尼莫地平联合阿托伐他汀治疗对血管性认知障碍患者的MDA和MMP-9影响的研究

目的 探讨尼莫地平联合阿托伐他汀治疗血管性认知障碍的临床疗效及其不良反应。方法 将96例血管性认知障碍患者随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组48例,对照组予以常规+安慰剂治疗,治疗组予以尼莫地平+阿托伐他汀治疗,尼莫地平30 mg/d,3次/d,阿托伐他汀20 mg/d,晚上1次,疗程均为6个月; 采用MoCA, ADL对患者进行神经心理学评分; 采用ELISA法检测血浆中MDA和MMP-9水平。结果 与同组治疗前比较,治疗组治疗6个月后MoCA和ADL评分明显提高(P<0.01); 治疗组MDA和MMP-9表达降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,治疗组治疗后MoCA和ADL评分提高(P<0.05),MDA和MMP-9表达均降低(P<0.05)。2组均未见严重的不良反应。结论 尼莫地平联合阿托伐他汀治疗血管性认知障碍的临床疗效较好,不良反应少。     

血管性认知功能障碍及痴呆患者血浆内皮素-1和血管内皮生长因子含量变化及意义

目的探讨血浆内皮素-1（ET-1）和血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在血管性认知功能障碍（VCI）及痴呆（VaD）发病过程中的作用。方法脑梗死143例,随访3个月,依据蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）和临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）评分将其分为无认知功能障碍（N-VCI）组、血管性认知障碍无痴呆（VCIND）组、血管性痴呆（VaD）组,用放射免疫法测定血浆ET-1水平,酶联免疫分析法测定血浆VEGF的水平,并对血浆ET-1和VEGF进行相关性分析。结果 （1）VaD组患者血浆ET-1含量明显高于VCIND组及N-VCI组,VCIND组患者血浆ET-1水平明显高于N-VCI组,差异均具统计学意义（P〈0.01）;VaD组患者血浆VEGF含量明显低于VCIND组及N-VCI组,VCIND组亦明显低于N-VCI组,差异均具统计学意义（P〈0.01）。（2）血浆ET-1水平与VEGF存在明显负相关（r=-0.808,P〈0.01）。（3）VaD组患者血浆ET-1与MoCA值成负相关（r=-0.719,P〈0.01）,VaD患者血浆VEGF与MoCA评分成正相关（r=0.670,P=0.01）;而N-VCI、VCIND组患者血浆ET-1、VEGF与MoCA值无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论高ET-1和低VEGF参与了VCI及VaD的发生发展过程,血浆ET-1与VaD病情成正相关,血浆VEGF与VaD病情成负相关,这些指标的监测可作为判断VaD病情轻重的重要依据。     

脑心通治疗血管性认知障碍的临床研究

目的评价脑心通胶囊治疗血管性认知障碍的临床疗效和安全性。方法本研究从三个分中心招募血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)患者240例,并随机分为治疗组121例,其中无痴呆血管认知功能障碍(VCIND)患者45例,血管性痴呆(VaD)患者76例;对照组120例,其中VCIND患者44例,VaD患者76例。治疗组给予脑心通胶囊每日口服3次,每次4粒;对照组给予复方丹参片每日口服3次,每次4粒,连续服用3月。比较不同阶段的VCI患者治疗前后简易智能精神状态量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)的变化。结果治疗组VCIND患者治疗后MMSE和ADL评分均有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。治疗组VaD患者治疗后MMSE略有改善,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而ADL评分有改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论脑心通胶囊能够改善无痴呆血管性认知障碍(VCIND)患者的认知功能。     

尼莫地平联合奥拉西坦胶囊治疗2型糖尿病合并轻度血管性认知障碍临床研究

目的分析尼莫地平联合奥拉西坦胶囊治疗2型糖尿病合并轻度血管性认知障碍的临床效果。方法选取我院2012-11—2016-03收治的70例2型糖尿病合并轻度血管性认知障碍患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组(n=35)和对照组(n=35),2组均给予尼莫地平治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用奥拉西坦胶囊治疗,比较2组治疗前和治疗5个月后蒙特利尔认知量表(MoCA)评分、Barthel日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)评分及不良反应发生率。结果治疗5个月后观察组视空间功能、命名、注意力、语言、抽象能力、选项、定向力评分高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗5个月后ADL评分与对照组相比明显较高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);不良反应发生率组间比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.000,P0.05)。结论2型糖尿病合并轻度血管性认知障碍以尼莫地平联合奥拉西坦胶囊治疗,可改善患者认知状况和日常生活能力,安全可靠。     

羟乙基淀粉联合阿托伐他汀改善分水岭脑梗死患者神经功能缺损程度的作用

目的：探讨羟乙基淀粉与阿托伐他汀在改善分水岭脑梗死患者神经功能缺损程度中的作用。方法100例分水岭脑梗死患者随机分为2组,对照组单纯口服阿托伐他汀治疗,观察组联合应用阿托伐他汀和羟乙基淀粉。比较2组神经功能缺损改善程度和临床疗效。结果治疗后观察组NIHSS评分明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）,ADL评分明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组痊愈率30％,总有效率96％,均明显高于对照组的20％、80％（ P＜0.05）;观察组肺部感染、上消化道出血、脑血管病后抑郁症等不良反应发生率均明显低于对照组（ P＜0.05）。结论羟乙基淀粉联合阿托伐他汀能够显著改善分水岭脑梗死患者的神经功能缺损程度。     

皮质下缺血性脑血管病认知功能障碍研究

目的应用系列神经心理学测试分析皮质下缺血性脑血管病(SIVD)患者的认知损害特征。方法入选SIVD患者53例,年龄及性别相当的健康老年人25例为正常对照组。SIVD患者按照认知损害的诊断标准分为血管性痴呆(VaD)组27例和血管性认知障碍非痴呆(VCIND)组26例。进行MMSE及血管性痴呆包括记忆力、注意力、语言、视空间结构及执行功能5个认知域在内的神经心理学测试,确定VCIND患者受损的认知域。结果①与正常对照组比较,VaD组患者各项量表测试均严重受损,具有统计学差异(P﹤0.05);②VCIND组患者MMSE、数字倒背评分下降,连线测验时间延长,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);③VaD组与VCIND组相比,上述各项均受损严重,其中单词回忆、连线测验、画钟测验、数字广度测验评分差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论①SIVD患者同时存在多个认知域损害,以执行功能、注意力损害较为突出,记忆、语言受累相对较轻;②VCIND患者表现为执行功能、注意力受损,程度均低于VaD组,晚期VaD患者全面认知功能明显下降。     

神经心理测试及P300对皮质下缺血性脑血管病伴认知功能障碍患者评估研究

目的研究神经心理测试及听觉事件相关电位(event related potential,ERP)P300在皮质下缺血性脑血管病(subcortical ischemic vascular disease,SIVD)伴不同程度认知功能障碍的临床应用价值。方法 92例SIVD患者,其中血管性无痴呆型认知损害(vascular cognitive impairment no dementia,VCIND)45例,血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)47例,同时选取45例未发生脑梗死及认知功能障碍的正常人作为对照组。分别对2组患者住院治疗前及正常对照组进行神经心理测试认知评估量表MMSE、MoCA评分和听觉事件相关电位P300检测。结果入院治疗前,VCIND组、VaD组简易精神状态检查(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分均较正常组偏低(P0.05),VCIND组较VaD组偏低(P0.05),P300检测:与正常对照组潜伏期(318.689±16.123)ms相比,VCIND组患者潜伏期(360.667±16.082)ms,VaD组患者潜伏期(420.333±21.149)ms,各组间听觉事件相关电位P300潜伏期差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SIVD患者存在认知功能损害,以执行功能障碍为主,ERP-P300测试能客观反映VCIND患者早期认知功能障碍,P300潜伏期与MMSE及MoCA有相关性,有利于VCIND早期的诊断。     

阿托伐他汀对进展性脑梗死神经功能的影响

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对进展性脑梗死神经功能的影响。方法 2009-02-2011-02收治的164例符合入选标准进展性脑梗死患者,对照组80例采取常规治疗,治疗组84例在常规治疗基础上加用阿托伐他汀。结果 2组患者入院时神经功能缺损评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;进展停止时、发病1周时神经功能缺损评分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论进展性脑梗死应用阿托伐他汀能够有效改善患者神经功能,减少致残率。     

强化阿托伐他汀对脑梗死患者C-反应蛋白的影响

目的观察不同剂量阿托伐他汀对脑梗死预后的影响及其血清CRP的变化。方法将2010年10月～2011年10月收治的80例脑梗死患者随机分为两组,每组40例,观察组常规治疗加上阿托伐他汀40 mg/d,对照组常规治疗加上阿托伐他汀10 mg/d;两组均在治疗前及治疗后4周测定C-反应蛋白（CRP）浓度,并且进行NIHSS及BI评分。结果两组治疗后CRP降低,观察组较对照组效果更明显（P〈0.05）,两组治疗前后NIHSS评分和BI评分均有改善,观察组较对照组改善明显（P均〈0.05）。结论阿托伐他汀强化治疗使CRP水平明显下降,并能改善脑梗死患者的预后。     

盐酸多奈哌齐联合高压氧治疗血管性认知障碍疗效观察

目的探讨盐酸多奈哌齐联合高压氧治疗血管性认知障碍临床疗效。方法将存在血管性认知障碍的90例患者随机分为治疗组(n=47例)和对照组(n=43例),对照组给予多奈哌齐及脑血管病基础治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上联合高压氧物理治疗,观察治疗前后MMSE及MoCA评分变化。结果治疗前存在不同程度认知障碍,但MMSE及MoCA评分比较差异无统计学意义,治疗后2组认知功能均改善,MMSE及MoCA评分均提高,与对照组比较治疗组评分显著提高,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血管性认知障碍患者在常规血管病及多奈哌齐治疗基础上联合高压氧物理治疗,能显著改善患者认知障碍,且无明特殊不良反应,安全有效,实用范围广。     

非痴呆性血管性认知障碍的研究进展

血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment,VCI）是由脑血管病危险因素（如高血压、 糖尿病、高脂血症和高同型半胱氨酸血症等）、显性脑血管病（出血性及缺血性卒中）及非显性脑血 管病（脑白质疏松和慢性脑缺血等）引起的一组从轻度认知功能损害到痴呆的临床综合征。非痴呆 性血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia,VCIND）是VCI的早期阶段,其中约一半 患者会在5年内进展为痴呆。血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VD）在治疗上尚未发现行之有效的方法, 但又是唯一可以预防的痴呆。发现VCIND危险因素并进行早期干预,对于寻求延缓痴呆进展的二级 预防策略至关重要。现从VCIND的概念、流行病学、诊断标准及影响因素等方面进行综述,以期能够 早期识别相关危险因素,防治VCI。     

Vascular cognitive disorder: a new diagnostic category updating vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) was proposed as an umbrella term to include subjects affected with any degree of cognitive impairment resulting from cerebrovascular disease (CVD), ranging from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to vascular dementia. VCI may or may not exclude the host of "focal" circumscribed impairments of specialized functions such as language (aphasia), intentional gesture (apraxia), or categorical recognition (agnosia), among others, that may result from a stroke. Therefore, there are no universally accepted diagnostic criteria for VCI. We conclude that this concept could be more useful if it were to be limited to cases of vascular MCI without dementia, by analogy with the concept of amnestic MCI, currently considered the earliest clinically diagnosable stage of Alzheimer disease (AD). In agreement with our view,the Canadian Study on Health and Aging successfully implemented a restricted definition of VCI, excluding cases of dementia (i.e., vascular cognitive impairment no dementia, VCI-ND). The Canadian definition and diagnostic criteria could be utilized for future studies of VCI. This definition excludes isolated impairments of specialized cognitive functions.Vascular dementia (VaD): The main problem of this diagnostic category stems from the currently accepted definition of dementia that requires memory loss as the sine qua non for the diagnosis. This may result in over-sampling of patients with AD worsened by stroke (AD+CVD). This problem was minimized in controlled clinical trials of VaD by excluding patients with a prior diagnosis of AD, those with pre-existing memory loss before the index stroke, and those with amnestic MCI. We propose a definition of dementia in VaD based on presence of abnormal executive control function, severe enough to interfere with social or occupational functioning. Vascular cognitive disorder (VCD): This term, proposed by Sachdev [P. Sachdev, Vascular cognitive disorder. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 14 (1999)402-403.] would become the global diagnostic category for cognitive impairment of vascular origin, ranging from VCI to VaD. It would include specific disease entities such as post-stroke VCI, post-stroke VaD, CADASIL, Binswanger disease, and AD plus CVD. This category explicitly excludes isolated cognitive dysfunctions such as those mentioned above.     

Clinical and radiographic subtypes of vascular cognitive impairment in a clinic-based cohort study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There is a need for empirical studies to define criteria for vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) subtypes. In this paper, we report the predictive validity of a subtype classification scheme based on clinical and radiographic features. METHODS: Nine Canadian memory clinics participated in the Consortium to Investigate Vascular Impairment of Cognition. This cohort consisted of 1347 patients, of whom 324 had VCI, and was followed for up to 30 months. RESULTS: Clinical and neuroimaging features defined three subtypes: vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia, (n=97), vascular dementia (n=101) and mixed neurodegenerative/vascular dementia (n=126). Any ischemic lesion on neuroimaging increased the odds (odds ratio=9.31; 95% confidence interval 6.46, 13.39) of a VCI diagnosis. No VCI subtype, however, was associated with a specific neuroimaging abnormality. Compared to those with no cognitive impairment, patients with each VCI subtype had higher rates of death and institutionalization (hazard ratio for combined adverse events=6.08, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Both clinical features and radiographic features help establish a diagnosis of VCI. The outcomes of VCI subtypes, however, are more strongly associated with clinical features than with radiographic ones.     

Vascular dementia

Vascular dementia (VaD) is a term used to describe a particular constellation of cognitive and functional impairment, and is now generally seen as a subset of the larger syndrome of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The latter is seen as cognitive impairment in the face of cerebrovascular disease. VCI can be classified clinically by whether patients meet criteria for dementia, and whether the syndrome is distinct or overlaps with primary neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. This clinical classification can be further classified by neuroimaging, with subgroups that show cortical infarction, subcortical infarction and white matter changes, each alone or in combination. Understood in this way, VCI is likely the most common form of cognitive impairment in the population. Attempts to treat VaD had varying degrees of success, but it now appears that many forms of VCI might be preventable, especially with good control of vascular risk factors in middle age.     

重复经颅磁刺激联合认知训练治疗血管性认知障碍临床研究

目的观察重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合认知功能训练治疗血管性认知障碍(VCI)的临床疗效。方法选择65例VCI患者,分为对照组33例和治疗组32例,对照组采用认知功能训练,治疗组采用rTMS联合认知训练。于治疗前、第1疗程后及第2疗程后,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)及洛文斯顿认知评价箱(LOTCA)评估,进行对比统计分析。结果第1疗程及第2疗程结束后,2组LOTCA及MoCA评分均有提高(P0.05);治疗组LOTCA及MoCA评分均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论 rTMS联合认知训练能改善VCI患者的认知功能,具有良好的临床效果。     

Spectrum of disease in vascular cognitive impairment.

The recognition that cognitive impairment of vascular origin is not limited to multi-infarct dementia has led to the development of several sets of new criteria for vascular dementia (VaD). We set out to define the spectrum of disease in patients presenting with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Of 412 patients consecutively seen at a memory clinic, 80 had VCI. These patients had vascular cognitive impairment not dementia (n = 19), VaD (n = 48), and mixed Alzheimer's disease-VaD (n = 13). Radiographic patterns were: white matter changes only (40%); multiple infarcts (30%); single strategic stroke (14%), and no identified lesion (16%). Of note, 19 (24%) of these patients meet none of the currently published criteria for VaD. To better understand and treat ischaemic causes of cognitive impairment, the concept of VaD should be expanded to include patients who do not meet traditional dementia criteria.     

血管性认知障碍不同亚型患者认知功能及MRI检查的对比研究

目的探讨血管性认知障碍各亚型患者之间及其与认知功能正常者之间的认知功能及脑组织影像学表现的差异。方法采用简易智能状态检查量表、认知能力筛查量表和简易智能-认知能力联合检查量表对62例血管性认知障碍患者(无痴呆型血管性认知障碍34例、血管性痴呆18例、混合性痴呆10例)和50例正常对照者的认知功能进行评价,通过磁共振成像分析其容积测量值、脑叶萎缩、皮质下白质疏松和腔隙性脑梗死等影像学参数的差异。结果与对照组比较,血管性认知障碍各亚组患者认知功能评分呈逐步递减趋势(均P<0.05),但血管性痴呆与混合性痴呆患者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血管性认知障碍各亚组患者双侧前额角容积、第三脑室容积测量值以及额叶、颞叶、顶叶、枕叶萎缩,皮质下白质疏松和腔隙性脑梗死评分均高于对照组(P<0.05),其影像学异常改变在进展为痴呆后更为明显。混合性痴呆患者的特征性表现为双侧海马容积、内嗅叶皮质容积减小,颞叶萎缩(均P<0.05),但无明显的腔隙性脑梗死(P>0.05)。结论血管性认知障碍患者的影像学异常改变可部分反映不同亚型的病理改变,但对认知障碍程度的反映尚缺乏敏感性,能否联合认知功能评分共同作为血管性认知障碍临床预测指标尚待进一步研究。     

Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Disease Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications

The prevalence of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is likely to increase as the population ages and cardiovascular disease survival improves. We provide an overview of the definition and disease mechanisms of VCI and present a systematic literature review of the current evidence for the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies used to treat the VCI symptoms of cognitive dysfunction or to modify VCI through primary and secondary prevention. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched from 2005 to October 2010 using the keywords “vascular dementia” or “vascular cognitive impairment and therapy.” MEDLINE was searched for English-language articles published within the last 10 years using the combined Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) “therapeutics and dementia,” “vascular” or “vascular cognitive impairment.” Although cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine produce small cognitive improvements in patients with VCI, these drugs do not improve global clinical outcomes and have adverse effects and costs. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers may improve short-term cognitive function in patients with VCI. Anti-hypertensive therapy with an ACE inhibitor-based regimen and statins may prevent the major subtype of VCI known as poststroke cognitive decline. Clinical and effectiveness studies with long-term follow-up are needed to determine the benefits and risks of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies to prevent and treat VCI. Given its growing health, social, and economic burden, the prevention and treatment of VCI are critical priorities for clinical care and research.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13311-011-0047-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

血管性认知障碍患者血清脑源性神经营养因子水平的变化及其临床意义

目的 探讨血管性认知障碍(VCI)患者血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平的变化及其临床意义.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对42例VCI患者(其中轻度认知障碍20例,中度14例,重度8例)、49例同期非认知障碍脑梗死(NDCI)患者、46例同期正常体检者(NC)的血清BDNF水平进行测定并分析.结果 血清BDNF浓度呈非正态分布,VCI组血清BDNF得分均数(32.369)低于NDCI组(48.026),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);VCI组血清BDNF水平得分均数虽低于NC组(45.688),但差异无统计学意义.VCI组中,轻度、中度及重度认知障碍患者血清BDNF得分比较差异无统计学意义;在VCI组、NDCI组及NC组中,未发现血清BDNF水平与性别、年龄、体质量指数、文化程度、简易精神状态检查量表评分存在相关性.结论 VCI患者血清BDNF水平明显低于NDCI患者,提示BDNF可能参与了脑梗死进展为认知障碍的病理生理过程,但并不能反映认知障碍的严重程度.