骨髓凋亡蛋白抑制因子survivin检测在非霍奇金淋巴瘤中的临床意义

目的探讨survivin mRNA在非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）患者骨髓中的表达及临床意义。方法多聚酶链反应（PCR）方法检测21例NHL患者骨髓单个核细胞（MNCs）中克隆性免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）、T细胞受体γ（TCRγ）基因重排。逆转录-多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）法检测21例NHL患者骨髓及7例术后实体癌患者的外周血单个核细胞的survivin mRNA的表达,12例正常骨髓作为正常对照。骨髓常规检查21例NHL患者淋巴瘤细胞骨髓浸润情况。结果克隆性IgH和（或）TCRγ基因重排在21例NHL患者中检出率为71.4%（15/21）,其中IgH为52.4%（11/21）,TCRγ为47.6%（10/21）。21例NHL患者survivin mRNA的阳性率为81.0%（17/21）,7例术后实体癌患者的外周血单个核细胞仅有1例为弱阳性,12例正常骨髓单个核细胞不表达survivin mRNA。21例NHL患者骨髓常规检查的阳性率为19.0%（4/21）。其中,1例survivin mRNA检测阴性患者,克隆性IgH和（或）TCRγ基因重排阳性,而3例克隆性IgH和（或）TCRγ基因重排阴性患者,survivin mRNA检测阳性,其余病例均同时阴性或阳性。IgH和（或）TCRγ基因重排阳性与survivin mRNA表达存在正相关性。结论survivin mRNA在恶性淋巴瘤患者骨髓中的表达检测也可作为诊断微小残留病变及骨髓侵犯的辅助指标。而survivin mRNA表达与淋巴瘤患者疗效及生存预后关系尚待进一步累积病例及随访。     

免疫球蛋白重链和T细胞受体γ基因重排在淋巴细胞来源肿瘤中检测的临床意义

目的 探讨克隆性免疫球蛋白重链（IgH)和T细胞受体γ（TCRγ) 排在淋巴细胞来源的肿瘤的检测意义。方法 用多聚酶链反应（PCR）方法检测15例急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）、25例非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）、10例多发性骨髓瘤（MM）、4例慢性B细胞性淋巴细胞性白血病（B－CLL）和20例正常人骨髓、周围血和（或）淋巴结中单个核细胞（MNCs)IgH、TCRγ基因重排。结果 IgH和（或）TCRγ基因重排在淋巴细胞来源的恶性肿瘤检出阳性率为92．6％（50／54）,在NHL为84．0％（21／25）,在ALL为100％（15／15）。IgH重排在T－NHL和B－NHL中阳性率分别为20．2％（2／10）和86．7％（13／15）,TCRγ是排在T－NHL和B－NHL中分别为80．0％（8／10）和53．3％（8／15）。22例NHL患者骨髓形态学检查阳性率50．0％（11／22）,基因检测阳性率81．8％（18／22）,两者差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。10例MM和4例B－CLL均检出IgH重排。20例正常人未检测出克隆性IgH、TCRγ基因重排。结论 IhG、TCRγ基因重排检测可用于NHL、ALL、MM和CLL等淋巴细胞来源的肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断,并判断NHL的早期骨髓浸润和临床预后。TCRγ、IgH基因重排在T、B淋巴细胞来源的肿瘤之间有交叉性。     

检测IgH和TCR γ基因重排对NHL分期参考价值的探讨

目的：探讨以IgH和TCR γ基因重排为标志对NHL患者临床分期的参考价值。方法：多聚酶链反应(PCR)技术结合限制性酶谱分析患者骨髓和淋巴结细胞DNA IgH和TCR γ基因重排的克隆性。结果：形态学无骨髓浸润的23例NHL患者发现6例(26．1％)具单克隆基因重排。结论：IgH和TCR γ基因重排作为分子标志对形态学检查不能确认骨髓浸润的NHL患者的分期诊断有一定参考价值。     

B细胞淋巴瘤患者骨髓IgH基因克隆性重排检测的临床意义

目的 探讨半巢式聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测B细胞淋巴瘤患者骨髓中IgH基因克隆性重排的可行性,并初步评价其临床价值.方法 选用FR2、FR3A引物,采用半巢式PCR方法检测105例B细胞淋巴瘤患者骨髓中IgH基因的单克隆性重排,与骨髓穿刺细胞形态学检测结果进行比较,并评价PCR检测结果与临床病理特征的关系.结果 105例B细胞淋巴瘤患者中,IgH基因克隆性重排PCR检测48例(45.7%)阳性,而骨髓细胞形态学只检测出22例(21.0%),两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),符合率为71.4%(75/105).弥漫大B细胞性淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、滤泡性淋巴瘤(FL)及小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤(SLL)初治患者PCR检测阳性率分别为30.8%、25.0%和100.0%.PCR检测结果与Ann Arbor分期有关,早期B细胞淋巴瘤患者lgH基因克隆性重排PCR检出阳性率低于晚期患者(P=0.02).PCR检测阳性和阴性患者的近期疗效差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但CR率(23.3%和46.3%)差异有统计学意义(P=0.019).结论 IgH基因克隆性重排PCR检测可能是判断B细胞淋巴瘤患者骨髓异常的有效方法,较骨髓细胞形态学敏感;Ann Arbor分期晚的患者PCR检测阳性率高于分期早的患者;PCR检测阳性者治疗后获得CR的机会低于阴性者.     

石蜡包埋B细胞性恶性淋巴瘤组织克隆性免疫球蛋白重链基因重排检测研究

[目的]探讨克隆性免疫球蛋白重链(IgH)基因重排在B细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤(B-NHL)诊断中的价值.[方法]采用半巢式PCR方法,对81例B-NHL病例,36例反应性增生及12例非淋巴瘤组织样本进行克隆性免疫球蛋白重链基因重排检测,以上病例均为经福尔马林固定的石蜡包埋组织.[结果]81例B-NHL中68例IgH阳性(阳性率为83.95%),36例反应性增生均为多克隆性,12例非淋巴瘤组织样本结果IgH均为阴性.[结论]克隆性免疫球蛋白重链基因重排检测可以作为诊断恶性B细胞性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的有效分子标志.     

荧光定量PCR分析弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤免疫球蛋白重链基因重排表达

背景与目的：大多数B细胞淋巴瘤患者综合治疗后可以达到完全缓解,但是一半以上的患者终究要复发.复发来源于体内残留的耐药淋巴瘤细胞,即微小残留病变.但临床上发现IgH基因重排阳性患者并非都出现复发或远处浸润.因此,推测阳性患者是否复发,可能与IgH基因重排的表达量有关.本研究探讨荧光染料标记的即时定量PCR方法检测弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤免疫球蛋白重链基因（IgH）重排的可行性及临床意义.方法：44例DLBCL患者的57份新鲜骨髓标本用于检测IgH基因重排, Namalwa细胞系作阳性对照,U-937细胞系作阴性对照.β-actin 作内参照,SYBR Green荧光染料标记的实时荧光定量PCR方法分别检测IgH基因重排CDR III.结果：分析融解曲线可以确定IgH基因重排产物的特异性.荧光定量PCR检测IgH基因重排的阳性率63.2%.IgH/β-actin阳性表达量在0.01～4131.69,中位数0.42.Ⅰ/Ⅱ期患者IgH基因重排表达量中位数为0,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者IgH基因重排表达量中位数为0.35,经统计学检验,两组患者之间差异有显著性（P＝0.018）.LDH值高于正常组,IgH基因重排表达量为0.39,LDH值低于正常组,IgH基因重排表达量为0.01,经非参数检验,两组患者之间差异有显著性（P＝0.046）.结论：荧光染料标记的定量PCR方法可用于弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤的骨髓微小残留病变的检测.检测骨髓IgH基因重排,可以协助分期.     

克隆性基因重排检测技术在淋巴瘤穿刺标本中的诊断价值

目的探讨克隆性基因重排检测技术在淋巴瘤穿刺标本中的诊断价值。方法以IgH、T细胞受体γ链(Tcellreceptorγchain,TCRγ)和bcl-2/IgH融合基因(bcl-2/IgH)重排基因为分子标志,分别应用一步法、巢式及半巢式多种聚合酶链反应技术,检测40例细针穿刺活检标本(fine-needle aspiration biopsy,FNAB)克隆性基因重排。其中实验组为非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)25例,对照组15例,其中霍奇金病(HD)4例,转移癌5例,反应性增生6例。结果实验组中3例滤泡性淋巴瘤(Follicular lymphoma,FL)中2例bcl-2/IgH主要断裂点(bcl-2/IgHMBR)阳性,1例bcl-2/IgHMBR阴性,但IgH阳性,TCRγ检测均为阴性;19例弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(Diffuse large B cell lymphoma,DLBCL)中14例IgH阳性,5例阴性,无1例bcl-2/IgH及TCRγ阳性;3例T-NHL TCRγ均阳性,IgH及bcl-2/IgH均阴性;对照组3个指标检测均阴性。通过3个指标检测NHL总阳性率80%(20/25),假阴性率20%(5/25),无假阳性。结论克隆性基因重排分子检测用于FNAB标本有助于NHL的诊断,但由于存在假阴性可能,应结合细胞形态学,如能结合其他检测手段,如流式细胞术等可提高诊断率。     

恶性血液病免疫球蛋白重链和T细胞受体γ基因重排的研究

目的本院1996～2003年诊断明确的175例恶性血液病(包括急性白血病和淋巴瘤)进行IgH和TCR γ基因重排实验,以探求恶性血液病与基因重排的相关性.方法用聚合酶链式反应方法检测175例恶性血液病骨髓或外周血单个核细胞(MNC)中单克隆性免疫球蛋白IgH和T细胞受体TCR γ基因重排.结果 43例ALL有21例发生IgH重排,18例发生TCR γ重排,4例IgH和TCR γ都发生重排.27例AML有10例发生IgH重排,13例发生TCR γ重排,4例IgH和TCR γ都发生重排.105例淋巴瘤患者中57例发生IgH重排,29例发生TCR γ重排,19例IgH和TCR γ都发生重排. 结论人类恶性淋巴增殖性疾病(急慢性淋巴细胞白血病和恶性淋巴瘤)是阻断在不同分化阶段的恶性淋巴细胞的克隆性增殖.IgH和TCR γ基因重排的检测为B、T淋巴增殖性疾病提供了克隆标记.但在非淋巴性恶性增殖疾病如ANLL中确实存在系列不保真现象.不仅具有较高的IgH重排,而且还具有较高的TCR γ基因重排.     

荧光定量PCR法检测弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤IgH基因重排的意义

 目的 探讨荧光染料标记的实时定量PCR方法检测弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）IgH基因重排的可行性和临床意义。方法 44例DLBCL患者的57份骨髓标本用于检测IgH基因重排。Namalwa细胞系作阳性对照,U-937细胞系作阴性对照。SYBR Green荧光染料标记的实时荧光定量PCR方法检测IgH基因重排CDRⅢ。β-actin 作内参照,对IgH基因重排相对定量。结果 分析融解曲线可以确定IgH基因重排产物的特异性。荧光定量PCR检测IgH基因重排的阳性率分别为63.2 ％。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者IgH基因重排表达量中位数为0,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者IgH基因重排表达量中位数为0.35,两组患者之间差异有统计学意义（P＝0.018）。LDH值高于正常组,IgH基因重排表达量为0.39,LDH值低于正常组,IgH基因重排表达量为0.01,两组之间差异有统计学意义（P＝0.046）。结论 荧光染料标记的定量PCR方法可用于DLBCL的骨髓微小残留病变的检测。检测骨髓IgH基因重排,可以协助分期。     

慢性淋巴细胞白血病伴多发性骨髓瘤:共同克隆起源的证明

研究一例慢性 B 淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)伴多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的患者。用 FACS 预先分离 CLL 和 MM 的细胞。免疫球蛋白的重链基因的免疫球蛋白的决定互补区Ⅲ(CDRⅢ)DNA 序列分析显示在 CLL 和 MM 细胞群有相同的基因重排。本研究证明 CLL和 MM 均有共同的克隆起源。     

多发性骨髓瘤患者骨髓中Treg细胞与预后相关性研究

目的：检测多发性骨髓瘤（Multiple myeloma,MM）患者及正常人外周血和骨髓Treg细胞水平,评价MM患者骨髓微环境的免疫状态,以及免疫状态与疾病水平的相关性。方法采用流式细胞术检测45例MM患者外周血以及骨髓中Treg细胞水平,15例正常人外周血及骨髓中Treg细胞水平。以CD4^＋CD25high^＋细胞占CD4＋细胞的百分比代表Treg细胞水平。结果 MM患者外周血Treg细胞高于正常人外周血,MM患者骨髓中Treg细胞低于正常人骨髓,MM患者骨髓微环境中Treg细胞降低水平与浆细胞比例无关,而与疾病的预后相关,与β2-MG水平及ISS相关。结论 MM骨髓微环境中肿瘤诱导的免疫系统的改变是MM发病的原因之一,MM患者骨髓中Treg细胞降低比例与预后相关,而与肿瘤负担无关。     

Molecular biology of myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterised by the accumulation of clonal plasma cells (PC) in the bone marrow (BM). The molecular bases for this incurable disease have been widely investigated in the last years, and the development of modern genomic technologies has contributed to the understanding of the pathogenesis of MM. The molecular mechanisms that explain the cellular origin of myeloma cells, the cytogenetic abnormalities and their clinical implications, and the biological information provided by gene expression profiling analysis are reviewed in this paper. In addition, a molecular classification of MM in seven groups based on the relationship between gene expression profiling, chromosomal translocations and prognostic outcome is also presented. And finally, the recent hypothesis of a potential unifying event in the pathogenesis of MM, supported by cyclin D deregulation in virtually all MM tumours, will be summarised.     

Detection of chromosome 13q deletions and IgH translocations in patients with multiple myeloma by FISH: comparison with karyotype analysis

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by frequent 13q deletions and IgH translocations that have clinical prognostic significance. We evaluated clonal plasma cells by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and combined with immunofluorescence detection of cytoplasmic light chain (cIg-FISH) for the presence of 13q deletions and IgH translocations. The FISH results were compared with conventional cytogenetic analysis. Of the 25 bone marrow specimens from MM patients, 11 (44%) had 13q deletions. IgH translocations involving cyclin D1 (t(11;14)) and FGFR3 (t(4;14)) were found in 32 and 36%, respectively. P53 deletions were detected in 20% of the cases. One patient had coexistence of t(11;14) and t(4;14), which has not been previously reported. Conventional cytogenetic analysis was performed in 15 cases and revealed complex numerical and structural changes in 7. Karyotype analysis failed to detect 3 of 6 cases with 13q deletions, and also missed most of the IgH translocations and p53 deletions detected by cIg-FISH. On the other hand, the complex numerical and structural changes shown by conventional cytogenetics were not demonstrated by interphase FISH. Since 13q deletions, IgH translocations and a hypodiploid karyotype are significant prognostic factors for MM, our study illustrates the importance of combining conventional cytogenetics with interphase FISH analysis in patients with MM.     

Clonal rearrangement of the beta-T cell receptor gene in multiple myeloma

Because clonal rearrangements of the beta-T cell receptor (beta-TCR) gene occur in some patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, we studied the arrangement of this gene in fourteen patients with multiple myeloma, a malignancy of the most terminally differentiated B cells. The gene was in germline configuration in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and bone marrow samples of thirteen patients. By contrast, it was clonally rearranged in the marrow but not in the PBLs of one patient with stage IIA IgA-lambda myeloma. This patient's bone marrow consisted of 95% morphologically identifiable plasma cells which were CALLA-, OKT10+ (93%), and PCA-1+ (78%). Only 5% of marrow cells were small lymphocytes which contained T cell markers (CD3+ or CD2+). To eliminate the possibility that the small percentage of contaminating T cells contained the gene rearrangement, they were depleted by avidin-biotin immunoadsorption using the Leu4 determinant. Positively selected marrow T cells did not contain beta-TCR gene rearrangements. By contrast, the T cell depleted marrow contained the rearranged gene. This is the first demonstration that rearranged beta-TCR genes can occur in multiple myeloma.     

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia coexisting with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Coexistence of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is an unusal event, and to our knowledge, only four such cases have been reported in the literature. We report a 68-year-old white woman in whom these two diseases were diagnosed concomitantly. The diagnosis was made on the basis of peripheral blood count, morphology and immunophenotyping, and bone marrow cytology and histology. Interphase FISH analysis detected a 13q14.3 deletion in lymphocytes nuclei and no such abnormality in monocytes nuclei. The PCR analysis of IgH gene rearrangement in the bone marrow, as well as the peripheral blood lymphocytes, showed two different monoclonal IgH configurations as the result of biallelic clonal rearrangement of IgH genes suggesting an origin of lymphocytes from B-cell progenitors. The patient was originally treated with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day because of progressive significant thrombocytopenia, without improvement. Subsequently, she received one course of cladribine (2-CdA). Significant reduction of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was observed. However, rapid increase of monocytes was seen shortly after the 2-CdA treatment. Subsequently, she received hydroxyurea (1.5 g/day) without hematological improvement. The patient died in January 2003, three months after diagnosis because of progression of both leukemias and associated pneumonia. Possible etiopathogenic relationship between both disorders is discussed.     

Angiogenesis in multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) was the first haematological malignancy in which a prognostic relevance of bone marrow microvessel density (MVD) was shown. Myeloma-induced angiogenesis involves either the direct production of angiogenic molecules by myeloma cells or their induction in bone marrow stromal cells or endothelial cells (EC). Recent data demonstrate an increased angiogenic potential and a paracrine stimulatory effect of bone marrow EC on plasma cells (PC) in MM. Soluble angiogenic factors are elevated in bone marrow (BM) and in peripheral blood samples from myeloma patients. Furthermore, correlation with disease stage and prognosis was shown for serum levels of the angiogenic factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this review we summarize recent data which give strong evidence for an increased angiogenic activity in bone marrow microenvironment and support the hypothesis that angiogenesis is not only an epiphenomenon of tumour growth but may also promote PC growth in MM.     

14q32 Translocations discriminate IgM multiple myeloma from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

Even though the diagnosis of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia WM is usually clear, the differential diagnosis with IgM multiple myeloma (MM) might be possible. IgM MM is usually characterized by the accumulation of small mature plasma cells within the bone marrow, and the detection of a monoclonal IgM in the serum. However, in contrast with classical MM, IgM MM is rarely associated with these patients' extensive osteolytic lesions. We analyzed eight cases of IgM MM. None presented with extensive bone lesions. All cases were characterized by the presence of small mature plasma cells within the bone marrow. Molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed a t(11;14) in seven of the eight cases. In contrast, a similar analysis in 17 WM cases failed to detect any t(11;14) cases. We performed further fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments, focused on the 14q32 region, and especially on the IgH gene. In contrast to MM (in which illegitimate IgH rearrangements are common), we did not detect any abnormality in the WM cases. In conclusion, even though the cells of origin in WM and MM are mature heavily mutated cells, they differ by the IgH gene rearrangements. Especially in IgM MM, the search for t(11;14) might be useful in difficult cases to discriminate with WM.     

Both IGH translocations and chromosome 13q deletions are early events in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and do not evolve during transition to multiple myeloma.

Molecular and genetic events associated with the transition from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to multiple myeloma (MM) are still poorly characterized. We investigated serial bone marrow specimens from 11 patients with MGUS who eventually progressed to MM (MM post-MGUS) by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization for immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene (IgH) translocations and chromosome 13q deletions (del(13q)). In nine patients, IgH translocations were present both in MGUS and MM post-MGUS plasma cells, including three t(11;14)(q13;q32) and one t(4;14)(p16;q32), which was observed already 92 months prior to MM. Similarly, all five MM patients with del(13q) had this aberration already at the MGUS stage. Two patients without IgH translocation and del(13q) had chromosomal gains suggesting hyperdiploidy, but IgH translocations and/or del(13q) did not emerge at MM post-MGUS. IgH translocations and del(13q) are early genetic events in monoclonal gammopathies, suggesting that additional events are required for the transition from stable MGUS to progressive MM.     

多发性骨髓瘤的诊断及危险分层

多发性骨髓瘤(MM)是一种终末分化的浆细胞恶性克隆性疾病,以骨髓克隆性浆细胞浸润及外周血和(或)尿中出现单克隆M蛋白为主要表现.MM分为冒烟型骨髓瘤(SMM)和活动性骨髓瘤.SMM除骨髓单克隆浆细胞浸润及血和(或)尿中出现单克隆M蛋白以外,一般无症状.当有证据证实浆细胞的克隆性增殖导致终末器官损害时即可诊断活动性MM,此时患者需要开始接受系统治疗,而无高危因素的SMM仅需定期观察随访即可.因此,正确的诊断和鉴别诊断关系到开始治疗的指征与时机.此外,MM是一类异质性极强的疾病,总生存期从数月到十余年不等,初诊时进行准确的危险分层有利于实现个体化治疗、改善患者预后.