实施SOP是各药业贯彻GMP的重要准则

自我国正式颁布《药品生产质量管理规范》（ＧＭＰ）以来,ＧＭＰ已成为制药企业管理的规范性法规,也是现代企业推行全面质量管理的主要依据,必须认真贯彻执行。随着ＧＭＰ的贯彻伴随而来的是必须建立一整套管理软件（ＳＯＰ）。只有这样,才能走出过去那种不规范的管理模式。有了规范性管理,才能保证生产优良药品。１ 理顺和完善药品生产全面质量管理工作与ＧＭＰ通则相接轨 ＧＭＰ的条款是药品生产管理和质量保证准则,是对整个药品生产管理所作的比较原则性的规定。ＳＯＰ的一整套文件就是在ＧＭＰ原则性条款的内容上,把药品生产操作…     

洁净室洁净度不合格的原因及改进措施

我国医药行业的《药品生产质量管理规范》(ＧＭＰ)自从 1 992年颁布以来 ,已经逐步为药品生产企业所认识、接受并实施。尤其是在 2 0 0 1年 ,国家药品监督管理局将制药企业完成ＧＭＰ认证时间提前至 2 0 0 4年 6月 3 0日 ,ＧＭＰ对于企业是一项国家强制执行的政策 ,限期达不到要求的企业将停产。ＧＭＰ认证的核心内容就是药品生产质量全面管理控制。其内容概括为软件管理和硬件设施两大部分。硬件设施中洁净厂房是资金投入最大的部分之一 ,洁净厂房建成后 ,能否达到设计目的 ,是否符合ＧＭＰ的要求 ,最终要通过检测来确认。在检测洁净厂房过…     

医院制剂实施GMP管理的必要性和必然性

中国的ＧＭＰ即“药品生产质量管理规范”从 1982年起步至 1998年是第五版了 (1992年中国医药工业公司提出了行业的ＧＭＰ ;1984年中国药材公司提出行业的药品ＧＭＰ ;1988年卫生部代表政府部门颁布了我国第一版ＧＭＰ ;1992年卫生部对 1988版ＧＭＰ进行了修订 ,中国医药工业公司推出行业实施ＧＭＰ的指南 ;1998年国家药品监督管理局成立后 ,对 1992年ＧＭＰ进行了修订 ) ,其间得到了不断的充实与完善。有人认为 ,ＧＭＰ只适用于制药生产厂家 ,但笔者认为 ,ＧＭＰ是对“药品生产和质量”的管理 ,包含了生产、运输、贮藏与使用多个环节。一般…     

加快GMP认证步伐 巩固GMP认证成果

国家药品监督管理局明确规定到 2 0 0 4年 6月 30日前 ,药品生产企业必须全部通过国家药品ＧＭＰ认证。目前ＧＭＰ认证工作在全国范围内已全面铺开 ,企业对实施ＧＭＰ由陌生到了解、消极到积极、被动变主动。截止到 2 0 0 2年 7月 10日 ,我国已换发药品生产许可证 6 731个 ,国家药品监督管理局已向药品生产企业或车间颁发药品ＧＭＰ证书16 31张。就我省而言 ,在已换发生产许可证的 2 80余家药品生产企业中 ,已有 71家药品生产企业或车间取得ＧＭＰ认证证书。取得ＧＭＰ证书的药品生产企业在全国或我省均不到 30 %。说明我国多数企业在实施Ｇ…     

我国血液制品生产企业药品GMP管理中存在问题及对策

《药品生产质量管理规范》 (ＧＭＰ)是得到国际公认并为世界各国普遍采用的对药品生产全过程实施监督管理的法定技术规范。 1988年 ,卫生部颁布了我国第一个ＧＭＰ ,1992年卫生部组织进行了第一次修订并逐步开始实施。 1998年 ,国家药品监督管理局组织进行了第二次修订 ,并于 1999年 6月发布执行。截止 2 0 0 0年底 ,全国 36家血液制品生产企业均已陆续通过ＧＭＰ认证检查 ,获得《药品ＧＭＰ证书》 ,标志着我国血液制品生产企业的管理达到新的水平。本文依据国内血液制品生产企业ＧＭＰ认证检查情况 ,反映目前国内血液制品生产企业ＧＭＰ的…     

杭州回音必集团实施GMP实现满堂红

最近 ,浙江亚东制药有限公司新建的两个专用胶囊车间及亚东制药霍山公司整厂动态通过国家药品ＧＭＰ认证的检查验收 ,这标志着以亚东公司为核心的杭州回音必集团所属药品生产企业 ,现有生产剂型的1 1条生产线全部通过国家ＧＭＰ认证。企业通过国家认证后 ,回音必集团继续把实施ＧＭＰ工程放在企业内部管理工作的首位 ,一方面结合亚东制药新建的头孢类、青霉素类两个胶囊车间的认证验收 ,按新版药品生产质量管理规范的标准和认证要求进行深化和提高 ,全面修订文件资料 ,并进一步完善现场管理 ,使ＧＭＰ管理更上一个台阶 ;同时对全资收购的药…     

医院药剂也必须实施GMP管理

中国的ＧＭＰ即“药品生产质量管理规范”从１９８２年起步至１９９８年是第五版了（１９８２年：中国医药工业公司提出了行业的ＧＭＰ；１９８４年：中国药材公司提出行业的药品ＧＭＰ；１９８８年：卫生部代表政府部门颁布了我国第一版ＧＭＰ；１９９２年：卫生部对１９８８版ＧＭＰ进行了修订，中国医药工业公司推出行业实施ＧＭＰ的指南Ｚ１９９８年：国家药品监督管理局成立后，对１９９２版ＧＭＰ进行了修订），其间它得到了不断的充实与完善。有人认为，ＧＭＰ只适用于制药生产厂家，但笔者认为，ＧＭＰ是对“药品生产和质量”的管理…     

广东实施GMP的体会

我国颁发第一个ＧＭＰ(药品生产质量管理规范)标准至今已15年。广东省医药行业重视实施ＧＭＰ工作,于1993年成立了推行ＧＭＰ领导小组和技术委员会,负责组织指导ＧＭＰ规划,采取按剂型分类分步实施的办法,确定了行动目标。通过贯彻《药品管理法》,结合换发《药品生产企业合格证》,在药品生产企业中逐步推行ＧＭＰ。1　做法1.1　通过各种形式宣传、发行资料、举办学习班、研讨会、经验交流会等,提高企业领导和有关人员对推行ＧＭＰ的必要性、迫切性的认识,普遍认识到这是企业发展的需要,是保证产品质量并加快与国际通用标准接轨的必由之路;同…     

中外实施药品GMP的比较

《药品生产质量管理规范》（ＧＭＰ）是当今国际社会通行的药品生产和质量管理必须遵循的基本准则，是全面质量管理的重要组成部分。目前，我国实施ＧＭＰ已进入实质性的启动阶段。通过中外实施药品ＧＭＰ的比较研究，笔者认为，我国实施药品ＧＭＰ，只有从中国的医药国情...     

实施GMP不可忽视核定药品标准

实施ＧＭＰ不可忽视核定药品标准赵海榕（江西省药品检验所３３００４６）我国推行ＧＭＰ管理以来，越来越多的企业重视按ＧＭＰ进行生产和质量管理。但是，如果企业的各项管理工作使药品符合一个被废止或被偏离的药品标准，那也只是生产“优良的假劣药品”。药品标准是国...     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.