异基因外周血干细胞移植(S999方案)治疗白血病的临床观察

目的　采用S999方案中异基因外周血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT)治疗白血病 ,评价其疗效并观察移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)等并发症。方法　 1999年 9月～ 2 0 0 2年 9月间 ,共完成allo PBSCT治疗成人白血病 5 0例 ,其中慢性粒细胞白血病 (CML) 2 8例 ,急性髓细胞白血病 (AML) 13例 ,急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL) 9例。外周血干细胞动员方案 :格拉诺赛特 (G CSF) 5 μg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 × 5d ;移植预处理主要采用环磷酰胺 (CTX) +足叶乙甙 (VP16) +全身照射 (TBI)方案 :CTX 5 0～ 60mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 × 2d ;VP162 0mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 × 2d或 5 0mg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 × 1d ,TBI 6.5～ 8.0Gy单次照射或l2 .0Gy分 3次照射 ;GVHD预防采用常规环孢素A(CsA)+短程氨甲喋呤 (MTX)和霉酚酸脂 (MMF)联合CsA +MTX两种方案。结果　本组患者除 1例移植早期因并发真菌感染而导致败血症死亡外 ,余 49例均获得完全供体型造血功能重建。中性粒细胞恢复至 0 .5× 10 9/L及血小板恢复至 2 0× 10 9/L的中位时间分别为移植后 14d( 10～ 2 2d)及 19d( 10～ 68d)。 49例移植成功者发生急性GVHD 16例 ( 3 2 .7% ) ,其中Ⅲ～Ⅳ度 5例 ( 10 .2 % )。 3 6例生存 6个月以上者发生慢性GVHD 2 4例( 66.7% ) ,其中广泛性 5例 ( 13 .9% )。MMF +CsA +M     

环孢素A、甲氨喋呤、霉酚酸酯联合抗胸腺细胞球蛋白预防HLA不全相合移植的移植物抗宿主病

目的评价环孢素A(CsA)+甲氨喋呤(MTX)+霉酚酸酯(MMF)+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)四联方案预防人类白细胞抗原(HLA)不全相合移植中的移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的疗效。方法10例白血病和2例骨髓增生异常综合征患者分别接受HLA不全相合造血干细胞移植(HSCT)。预处理方案应用Flu+Bu+CTX;HLA1-3个位点不和。结果11例患者获得造血重建,急性GVHD(aGVHD)发生率7/11,慢性GVHD(cGVHD)发生率6/10,最长随访时间26个月,死亡率4/12。结论CsA+MTX+MMF+ATG可有效预防HLA不全相合移植中的GVHD,不影响造血重建,不增加移植相关死亡率和感染率。     

环孢素A+甲氨蝶呤+霉酚酸酯+抗胸腺细胞球蛋白四联方案预防无关供体造血干细胞移植中的移植物抗宿主病

目的评价环孢素A(CsA) 甲氨蝶呤(MTX) 霉酚酸酯(MMF)和低剂量抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)预防无关供体造血干细胞移植(URD-HSCT)中移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的疗效。方法13与11例白血病患者分别接受URD-HSCT和相关供体(RD)-HSCT。移植预处理方案:19例应用全身放疗 环磷酰胺方案、5例应用改良BuCY(羟基脲、马利兰、阿糖胞苷、环磷酰胺)方案;无关移植病人供体与受体之间HLA-A、B、DR基因位点完全相合11例,1个基因位点不合2例。所有相关移植病人供体与受体之间血清学位点均为全相合;预防GVHD方案:所有病人均接受CsA MTX方案,行URD-HSCT病人在CsA MTX方案基础上加用MMF和ATG。结果移植后所有患者均获得造血重建,移植中预处理相关毒性(RRT)发生率和程度在无关与相关移植中二者无差异(P>0.05);急性GVHD(aGVHD)在无关与相关移植病人分别为46.2%和55.6%,在可统计的慢性GVHD(cGVHD)病人中,无关移植是4/7例,相关移植6/9例;无关与相关移植病人中分别有1例死于移植相关并发症,移植后1年估计无病生存率在无关与相关移植分别为87.5%和90.9%;移植后巨细胞病毒(CMV)抗原阳性率在无关与相关移植无差异(P>0.05)。结论CsA MTX MMF ATG四联方案预防URD-HSCT中GVHD能降低aGVHD的发生及其程度,不增加移植后相关死亡率和CMV感染率。     

环孢素A、甲氨喋呤、霉酚酚酸酯联合抗胸腺细胞球蛋白预防HLA不全相合移植的移植物抗宿主病

目的 评价环孢素A(CsA) 甲氨喋呤(MTX) 霉酚酸酯(MMF) 抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)四联方案预防人类白细胞抗原(HLA)不全相合移植中的移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的疗效. 方法 10例白血病和2例骨髓增生异常综合征患者分别接受HLA不全相合造血干细胞移植(HSCT).预处理方案应用Flu Bu CTX;HLA1-3个位点不和. 结果 11例患者获得造血重建,急性GVHD(aGVHD)发生率7/11,慢性GVHD(cGVHD)发生率6/10,最长随访时间26个月,死亡率4/12. 结论 CsA MTX MMF ATG可有效预防HLA不全相合移植中的GVHD,不影响造血重建,不增加移植相关死亡率和感染率.     

ATG用于异体造血干细胞移植前预防移植物抗宿主反应

目的 分析异体造血干细胞移植前加用抗T淋巴细胞球蛋白(ATG)预防移植物抗宿主反应(GVHD)的疗效.方法 27例白血病患者分为两组,每组移植供体来源及病种类似,分别有同胞兄妹、无关供体和人类白细胞抗原(HLA)半相合供体.A组(n=12):采用经典的CsA+MTX预防GVHD;B组(n=15):采用CsA + MTX+ATG预防GVHD.结果 B组15例患者全部存活,除4例出现Ⅱ°急性GVHD(aGVHD)外,其余11例均在移植后30 d左右仅出现Ⅰ° GVHD,并很快控制.A组12例患者中,3例HLA半相合移植患者分别在移植后第7、9和10天即出现Ⅳ°超急性GVHD,另有1例无关供体患者出现Ⅲ° aGVHD,该4例患者由于重度GVHD继发肺部感染而死亡;其余8例同胞之间的移植分别出现Ⅱ°～Ⅲ°aGVHD.结论 在异体造血干细胞移植前应用ATG可以有效预防GVHD的发生或减轻GVHD的严重度,明显减少移植相关死亡率.     

异基因外周血干细胞移植治疗二例急性白血病

目的 :评价异基因外周血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT)治疗急性白血病的疗效。方法 :预处理方案 :改良BUCY。预防移植物抗宿主病 (GVHD)方案 :CsA +短程MTX ,用G CSF 5 μg/kg·d-1× 4～ 5d进行造血干细胞动员。分离单个核细胞 5 .5 3～ 6 .92× 10 8/kg。结果 :2例患者移植后均重建造血。粒细胞 >0 .5× 10 9/L ,+12d ;血小板 >2 0×10 9/L ,+13d。 1例发生慢性GVHD。结论 :allo PBSCT有造血重建快 ,采集干细胞方便 ,供者易接受之优点 ,是一种治疗急性白血病的有效方法     

异基因外周造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血

目的探讨异基因外周血造血干细胞移植(allo—PBSCT)对儿童重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)的疗效。方法8例接受allo—PBSCT治疗的SAA 患儿均为血缘供体移植,男6例,女2例,7～14岁,中位年龄为11岁。4例患儿为急性SAA I型,其中2例移植前合并重型感染且未能完全控制;另4例患儿为SAA Ⅱ型,患儿移植前大多经包括环孢菌素A(CSA)在内的多种治疗无效。诊断至移植的时间为1～45个月,中位时间为13个月。预处理方案由低剂量环磷酰胺（CTX）和抗淋巴细胞球蛋白（ALG）或抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）组成,采用CsA+短程甲氨蝶呤(MTX)方案预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。以DNA短串联重复序列多态性分析(STR PCR)检测学植入依据。结果患者移植后均获造血重建,中性粒细胞绝对值≥0.5×109／L和血小板计数≥20×109／L的中位时间分别为移植后+12.75d(+10～+15d)和+19.88d(+15～+32d)。8例患儿均为完全供体型植入,其中1例移植后10个月出现外周血白细胞、红细胞、血小板计数逐渐下降,STR PCR显示移植排斥,经ATG、CsA 等药物治疗逐渐恢复自身造血。1例患儿出现Ⅱ度急性GVHD,1例出现局限性慢性GVHD。随访15～50个月,中位数为29个月,8例SAA患儿均存活。结论采用以免疫抑制为主的ATG/ALG+CTX预处理方案进行allo—PBSCT能够有效治疗儿童SAA,移植相关并发症少,值得临床推广应用。     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗白血病(附50例临床报告)

目的:评价异基因外周血造血干细胞移植(Allo-PBSCT)治疗白血病的疗效,同时比较ABO血型相合与不相合移植以及两种移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)预防方案.方法:用Allo-PBSCT治疗白血病50例(急性29例,慢性21例),其中ABO血型相合30例,不相合20例.PBSC动员采用G-CSF或G-CSF+GM-CSF皮下注射5 d;预处理采用CTX+VP16+TBI或CTX+TBI方案;GVHD预防采用常规环孢素A(CsA)+短程甲氨蝶呤(MTX)和霉酚酸酯(MMF)联合CsA+短程MTX两种方案.结果:本组患者经Allo-PBSCT均获得造血功能重建.ABO血型相合移植与不相合移植比较,后者血红蛋白恢复较慢(P<0.05),中性粒细胞和血小板恢复两者无差异(P>0.05).本组发生aGVHD 20例(40%),其中Ⅱ度以上9例(18%).生存6个月以上者发生cGVHD 22例(66.67%),其中广泛性11例(33.33%).MMF联合CsA和MTX方案与常规CsA联合MTX方案相比,前者可减少aGVHD发生率(P<0.05),虽两者cGVHD总发生率无差异(P>0.05),但前者广泛性cGVHD明显减少(P<0.05);本组患者中位随访30个月存活33例,移植后3年无病生存率为66%;GVHD合并感染和间质性肺炎是主要死因.结论:ABO血型不合不影响移植,但移植后血红蛋白恢复较慢;Allo-PBSCT中aGVHD发生率并不高,但cGVHD发生率明显升高;MMF联合CsA和MTX方案预防GVHD较常规CsA联合MTX方案为优.     

霉酚酸脂联合环孢素和甲氨蝶呤预防外周血干细胞移植后急性移植物抗宿主病

目的　比较环孢素A(CsA)和短程甲氨蝶呤 (MTX)加或不加用短程霉酚酸脂 (MMF)预防急性移植物抗宿主病 (aGVHD)的效果。方法　人类白细胞抗原 (HLA)相合的异基因外周血造血干细胞移植 (allo PBSCT) 39例 ,常规环磷酰胺和全身照射为主进行预处理。GVHD预防分二组 :CsA +MTX组 2 6例 ,应用小剂量CsA(2mg·kg-1·d-1)和短程MTX(分别在移植后 1、3、6和 11d) ;MMF +CsA+MTX组 13例 ,在CsA和MTX基础上加用短程MMF 2g/d ,移植后口服 1～ 2 8d ,但MTX只在移植后1、3、6d应用。结果　两组患者移植后均顺利重建造血 ,中性粒细胞和血小板恢复时间的差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;MMF +CsA +MTX组aGVHD的发生率为 7 6 % ,未见II度以上aGVHD ,明显低于CsA+MTX组 (46 2 % ,P <0 0 5 ) ,CsA +MTX组II度以上aGVHD为 2 3 0 %。MMF +CsA +MTX组重度粘膜炎发生率 (15 4 % )亦明显低于CsA +MTX组 (30 8% )明显减少。结论　短程MMF联合CsA和短程MTX方案对allo PBSCT后的aGVHD的预防效果明显优于常规CsA和短程MTX ,其对慢性GVHD和移植后复发率的影响有待于进一步随访观察     

ATG用于异体造血干细胞移植前预防移植物抗宿主反应

目的分析异体造血干细胞移植前加用抗T淋巴细胞球蛋白(ATG)预防移植物抗宿主反应(GVHD)的疗效。方法27例白血病患者分为两组,每组移植供体来源及病种类似,分别有同胞兄妹、无关供体和人类白细胞抗原(HLA)半相合供体。A组(n=12):采用经典的CsA MTX预防GVHD;B组(n=15):采用CsA MTX ATG预防GVHD。结果B组15例患者全部存活,除4例出现Ⅱ°急性GVHD(aGVHD)外,其余11例均在移植后30 d左右仅出现Ⅰ°GVHD,并很快控制。A组12例患者中,3例HLA半相合移植患者分别在移植后第7、9和10天即出现Ⅳ°超急性GVHD,另有1例无关供体患者出现Ⅲ°aGVHD,该4例患者由于重度GVHD继发肺部感染而死亡;其余8例同胞之间的移植分别出现Ⅱ°~Ⅲ°aGVHD。结论在异体造血干细胞移植前应用ATG可以有效预防GVHD的发生或减轻GVHD的严重度,明显减少移植相关死亡率。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.