260例电子阴道镜下图像特点与宫颈活检病理诊断的关系

目的:探讨电子阴道镜下的宫颈异常表现图像与宫颈活检病理诊断的相互关系。方法:选择2011年9～11月就诊于本院阴道镜门诊的260例患者,以活检病理学诊断结果为标准,对组织病理学结果和阴道镜表现特点进行分析。结果:①电子阴道镜在宫颈疾病诊断中敏感性97.9%,特异性71.2%,阳性预测值89.7%,假阴性率2.1%;②阴道镜下扁平醋白上皮可出现在宫颈炎到CINⅢ的各级宫颈病变中,致密醋白上皮出现于CINⅡ及以上级别的宫颈病变中。二联征中CIN的检出率为77.4%,三联征和醋白上皮+非典型血管中CINⅢ及宫颈癌(ICC)的检出率分别是78.6%和72.4%。③不典型鳞状上皮(ASC)和(或)非典型腺细胞(AGC)出现在各级宫颈病变,在低度鳞状上皮内瘤变(LSIL)中CINⅠ的检出率为40.9%,在高度鳞状上皮内瘤变(HSIL)(包括HSIL+AGC)中CINⅡ、CINⅢ及ICC的检出率为96.9%。④宫颈表面是否光滑及糜烂程度与宫颈自身病变无关。结论:电子阴道镜是辅助诊断宫颈疾病的可靠而重要的手段,典型的异常阴道镜图像对诊断宫颈癌前病变和宫颈癌有重要价值。     

宫颈细胞学诊断未能除外高度上皮内瘤样病变的不典型鳞状细胞的临床意义及处理

目的 探讨宫颈细胞学诊断在未能除外高度上皮内瘤样病变(内瘤变)的不典型鳞状细胞(ASC-H)的意义和临床处理.方法 1999-10-20-2004-01-24墨尔本皇家妇女医院宫颈病变门诊(Dysplasia Clinic of the Royal Women's Hospital,Melbourne)对96例宫颈细胞学诊断为ASC-H的患者进行阴道镜检查、阴道镜下活检或行宫颈锥切组织诊断学检查和高危型HPV-DNA测定,分析其结果之间关系.结果 96例ASC-H中,87例有组织病理学诊断,58例诊断为宫颈鳞状上皮内瘤变(SIL)占66.6%(58/87),其中高度鳞状上皮内瘤变(HSIL)为44.8%(39/87),低度鳞状上皮内瘤变(LSIL)为21.8%(19/87).96例行阴道镜检查,78例阴道镜下活检,阴道镜诊断与阴道镜下活检组织学诊断的符合率为64.1%(50/78),45例同时有阴道镜下活检病理和宫颈术后病理,两种方法病理诊断的符合率为73.3%(33/45).以病理诊断为标准,阴道镜诊断的敏感性是89.4%,特异性是36.8%,阳性预测值是83.1%.32例做了HPV-DNA测定,阳性率为59.4%(19/32),阳性者中68.4%(13/19)经组织学诊断为HSIL.结论 宫颈细胞学诊断为ASC-H高度提示宫颈鳞状上皮内瘤变(SIL)的存在.阴道镜检查、阴道镜下活检和高危型HPV-DNA的测定,对ASC-H的处理有重要的指导意义.     

子宫颈上皮内瘤变的病理学诊断

子宫颈上皮内瘤变的病理学诊断朱燕宁宫颈上皮内瘤变（ｃｅｒｖｉｃａｌｉｎｔｒａｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｎｅｏｐｌａｓｉ－ａ，ＣＩＮ）是宫颈鳞状上皮不典型的增生病变和宫颈原位癌这两种局限在宫颈上皮内病变的总称。它们具有相同生物学疾病的过程，组织学上病变程度不...     

子宫颈低级别鳞状上皮内病变管理的中国专家共识

子宫颈低级别鳞状上皮内病变（LSIL）多为人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）一过性感染引起临床及病理形态学改变的一种鳞状上皮内病变,有较高的逆转率,合并或进展到浸润癌的风险极低。中国优生科学协会阴道镜和宫颈病理学分会（CSCCP）专家组结合国内外最新进展和中国国情,制定了本共识。共识中阐释了子宫颈低级别鳞状上皮内病变的概念、转归、阴道镜评估的意义、管理流程等相关问题。规范子宫颈低级别鳞状上皮内病变的管理,以指导临床实践,并避免对其过度干预及诊断中高级别上皮内病变的漏诊。     

三阶梯技术在436例宫颈病变中的应用价值探讨

目的:探讨三阶梯技术在宫颈病变诊治中的临床应用价值。方法:对2007年1月至2008年12月在中山大学附属肿瘤医院妇科宫颈病变门诊就诊的436例患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果:细胞学诊断为未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS)、不典型鳞状上皮细胞不除外高度上皮内病变(ASC-H)、低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)、高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)、鳞癌细胞(SCC)及不典型腺细胞(AGC),经活检病理确诊宫颈上皮内瘤变Ⅱ(CINⅡ)及以上病变的比例分别为30.7%、67.5%、43.3%、89.0%、100.0%、33.3%。ASCUS的病例中50.9%经活检病理诊断为慢性宫颈炎。阴道镜检查为正常、LSIL、HSIL、浸润癌与病理诊断的符合率分别为67.3%、31.4%、79.0%、75.9%。初次阴道镜检查可能低估了32.8%(62/189)的HSIL及42.0%(34/81)的浸润癌。阴道镜下多点活检与锥切术后病理结果符合者150例(76.5%),锥切术后确诊宫颈浸润癌39例。结论:对筛查结果有异常者进行阴道镜检查,可以有效地检出宫颈病变;宫颈锥切术是治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变及进一步排除浸润癌的重要手段。     

子宫颈病变发病机制与阴道镜成像相关性研究

目的研究子宫颈病变发病过程中异常细胞增殖和新生血管形成与阴道镜成像的相关性,探讨子宫颈红区在阴道镜诊断中的价值。方法收集2019年10月至2020年1月在北京大学第一医院行阴道镜检查并采用R-way阴道镜诊断术语进行描述和阴道镜拟诊的202例病例,对年龄、细胞学和高危型人乳头瘤病毒筛查结果、阴道镜图像及子宫颈组织病理结果进行统计学分析。结果仅红区无其他特征的阴道镜图像以病理组织学低级别鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL,26/70)为最多;红区+厚醋白阴道镜图像以病理组织学子宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)2为最多(26/58);红区+厚醋白+异型血管阴道镜图像以病理组织学CIN3为最多(17/29);红区中增生与出血伴随出现的阴道镜图像病理组织学均为子宫颈癌(8/8),以上差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),其他类别阴道镜图像的病理组织类型分布差异无统计学意义(P0.05);以红区为基础的各类阴道镜图像共识别出60.89%(123/202)的高级别鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)+,其中识别HSIL+特异度最高的图像为红区+增生+出血(100%),其次是红区+厚醋白+异型血管(96.2%),依据R-way阴道镜诊断标准在红区基础上结合增生伴出血、醋白、异型血管、出血等图像识别HSIL+的累积灵敏度为100%;仅红区阴道镜图像联合高级别异常细胞学的曲线下面积(AUC)(0.45)大于仅红区(0.31)。结论阴道镜检查中,多幅图像叠加分析可增加诊断的准确性;子宫颈红区具有重要诊断价值,应作为阴道镜拟诊高级别病变的必备条件;阴道镜检查未见明显异常时应结合高级别异常细胞学结果在红区活检,以降低漏诊率。     

LEEP手术在子宫颈/阴道病变中的治疗价值新探

子宫颈上皮内瘤变 ( cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)是与子宫颈浸润癌密切相关的癌前病变的一组疾病统称 ,是子宫颈癌发生发展过程中的重要环节。子宫颈癌前病变的干预和治疗是子宫颈癌二级预防的关键节点。子宫颈癌前病变治疗常见方式为物理治疗和切除性治疗,切除性治疗主要包括宫颈锥切术（子宫颈环形电切术/冷刀锥切）和子宫切除术。中国优生科学协会阴道镜和宫颈病理学分会提出,对于阴道镜组织病理学确诊为高级别鳞状上皮内病变( high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion,HSIL)的非妊娠患者应行诊断性/治疗性宫颈锥切术[1] 。     

hTERC基因表达在宫颈病变诊治中的应用

目的：探讨宫颈脱落细胞中hTERC的基因表达在宫颈上皮内瘤样病变（CIN）诊断与治疗中的应用。方法：抽取行子宫颈癌筛查的724例妇女为研究对象,对其同步进行宫颈脱落细胞的液基细胞学检查、第二代杂交捕获技术（HC-Ⅱ）检测高危型HPV（HR-HPV）和荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术检测hTERC基因。对于细胞学为未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞（ASCUS）及以上病变,和（或）HR-HPV阳性者均行阴道镜下宫颈四象限多点活检进行病理诊断。结果：724例中经病理确定为CINⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ及子宫颈癌者分别为251例（34.67%）、17例（2.35%）、48例（6.63%）和10例（1.38%）,宫颈脱落细胞hTERC的扩增率为11.05%。①724例HPV阳性率为39.64%;hTERC扩增在HPV阳性与阴性组分别为19.86%与5.26%（χ2=37.556,P ＜0.01）。②hTERC扩增在细胞学无宫颈上皮内瘤变（NILM）组为5.19%、ASCUS为10.23%、低度鳞状上皮内瘤样病变为（LSIL）11.84%、非典型鳞状上皮细胞－不除外高度鳞状上皮内瘤变（ASC-H）为21.43%、高度鳞状上皮内瘤样病变（HSIL）为73.17%、鳞状细胞癌（SCCA）为100.00%、非典型腺上皮细胞（AGC）为50.00%;hTERC在HSIL及以上病变中的扩增率明显高于LSIL及以下病变（χ2=186.755,P ＜0.01）。③在不同组织学结果中hTERC的扩增率分别为,NILM 3.70%、CINⅠ4.38%、CINⅡ47.06%、CINⅢ58.33%、浸润癌90.00%,hTERC在CINⅡ及以上级别病变中的扩增率明显高于CINⅠ和NILM者 （χ2=144.597,P ＜0.01）。结论：hTERC的扩增与宫颈细胞学和组织学异常密切相关,hTERC扩增与否有可能作为判断有无高度病变及估计预后的指标之一。     

不典型鳞状细胞的临床意义及HPV检测的分流作用

目的　探讨不典型鳞状细胞(ASC)的临床意义、进一步处理措施以及HPV检测的分流作用。方法　对宫颈细胞学诊断为ASC的12 6例患者,分别进行阴道镜检查、宫颈组织学检查及HPV检测。结果　细胞学检查中不能明确意义者7 94 % ,倾向于良性反应性改变者74 6 0 % ,倾向于上皮内瘤变者17 4 6 % ;②阴道镜下,倾向于良性反应性者多表现为正常转化区(44 6 8% ,P <0 0 0 5 ) ,倾向于上皮内瘤变者,以醋酸白色上皮最多见(36 36 % ) ,但与其余各种阴道镜表现比较,差异无统计学意义;③宫颈组织学检查发现宫颈癌4例(3 17% ) ,高度病变8例(6 35 % ) ,高度病变及宫颈癌均出现于倾向于上皮内瘤变一组。④HPV的检出率随病变程度的加重而上升(P <0 0 0 5 )。结论　对于ASC患者必须要有足够的重视,对其中不明意义的、倾向于上皮内瘤变者或HPV检测阳性患者建议行阴道镜检查,其余可用宫颈细胞学随访。     

HPV、TCT联合阴道镜检查在早期宫颈癌及上皮内瘤变筛查中的应用价值

目的 探讨HPV、TCT联合阴道镜检查在早期宫颈癌及上皮内瘤变筛查中的应用价值。方法 选择本院900例宫颈癌筛查患者为研究对象,均进行人乳头瘤状病毒（HPV）检查、液基薄层细胞学检查（TCT）及阴道镜检查,比较联合检查与单独检查的阳性检出率,评估联合检查的诊断效能。结果 900例宫颈癌筛查患者中炎症877例、低度鳞状上皮内病变10例、高度鳞状上皮内病变12例以及浸润癌1例;联合检查的阳性检出率（86.96%）高于单独HPV(52.17%)、TCT(56.52%)、阴道镜检查（56.52%）(P<0.05);以临床诊断结果为金标准,联合检查诊断准确率为97.22%、敏感度为86.96%、特异度为99.65%。结论 对早期宫颈癌与上皮内瘤变采用HPV、TCT联合阴道镜检查,阳性检出率高,诊断效能高,优于单独HPV、TCT或阴道镜检查。     

阴道镜对宫颈疾病的诊断价值

目的:探讨阴道镜检查的临床诊断价值。方法:回顾性总结2003.01-2005.08间本院671例经病理确诊的宫颈病变患者的阴道镜结果。结果:671例病例中,经病理确诊癌前病变85例,宫颈癌37例,宫颈炎549例。阴道镜在诊断宫颈疾病中的敏感性为100%,特异度为98.91%。结果:阴道镜诊断子宫颈病变不仅简单、方便,而且结果准确,临床应用价值大。     

Potential hazards of following atypical and low-grade cervical cytology without colposcopy

Objective: To determine the frequency of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with atypical and low-grade cervical cytology and to assess the optimal evaluation and follow-up.Methods: Prospective observational study of 367 of 7,651 private patients who had cytologic, virologic, or colposcopic changes suggesting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical carcinoma. The study was performed to determine the frequency of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in the various cytologic groups and to assess the effect of testing for human papillomavirus on the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of these tests.Results: Papanicolaou smears that included all non-negative tests (high- and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and atypical squamous or glandular epithelial cells of undetermined significance) had the maximal sensitivity (89%) for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. The combined cytologic categories of high- and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions had a sensitivity of 58%, this was reduced to 24% if only high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were considered relevant for additional evaluation. If we had not evaluated the patients with atypical squamous and glandular cells of undetermined significance, we would have missed diagnosing one third of high-grade and one half of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cervical cytology was false negative in 8% of patients with high-grade and in 14% of those with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias. High-risk human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid was detected in 40% of women with high-grade and in 24% of those with low-grade grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias. The positive predictive value of cytology with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance increased from 5% to 38% for high-grade and from 30 to 85% for high- and low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias in patients with detectable high-risk human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid. Virologic studies produced no significant improvement on these diagnoses in women with high- or low-grade cytology.Conclusions: Because of the poor sensitivity of cytology suggesting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, we recommend that all women with atypical or low-grade cytology be recalled for colposcopy and high-risk human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing, if available. Decisions whether to perform a biopsy should be based on the result of colposcopic examination. Performing colposcopy only on those patients who have cytologic high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and following those with lower grade cytologic anomalies without colposcopic diagnosis appears inadequate to rule out high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.     

阴道镜联合HPV检测对提高宫颈病变筛查准确率的影响

目的 探讨应用阴道镜联合人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)检测对于宫颈病变筛查准确率的影响.方法 选取200例接受宫颈病变筛查妇女,均进行HPV检测联合阴道镜检查,对于检查异常情况进一步做宫颈活检病理组织检查,将病理检查结果作为诊断金标准,分析采取阴道镜联合HPV检测对于疾病筛查准确率的价值.结果 经病理组织检查,200例受检者...     

Management of Squamous Atypia (Borderline Nuclear Abnormalities): Repeat Cytology or Colposcopy?

A prospective cytological, colposcopic and histological study was conducted in 44 women with cervical cytology showing borderline nuclear abnormalities insufficient for the diagnosis of dyskaryosis. Atypical squamous epithelium was found on colposcopy in 41 patients and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was diagnosed on histology in 33 patients (75%) including 10 with CIN 3. Repeat cytology obtained under colposcopic vision was negative in 12 (33.4%) patients with CIN. The high prevalence of CIN in smears showing only borderline nuclear abnormalities and the high false negative rate of repeat cytology indicate that colposcopy should be the first line of management for these patients.     

Accuracy of colposcopy in the diagnostic setting compared with the screening setting

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the accuracy of colposcopy to identify cervical precancer in screening and diagnostic settings. METHODS: As part of a larger clinical trial to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of optical spectroscopy, we recruited 1,850 patients into a diagnostic or a screening group depending on their history of abnormal findings on Papanicolaou tests. Colposcopic examinations were performed and biopsies specimens obtained from abnormal and normal colposcopic sites for all patients. The criterion standard of test accuracy was the histologic report of biopsies. We calculated sensitivities, specificities, likelihood ratios, receiver operating characteristic curves, and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: The prevalence of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) or cancer was 29.0% for the diagnostic group and 2.2% for the screening group. Using a disease threshold of HSIL, colposcopy had a sensitivity of 0.983 and a specificity of 0.451 in the diagnostic group when the test threshold was low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and a sensitivity of 0.714 and a specificity of 0.813 when the test threshold was HSIL. Using the same HSIL disease threshold, in the screening group, colposcopy had a sensitivity of 0.286 and a specificity of 0.877 when the test threshold was LSIL, and a sensitivity of 0.191 and a specificity of 0.961 when the threshold was HSIL. The colposcopy area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.821 (95% confidence interval 0.79-0.85) in the diagnostic setting compared with 0.587 (95% confidence interval 0.56-0.62) in the screening setting. Changing the disease threshold to LSIL demonstrated similar patterns in the tradeoff of sensitivity and specificity and measure of accuracy. CONCLUSION: Colposcopy performs well in the diagnostic setting and poorly in the screening setting. Colposcopy should not be used to screen for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.     

Usefulness of human papilloma virus testing in the screening of cervical cancer precursor lesions: a retrospective study in 314 cases

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of human papilloma virus (HPV) typing for predicting pre-malignant and malignant cervical lesions. STUDY DESIGN: 314 women, who underwent colposcopy, biopsies and high and low-risk HPV typing after a confirmed abnormal routine Pap test were studied. HPV-DNAs were typed by using PCR technique. RESULTS: We found a significant increasing rate of high-risk-HPV by the increasing severity of histology, ranging from 40% in negative cases to 86.9% in those with CIN3 lesions. The positive predictive value of high-risk-HPV ranged from 13.3% in patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) to 29.4% in those with HSIL. By contrast, negative predictive value was 96% in patients with ASCUS, 97.2% in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 71.4% in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Sensitivity and specificity for detecting CIN2 or CIN3 was 86.0% and 41.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The high negative predictive value of high-risk HPV testing suggests that HPV negativity could be used for predicting the absence of important cervical lesions, and therefore avoiding unnecessary colposcopy in ASCUS and LSIL cases.     

阴道镜和宫颈液基细胞学检查在诊断宫颈早期病变中的比较

目的 评价阴道镜检查和宫颈液基细胞学检查对宫颈早期病变的诊断价值。方法 对379例经阴道镜检查并经病理学确诊病例进行回顾性分析．将阴道镜检查结果、宫颈刮片、组织病理学检查结果进行对比研究。结果 379例检出宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）35例，宫颈鳞癌11例；阴道镜检出了95．25％宫颈病变．宫颈涂片检出了89．18％宫颈病变，细胞学与阴道镜下活检联合应用无漏诊。结论 阴道镜对宫颈疾病诊断尤其在宫颈癌前病变和早期宫颈癌的诊断中有着非常高的应用价值。     

High-risk human papillomavirus DNA testing and high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing in the improvement of the recognition of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions in women with abnormal cervical cytology. METHODS: A total of 2152 women with abnormal cervical cytology were submitted to both HPV DNA testing and biopsy guided by colposcopy and the results were correlated. RESULTS: Positive rate of high-risk HPV DNA in groups of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade (ASC-H), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions was 53.7, 53.2, 84.6 and 93.0%, respectively. In each group, the detection rate of grade 2,3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2,3) or cervical cancer in patients with positive HPV DNA was significantly higher than that with negative HPV DNA (P<0.05). In ASC-US group, the negative predictive value of high-risk HPV DNA testing for detection of CIN 2,3 and cervical cancer was 99.8% and the sensitivity 98%. CONCLUSION: HPV DNA testing is a useful indicator in the management of patients with ASC-US and plays an important role in the evaluation of risk for CIN 2,3 and cervical cancer.     

液基超薄宫颈细胞涂片2011例临床分析

目的 分析妇女宫颈疾病患病情况和年龄分布,探讨TBS细胞学诊断宫颈上皮内病变的处理方法。方法 2001年2月至2002年8月对2011例妇科门诊患者行液基超薄涂片技术TCT(ThinPrep cytology test)检查,采用TBS诊断分类,结果按不同年龄分4个组进行观察和对照,对107例上皮异常者进行阴道镜检查和LEEP活检做病理诊断对照,随访3～18个月。结果 宫颈上皮内病变患病率≤20岁组最高(33.33％),明显高于其他3个年龄组(9.76％,7.23％,7.41％),差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01);细胞学随访转阴性者:性质未定的不典型鳞状细胞(ASCUS)占84.47％(136/161),低度鳞状上皮内病变(LSIL)占85.00％(17/20);高度鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)占57.14％(4/7)。结论 宫颈疾病患病年龄趋向年轻化;宫颈细胞学涂片检测技术对性质未定的不典型腺细胞(AGUS)检出率仍低;不典型上皮细胞根据个体情况观察3～6个月或阴道镜下活检,LSIL应进行阴道镜检查,必要时镜下指导病理组织活检以诊断和治疗,HSIL必须治疗并以手术为主。     

Occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in generally healthy women with exophytic vulvar condyloma acuminata

AIM: To disclose possible association between exophytic vulvar condyloma acuminata and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in generally healthy, sexually active women. METHODS: This retrospective study included 74 patients (study group) who were referred for laser vaporization therapy of exophytic vulvar condyloma acuminata, and 88 asymptomatic volunteers without evidence of exophytic vulvar condyloma acuminata (control group) who were referred for screening Papanicolaou (Pap) test cervical evaluation including colposcopy. The diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was based on Pap smear, colposcopy and/or biopsy. RESULTS: On Pap smear, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were found in 10 (13.5%) women with exophytic vulvar condyloma acuminata and in 2 (2.3%) asymptomatic volunteers (p < 0.05). Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was found in 8 women with exophytic vulvar condyloma acuminata and in none of the asymptomatic volunteers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: An association was found between exophytic vulvar condyloma acuminata and abnormal Pap smear or positive cervical biopsy, in generally healthy women.