锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的疗效。方法采用锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折26例，所有病例均直接修复断裂的肩锁韧带。结果26例患者均获随访，随访924个月，平均16个月。术后2周肩关节活动基本恢复正常，平均屈曲90°，外展90°，取出锁骨钩钢板时间为术后8～12个月，平均9个月，按Karlsson疗效评定标准，肩关节功能优良率100％。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折，能早期活动锻炼，很快恢复功能，治疗效果满意。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的临床疗效.方法 25例TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位患者和21例NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折患者均采用锁骨钩钢板治疗,观察疗效及不良反应.结果 46例患者手术时间50～70(55.60±4.28) min,出血量60～100(70.20±5.04) ml,住院时间7～14(8.05±2.11)d,术后切口均一期愈合,无感染、切口血肿等早期并发症.按Lazzcano标准评定疗效,总优良率为93.5％(43/46),其中,肩锁关节脱位患者优良率为92.0％(23/25),锁骨远端骨折患者优良率为95.2％(20/21),两者比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).2例发生肩关节疼痛,l例锁骨远端骨折患者发生脱钩,无内固定松动及脱出、骨折不愈合、肩锁关节再脱位等并发症发生.结论 以锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折和TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位疗效良好.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位疗效观察

目的观察运用锁骨钩钢板对锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)和肩锁关节脱位(TossyⅢ)进行切开复位内固定手术的临床效果。方法锁骨远端骨折(NeerⅡ型)和肩锁关节脱位(TossyⅢ型)患者39例,应用锁骨钩钢板切开复位内固定及韧带修补术进行治疗。结果所有患者均获得良好复位和固定,优31例,良8例。术后未见感染发生,无锁骨下神经以及血管损伤并发症发生;无螺钉松动、钩突变形、钢板折断、骨折再移位或肩锁关节再脱位等情况发生。结论锁骨钩钢板是治疗锁骨肩峰侧骨折和肩锁关节脱位的较为理想的内固定材料。手术操作相对简单、创伤比较小、固定可靠、无需外固定,疗效显著,值得临床推广应用。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位34例临床分析

目的 观察应用锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位的疗效.方法 2001～2005 年应用锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位及锁骨远端骨折34例.其中肩锁关节脱位25例,均为Tossy Ⅲ型,锁骨远端骨折9例,为Neer Ⅱ型.结果 所有病人随访8～26个月,按Aazzcano功能标准对肩锁关节脱位进行评估:优31例,良2例,差1例,优良率为97%.内固定无松动及脱出,无骨折不愈合或畸形愈合等现象.结论 锁骨钩钢板是治疗Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位及锁骨远端骨折的较好治疗方法,具有手术操作简单,内固定牢固,可早期活动等优点.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位52例临床分析

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法应用锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位22例,NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折30例。结果50例随访6～12个月,复查X线片见脱位复位,骨折愈合满意。全部取出锁骨钩钢板。按Karlsson评定标准：优90％（45例）,良10％（5例）,优良率达100％。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折能得到满意疗效。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法2007年8月至2010年8月采用肩锁钩钢板治疗Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位14例,NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折16例,全部获得随访,随访时间4～12个月,平均10．2个月。结果按照Lazzcano标准,疗效优24例,良6例,无其他严重并发症,骨折全部愈合,肩锁关节无再脱位。结论肩锁钩钢板治疗肩关节脱住和锁骨远端骨折具有固定确实,不损伤关节面,可以早期功能锻炼等优点,值得推广。术中尽可能修复喙锁韧带。     

锁骨钩钢板在急性肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折中的应用

目的：观察锁骨钩钢板治疗Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的疗效。方法：对21例采用锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折进行随访,随访结果采用Lazzcano疗效评价标准。结果：随访7—18个月,优18例,良3例,肩关节功能优良率100％。结论：锁骨钩钢板治疗TossyⅡ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折是一种理想的手术方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的治疗效果。方法自2003年1月～2008年4月应用开放复位锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗肩锁关节脱位（TossyfⅡ型）和锁骨远端骨折（NeerⅡ型）20例,固定后修复肩锁关节囊,不再修复喙锁韧带。结果20例患者随访6～36个月（平均23．0个月）,复查X线片见骨折、脱位复位均满意,所有锁骨远端骨折均获得骨性愈合,无内固定物断裂;全部取出内固定,平均取出时间9．4个月（6～10个月）,肩锁关节无再脱位;按Karlsson疗效评定标准优40％（8／20）,良55％（11／20）,差5％（1／20）,优良率达95％（19／20）。结论锁骨钩钢板是治疗NeeⅡ型锁骨远端骨折和TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位的较好选择,是较为符合生物力学要求的内固定器械。     

锁骨钩板治疗锁骨外端骨折及肩锁关节脱位23例临床分析

目的 观察运用锁骨钩板对锁骨外端骨折及肩锁关节脱位进行切开复位内固定手术的临床疗效.方法 NeerⅡ型锁骨外端骨折14例,TossiⅡ型以上肩锁关节脱位9例,均应用锁骨钩板进行切开复位内固定治疗.结果 所有患者均获得良好复位和固定,随访6～12个月,骨折全部愈合,内固定物无松动和断裂,关节功能均恢复良好.结论 锁骨钩钢板是治疗锁骨外端骨折及肩锁关节脱位疗效可靠.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位及锁骨远端骨折

肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折是临床中较常见的损伤。对RockwoodⅢ～Ⅴ型肩锁关节脱位及Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折多采取手术治疗。2005年1月～2007年6月，我们应用AO锁骨钩钢板治疗Rockwood Ⅲ～Ⅴ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折13例，疗效满意。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.