氟比洛芬酯对上腹部手术病人术后镇痛中吗啡用量的节俭作用和安全性

目的 评价氟比洛芬酯对上腹部手术病人术后镇痛中吗啡用量的节俭作用和安全性.方法 采用随机分组、安慰剂对照、双盲和多中心临床研究方法,择期行上腹部手术病人96例,年龄18～64岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=48):氟比洛芬酯组和脂肪乳组.静脉注射异丙酚、芬太尼、维库溴铵或罗库溴铵麻醉诱导,吸入N2O和异氟烷,按需追加芬太尼或肌松药维持麻醉.手术结束时,氟比洛芬酯组经2 min静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50mg,脂肪乳组经2 min静脉注射脂肪乳5 ml,2组同时采用吗啡进行病人静脉自控镇痛(PCIA).首剂药物给予后8 h,经2 min静脉注射第二剂药物(氟比洛芬酯或脂肪乳).于术后2、8和24 h时,采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价静息痛和咳嗽痛的程度.记录因镇痛不足而需使用其他镇痛药作为补救镇痛的情况.记录第1次PCIA的时间、术后24 hPCIA总次数和有效次数;记录术后24 h吗啡用量和给药后不良反应的发生情况.结果 与脂肪乳组比较,氟比洛芬脂组术后各时点静息痛和咳嗽痛VAS评分降低,术后24 h PCIA总次数和有效次数降低,第1次PCIA时间延长,术后24 h吗啡用量减少(P<0.05),其他镇痛药物使用情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).2组不良反应仅表现为恶心和呕吐,且2组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50 mg可提高病人术后镇痛效果,减少吗啡用量,且不良反应少,有利于病人的术后恢复.     

Morphine-sparing effect of acetaminophen in pediatric day-case surgery.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain is a major problem in day-case surgery in children. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have gained popularity in management of pediatric surgical patients to reduce the need for opioids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different doses of rectal acetaminophen in day-case surgery in children. METHODS: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study design was used. Patients (n = 120) were randomized to receive a single dose of 0, 20, 40, or 60 mg/kg of rectal acetaminophen after induction of anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced by mask ventilation with sevoflurane (7%) in nitrous oxide and oxygen and maintained with 2.5-4.0% end-tidal sevoflurane. Opioids or local anesthetics were not used. Postoperative pain was evaluated by behavioral assessment and physiologic measurements every 10 min after arrival at the postanesthesia care unit. The pain intensity was scored using a 0-100 visual analog scale used in the authors' clinic. The need for rescue medication, intravenous morphine 0.1 mg/kg, was decided by the nurse, who was unaware of the rectal acetaminophen dose. The parents were interviewed by phone after 24 h regarding pain and its treatment, nausea, and vomiting. Rescue analgesia at home was rectal ibuprofen, 10 mg/kg. RESULTS: In the postanesthesia care unit pain scores were significantly lower in the 40- and 60-mg/kg groups compared with placebo and 20-mg/kg groups. Acetaminophen resulted in a dose-related reduction in the number of children who required postoperative rescue opioid, with significance reached with 40 or 60 mg/kg doses. Calculated dose of acetaminophen at which 50% of the children not requiring a rescue opioid was 35 mg/kg. The need for rescue analgesia at home during the first 24 h after surgery was also significantly less in patients in the 40- or 60-mg/kg groups than in the 0- or 20-mg/kg groups (20-17 vs. 80-63%). Thirty-three percent of patients receiving placebo had postoperative nausea and vomiting, compared with 0-3% in groups receiving 40 or 60 mg/kg acetaminophen. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of 40 or 60 mg/kg of rectal acetaminophen has a clear morphine-sparing effect in day-case surgery in children if administered at the induction of anesthesia. Moreover, children with adequate analgesia with acetaminophen have less postoperative nausea and vomiting.     

Efficacy of propacetamol in the treatment of postoperative pain Morphine-sparing effect in orthopedic surgery

Background: Combined analgesic regimens have been suggested to improve the treatment of postoperative pain. The aim of our study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and tolerability of propacetamol, in combination with morphine.
Methods: Four i.v. infusions of propacetamol 2 g or placebo were administered, in a double-blind fashion, after orthopedic surgery (n=97). Morphine was administered by a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device. The total dose of morphine, pain intensity and global efficacy of treatment were evaluated. Tolerability was assessed by monitoring blood pressure, heart and respiratory rate, sedation scores, adverse events, and renal and hepatic parameters.
Results: The total dose of morphine was significantly decreased in the propacetamol group compared to placebo (9.4±8.5 mg vs 17.6±12 mg; P < 0.001), arriving at a sparing effect of 46%. The evolution of pain intensity showed a similar pattern in the two groups. Global efficacy of treatment was rated significantly better by patients receiving the combination propacetamol+ PCA morphine (87% of "good"/"excellent" ratings vs 65%; P =0.01). Tolerability was comparable in the two groups. Eight patients in the propacetamol and 4 patients in the placebo group reported adverse events, of mild/moderate intensity, most commonly nausea/vomiting. Renal and hepatic parameters were also seen to be comparable.
Conclusions: These results confirm a significant morphine-sparing effect, significantly better scores in the final assessment by patients, and a good tolerability of propacetamol after orthopedic surgery. The drug may, therefore, represent a useful alternative to NSAIDs, as complementary drug to opioids, in the management of moderate/severe postoperative pain.     

Oxygen uptake after major abdominal surgery: effect of clonidine

To examine the effect of an alpha-2 agonist, clonidine, on oxygen uptake and on the incidence of postoperative shivering, 28 patients presenting for major abdominal surgery were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to one of two groups. Intraoperatively, 14 patients received 5 micrograms.kg-1 clonidine infused over 3 h (clonidine group), and 14 patients received placebo (placebo group). Oxygen uptake was measured continuously over the first 3 postoperative hours with a mass spectrometer system. Circulatory variables, esophageal temperature, and skin temperature were measured over the first 6 postoperative hours. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, rate pressure product, and norepinephrine concentration were decreased in the clonidine group (P less than 2 x 10(-4)). There were no differences among groups in the incidence of shivering and in the rate of increase of esophageal temperature. By contrast, oxygen uptake was lower in the clonidine group (P = 4 x 10(-4)). This contrasting pattern may be secondary to a reduction in the intensity of mean muscular tremor in the clonidine group.     

Chylothorax after abdominal surgery

Chylothorax is usually a complication of thoracic surgery procedures. Over a 5-year period we encountered three cases of chylothorax following abdominal surgery performed in general surgery units. The initial effusions, not lactescent, were ascribed to a pleural reaction that sometimes is observed during the postoperative period after abdominal surgery. Once the diagnosis was established, the initial conservative treatment failed, and surgery was necessary. In our patients, their debilitated physical condition precluded a thoracotomy approach. A video-assisted thoracoscopy procedure was undertaken, but the extensive pleural effusions, caused in part by the delay in the diagnosis, prevented the exact localization of the duct and its closure. Talc pleurodesis was successfully employed in all patients. Even after abdominal surgery, a persistent pleural effusion should always induce us to suspect a chylothorax.     

帕瑞昔布钠对腹部手术患者术后镇痛中芬太尼用量的节俭作用

目的:评价帕瑞昔布钠对腹部手术患者术后镇痛中芬太尼用量的节俭作用。方法:拟行腹部手术患者40例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,18～64岁,性别不限。采用随机数字表法将其随机分为2组,各组20例。于手术结束时,分别静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg(试验组)、生理盐水2 ml(对照组);所有患者术后采用芬太尼静脉自控镇痛。观察术后芬太尼的用量、PCA有效按压及不良反应发生情况。结果:与对照组相比,试验组术后24 h内芬太尼用量及PCA有效按压次数减少(P<0.05);两组患者术后不良反应发生情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对于腹部手术患者术毕静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,可有效减少术后芬太尼用量。     

Inflammatory response after abdominal surgery

Surgical manipulation of the gut elicits an inflammatory cascade within the intestinal muscularis that contributes to postoperative bowel dysmotility. A range of cytokines is sequentially released into the peritoneal fluid following abdominal surgery, their concentrations reflecting the magnitude of surgical trauma. The overproduction of inflammatory mediators might have detrimental effects on organ function and contribute to the enhanced risk of anastomotic leakage in the presence of sepsis. Specific cellular immune functions such as the microbicidal activity of peritoneal phagocytes are depressed after elective surgery, imposing a risk of infectious complications. Laparoscopic surgery decreases the local and systemic production of cytokines and acute-phase reactants, and better preserves peritoneal immunity compared with open surgery. As concluded from animal studies, the gas used for the pneumoperitoneum may possess substantial immunomodulatory activity.     

Gas gangrene after abdominal surgery

This is a report on nine cases of gas-gangrene which developped after abdominal surgery. In five patients the diagnosis was made at the bedside, three of these patients survived. Cardinal symptoms were rapid deterioration of the general condition, severe pain around the incision, tachycardia, and the appearance of jaundice along with a fall of the hemoglobin.     

Postoperative analgesia withiv propacetamol and ketoprofen combination after disc surgery

Purpose

The concept of balanced analgesia suggests that a combination of analgesic drugs may enhance analgesia and reduce side effects after surgery. This study evaluated the effect of the combination of propacetamol (Prodafalgan) and ketoprofen (Profenid) after surgery of a hemiated disc of the lumbar spine.

Methods

After randomization. 60 patients received: placebo (group 1); 2 g propacetamol (group 2); 50 mg ketoprofen (group 3); or a combination of 2 g propacetamol and 50 mg ketoprofen (group 4). Drugs were administered every six hours for two days after surgery. The patients used morphine with patient controlled analgesia pumps (bolus 1mg; lock out time 10 min) and were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and movement every six hours for two days. Side effects were noted.

Results

The patient characteristics and surgery were identical for each of the four groups. The VAS scores throughout the study were lower in group 4 than in groups 1, 2 and 3 both at rest (P < 0.05) and on movement (P < 0.01). The cumulative dose of morphine at 48 hr was lower in group 4 than in group 1 (23.4 ± 5 mg vs 58.9 ± 9 mg; P < 0.01) or group 2 (23.4 ± 5 mg vs 43.4 ± 6.6 mg; P < 0.05) and similar to that in group 3 (34.2 ± 4.5 mg). The incidence of side effects was similar in all groups.

Conclusion

The combination of propacetamol and ketoprofen reduced pain scores both at rest and on movement. The drug combination did not reduce the morphine consumption and incidence of side effects.     

术后镇痛中帕瑞昔布钠对吗啡用量的节俭作用和安全性 前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照、平行分组研究

目的评价术后镇痛中帕瑞昔布钠对吗啡用量的节俭作用和安全性。方法前瞻性、多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照、平行分组研究,18～64岁、ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级、择期硬膜外腔阻滞下骨科和妇科手术病人,手术结束时,随机静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40mg或生理盐水2ml,12 h后再静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠加mg或生理盐水2 ml,同时采用吗啡进行病人自控静脉镇痛。观察术后吗啡的用量、病人自控镇痛(PCA)总次数和PCA有效次数、术后2、4、6、12和24 h的疼痛强度(VAS评分)、镇痛的补救措施、不良反应和病人对镇痛的满意度以及给药前后的生化指标和生命体征。结果共完成223例,其中采用帕瑞昔布钠114例,安慰剂109例。与安慰剂组相比,帕瑞昔布钠组术后12 h和24 h吗啡用量减少(分别平均减少40.9%和46.1%),术后12 h和24 h PCA总次数和PCA有效次数降低(P<0.05或0.01),术后4、6、12和24 h VAS评分降低,术后24 h满意度明显提高(P<0.01),而有关不良反应和化验结果异常发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在我国妇科和骨科手术后静脉给予帕瑞昔布钠40 mg bid可安全地减少术后吗啡用量,提高病人术后镇痛质量。     

Thromboembolic complications after major abdominal surgery: effect of thoracic epidural analgesia

In a prospective study of 50 patients subjected to major abdominal surgery, the frequencies of postoperative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were analysed. The patients were randomized to one of two groups receiving either neurolept anaesthesia or neurolept anaesthesia combined with thoracic epidural analgesia. Five patients were excluded. No special anti-thrombotic prophylaxis was administered. Deep vein thrombosis was diagnosed with the 125I-fibrinogen test and pulmonary embolism with pre- and postoperative lung perfusion scintigraphy combined with lung X-ray. Patients with positive scintigraphy were subjected to pulmonary angiography for verification of the diagnosis. Deep vein thrombosis was treated when diagnosed. The frequency of deep vein thrombosis was equal in both groups (38%). No patient with pulmonary embolism was recorded during the first seven days after operation. It is concluded that the addition of thoracic epidural analgesia to neurolept anaesthesia does not alter the postoperative frequency of deep vein thrombosis in patients subjected to major abdominal surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment of postoperative deep vein thrombosis might prevent pulmonary embolism. Problems encountered in the diagnosis of postoperative pulmonary embolism are discussed.     

Ureteral obstruction after abdominal aortic surgery

Obstructive uropathy following abdominal aortic surgery can no longer be considered a rarity. Early hydronephrosis, developing in the first postoperative year, occurs in 10% to 20% of patients; it usually runs a benign, self-limiting course. The incidence of delayed ureteral obstruction, which develops or persists after the first postoperative year, is unknown because it is asymptomatic in most cases. Although spontaneous resolution is possible, it seems that this late form is more likely to persist. The diagnosis of postoperative hydronephrosis is not an indication for urologic intervention. This should seldom be necessary; it should be reserved only for patients with evidence of worsening obstruction or deteriorating renal function. Early and particularly, delayed hydronephrosis seems to be a marker for present or impending graft complications, such as infection or false aneurysms. A prolonged follow-up is therefore mandatory whenever the diagnosis is established as it may improve long-term survival and limb salvage. The need for routine screening for this condition remains to be established. With the availability of noninvasive methods, such a task could be easily accomplished.