冷光源下有限化手术治疗钙化型腰椎间盘突出症

目的探讨冷光源下有限化手术治疗钙化型腰椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法2000年1月~2005年6月,采用冷光源下有限化手术治疗各类钙化型腰椎间盘突出症36例。俯卧局麻,纵行切开皮肤约3cm,显露椎板下缘及椎板间隙。椎板拉钩插入关节突上缘固定,冷光源对准手术野,行椎板开窗,切除椎板下缘及下关节突内下部分,在钙化表面锐性游离,用L形骨刀凿除钙化椎间盘组织,铲平椎体后缘,并取出中心未钙化的髓核。结果手术时间(75.3±3.5)min,术中出血量(100.6±5.5)ml。术后脑脊液漏3例。36例随访6~60个月,平均27个月,36例腰痛、下肢痛、间歇性跛行全部消失,按照Nakai疗效评定标准,优30例,良4例,可2例,优良率94.4%(34/36)。结论冷光源下有限化手术治疗钙化型腰椎间盘突出症操作方便,创伤小,疗效满意。     

三种不同术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的通过对三种不同术式治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析,寻求一种更理想的手术治疗方式。方法根据临床病史、突出类型、节段以及是否有合并症,560例椎间盘突出症患者分别选择小切口椎板间开窗、半椎板或全椎板切除髓核摘除等术式治疗。结果腰椎间盘突出症手术患者按优良率的高低进行疗效比较,依次为小切口椎板间开窗组、半椎板切除组、全椎板切除组。结论小切口椎板间开窗术创伤小、恢复快、疗效较好,是治疗腰椎间盘突出症较为理想的手术方式。     

多间隙腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的:报道采用多椎板开窗、摘除突出椎间盘,治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症,保持脊柱稳定性的治疗经验.方法:自1995～2002年,手术治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症384例,其中58岁以下者352例,采用多个椎板间潜行式开窗,开窗最少2处,最多6处.结果:经平均6个月随访,效果优314例,良28例,可10例,优良率97.2%.结论:椎板间多窗潜行式治疗多节段、多处椎间盘突出症,可达到治疗愈目的,并发症少,并有助于保持脊椎的稳定性.以熟练的椎板开窗手术技术,摘除突出的椎间盘,解除神经根受压,保证手术效果是关键.     

多间隙腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗探讨

目的：探讨多间隙腰椎间盘突出症手术治疗的基本原则。方法：80例多间隙腰椎间盘突出症患者,45例行单纯椎板间开窗减压术,20例行半椎板切除加椎板间开窗减压术,10例行单纯全椎板切除减压术,5例行全椎板切除加内固定植骨融合术。结果：随访7个月～6年,按改良Macnab法评定术后疗效,本组优40例,良25例,可14例,差1例,优良率为80％。结论：有效减压、维持脊柱的稳定性、避免并发症的发生是手术治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症应遵守的基本原则。     

钙化型腰椎间盘突出症53例手术体会

目的 介绍钙化型腰椎间盘突出症表现和手术操作的特殊性。方法 1991年8月～1999年5月间手术治疗钙化型腰椎间盘突出症53例,经CT所见和手术证实。采用扩大开窗或半椎板切除显露。切除钙化组织和突出的髓核组织。结果 随访49例,45例症状全部消失,恢复原工作和正常生活。4例有轻度肢体麻木疼痛。优良率91．84％。结论 腰椎间盘突出症的手术中,椎体后缘周围的钙化块会压迫神经根和硬膜囊。需要凿除。通过扩大开窗或半椎板切除可达到足够的显露和减压。     

椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜治疗特殊类型腰椎间盘突出症

目的 :总结椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜手术治疗特殊类型腰椎间盘突出症的临床效果。方法 :2 0 0 0年 2月至2 0 0 0年 11月间对 12 1例特殊类型椎间盘突出症患者 (多间隙突出 4 6例 ,巨大中央型突出 2 1例 ,小关节内聚明显者 4 7例 ,游离脱出 8例 ,明显钙化 2 6例 )。行椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜治疗。结果 :随访 3～ 10个月 ,手术优良率95 %。结论 :应用椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜手术治疗特殊类型腰椎间盘突出症可以获得满意的临床疗效     

腰椎间盘切除术后腰椎稳定性影响的临床研究——204例中、长期随访分析

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症传统髓核切除术式对腰椎稳定性的影响。方法204例腰椎间盘突出症,采用椎板开窗,半椎板、全椎板减压行髓核摘除,分析中、长期腰椎的稳定性。结果中、长期随访,发生腰椎不稳14例。其中采用全椎板切除术式24例,有10例发生腰椎不稳,占全部腰椎不稳的71.4%。单一节段一侧椎板开窗术式119例,无腰椎不稳发生,椎间隙狭窄发生率为21.0%。结论单纯腰椎间盘突出症术前无动力性不稳者,仅行开窗髓核切除即可获得满意疗效,不必使用内固定融合以预防远期腰椎运动节段的不稳。     

多间隙腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的:报道采用多椎板开窗、摘除突出椎间盘,治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症,保持脊柱稳定性的治疗经验。方法:自1995～2002年,手术治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症384例,其中58岁以下者352例,采用多个椎板间潜行式开窗,开窗最少2处,最多6处。结果:经平均6个月随访,效果优314例,良28例,可10例,优良率97.2％。结论:椎板间多窗潜行式治疗多节段、多处椎间盘突出症,可达到治疗愈目的,并发症少,并有助于保持脊椎的稳定性。以熟练的椎板开窗手术技术,摘除突出的椎间盘,解除神经根受压,保证手术效果是关键。     

单纯髓核摘除治疗脱垂移位型腰椎间盘突出症

目的:探讨小切口椎板间开窗单纯髓核摘除术治疗脱垂移位型腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效.方法:2016年2月至2018年2月,对35例单节段脱垂移位型腰椎间盘突出症患者在全身麻醉下采用小切口椎板间开窗单纯髓核摘除术进行治疗,其中男21例,女14例;年龄(42±17)岁;L4,5节段27例,L5S1节段6例,L3,4节段2例;左...     

多间隙腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗

目的：报道采用多椎板开窗、摘除突出椎间盘，治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症，保持脊柱稳定性的治疗经验。方法：自1995～2002年，手术治疗多间隙腰椎间盘突出症384例，其中58岁以下者352例，采用多个椎板间潜行式开窗，开窗最少2处，最多6处。结果：经平均6个月随访，效果优314例，良28例，可10例，优良率97．2％。结论：椎板间多窗潜行式治疗多节段、多处椎间盘突出症，可达到治疗愈目的，并发症少，并有助于保持脊椎的稳定性。以熟练的椎板开窗手术技术，摘除突出的椎间盘，解除神经根受压，保证手术效果是关键。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.