;较低剂量照射后,胸腺中Treg细胞数有所增加。与0 Gy组相比较,Treg细胞比例随剂量增加而增加(胸腺中F=5.16、89.44、3.01,P<0.05;脾脏中F=52.02、32.13、27.45,P<0.05)。结论 不同剂量引起淋巴细胞及其Treg细胞亚群的辐射响应不同,其中Treg细胞亚群对较高剂量照射具有显著的辐射抗性,而低剂量照射可能诱导Treg细胞成熟分化或迁移。此外,淋巴细胞及其亚群的不同时间效应,也表明淋巴细胞成熟分化规律的差异。     

电离辐射对小鼠脾细胞中调节性T细胞及其相关分子表达的影响

目的 观察不同剂量X射线照射后不同时间小鼠脾细胞中调节性T细胞和叉头状转录因子(Foxp3)的表达变化,探讨X射线对调节性T细胞以及相关因子Foxp3的影响。方法 112只雄性ICR小鼠,随机平均分为低剂量(0.075 Gy)组和高剂量(2 Gy)组,用X射线深部治疗机分别进行0.075和2 Gy全身照射,于照射后0、4、8、16、24、48和72 h处死,取脾脏,分别应用流式细胞术和RT-PCR法检测调节性T细胞和Foxp3的表达水平。结果 0.075和2 GyX射线全身照射后,小鼠脾细胞CD4+CD25+Treg 细胞百分比均在照射后8 h达高峰,随后一直保持较高水平,高于照射前水平(2 Gy,在8、16、48、72h时,t=4.65、4.28、3.71、2.88,P<0.05; 0.075 Gy,在8、16、24、72h时,t=8.73、10.55、4.21、4.65,P<0.05)。Foxp3在mRNA水平,0.075 Gy照射后变化不明显,而2 Gy照射后于24 h形成峰值。Foxp3在蛋白质水平,0.075 Gy照射后并未有显著变化;而2 Gy照射后于16 h形成峰值,随后略有下降,但仍保持较高水平。结论 调节性T细胞及相关分子Foxp3的不同变化可能成为高、低剂量X射线诱导不同免疫效应的原因之一。     

辐射损伤后小鼠T细胞功能亚群及其IL-4和IFN-γ的变化

目的 观察不同剂量辐射损伤后小鼠T细胞功能亚群、细胞因子IL-4和IFN-γ的变化。方法 C57BL/6j小鼠分为假照射组和辐射损伤模型组。采用⁶⁰Coγ线照射诱导辐射损伤模型。吸收剂量分别为0.7、1.4、2.8及5.6 Gy。应用细胞表面标志和细胞内因子标记结合流式细胞仪分析急性照射损伤和损伤恢复期小鼠脾CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞功能亚群,以及细胞因子IL-4和IFN-γ的变化。结果 1 辐射损伤后CD3+、 CD4+及 CD8+有明显的减低,其改变幅度与受照剂量有关。2 照射后1 d, IFN-γ降低幅度明显高于IL-4,受照剂量大于2.8 Gy组,IL-4/IFN-γ比值较空白对照组明显升高。3 辐射对淋巴细胞功能亚群、细胞因子IL-4和IFN-γ的损伤在照射后25 d有不同程度的恢复,但与假照射组比较仍有明显差别。 结论 电离辐射可使淋巴细胞亚群CD3+,CD4+,CD8+、 CD4+/CD8+、细胞因子IL-4和IFN-γ发生改变,并诱发受照小鼠免疫功能低下,特别是使细胞因子IL-4和IFN-γ发生失衡,再次证实辐射损伤后小鼠脾Th1/Th2模式向Th2免疫反应漂移的现象。     

CD4~ T细胞在受照小鼠体内的分裂需要的肽不同于胸腺的选择

目的:探讨不同MHCII类分子结合肽对输注给T细胞缺失小鼠体内的CD4 T细胞分裂的影响。方法:小鼠受到450cGy(137　Cs)照射前或照射后36h静脉输注从不同品系小鼠的淋巴结或脾脏中采集、纯化并标记羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸琥珀酰亚胺酯(CFSE)的T细胞,通过分析小鼠CD4 T细胞荧光强度的直方图来反映其分裂程度。结果:源于B6.PL(Thy1.1 )小鼠的T细胞输注7d后,未受照B6(Thy1.2 )小鼠淋巴结及脾脏的T细胞几乎未出现分裂,而受照小鼠的CD4 和CD8 T细胞同时开始分裂。将BALB/c及B6.PL小鼠的T细胞分别输注给RAG2敲除(RAG2KO)及TCR-βKO…     

急性辐射损伤小鼠T细胞功能亚群的变化

为了解T细胞功能亚群在急性辐射损伤后的改变,探讨急性放射病细胞免疫功能长期低下的发病机制,用^60Co γ射线5Gy对二级Balb／c小鼠一次性全身照射。在照射后约10、28和120天用双标记免疫荧光流式细胞术检测脾脏淋巴细胞CD4^ 和CD8^ T细胞亚群,用相对定量的RT—PCR法检测脾脏细胞经ConA刺激活化后IL-4基因表达情况。结果发现,照射组相对于对照组CD4^ ／CD8^ 比值显著升高,随着照射后时间的延长,CD4^ ／CD8^ 比值逐渐降低,但至120天左右仍未恢复到同批正常对照的水平。受照后10天左右的小鼠脾细胞IL—4基因在mRNA水平明显升高。提示小鼠CD8^ T细胞比CD4^ T细胞辐射敏感性强,且照射后Thl／Th2的细胞因子分泌模式是向Th2型偏移的。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.